An Approach to the Statistical Analysis of Peritonitis Data from Patients on CAPD

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Corey
Keyword(s):  
Median Time ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Increase In Risk

1. The distribution of peritoneal infections at any time during the CAPD program is random. This does not necessarily mean that the patients with high infection rates do not have identifiable characteristics that could be used in patient selection, but rather that these characteristics themselves could be randomly distributed among the patients. 2. The median time to first infection is about 260 days and is the same for males and females. 3. The median time between first and second infection is approximately 300 days. 4. The time to first infection and the infection rate per patient are negatively related to the calendar time of entry into the CAPD program, i.e., patients who entered the program later, tended to experience a lower infection rate. 5. The increase in risk of failure on the CAPD program for patients who have at least one infection in the first 90 to 150 days in the program is greater than three. 6. The increase in risk of failure on the CAPD program increases by at least 3% per annum, i.e., for each additional year on CAPD, the risk of failure increases over that of the previous year by 3%.

scholarly journals Reduction of ventriculostomy-associated CSF infection with antibiotic-impregnated catheters in pediatric patients: a single-institution study

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. E4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Shan Lang ◽  
Bingqing Zhang ◽  
Hugues Yver ◽  
Judy Palma ◽  
Matthew P. Kirschen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Neurosurgery ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Single Institution ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

OBJECTIVEExternal ventricular drains (EVDs) are commonly used in the neurosurgical population. However, very few pediatric neurosurgery studies are available regarding EVD-associated infection rates with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters. The authors previously published a large pediatric cohort study analyzing nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters and risk factors associated with infections. In this study, they aimed to analyze the EVD-associated infection rate after implementation of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters.METHODSA retrospective observational cohort of pediatric patients (younger than 18 years of age) who underwent a burr hole for antibiotic-impregnated EVD placement and who were admitted to a quaternary care ICU between January 2011 and January 2019 were reviewed. The ventriculostomy-associated infection rate in patients with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters was compared to the authors’ historical control of patients with nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters.RESULTSTwo hundred twenty-nine patients with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters were identified. Neurological diagnostic categories included externalization of an existing shunt (externalized shunt) in 34 patients (14.9%); brain tumor (tumor) in 77 patients (33.6%); intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in 27 patients (11.8%); traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 6 patients (2.6%); and 85 patients (37.1%) were captured in an “other” category. Two of 229 patients (0.9% of all patients) had CSF infections associated with EVD management, totaling an infection rate of 0.99 per 1000 catheter days. This is a significantly lower infection rate than was reported in the authors’ previously published analysis of the use of nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters (0.9% vs 6%, p = 0.00128).CONCLUSIONSIn their large pediatric cohort, the authors demonstrated a significant decline in ventriculostomy-associated CSF infection rate after implementation of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters at their institution.

scholarly journals The impact of quarantine on Covid-19 infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
District Level ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives: Coronavirushas had profound effects on people’s lives and the economy of many countries, generating controversy between the need to establish quarantines and other social distancing measures to protect people’s health and the need to reactivate the economy. This study proposes and applies a modification of the SIR infection model to describe the evolution of coronavirus infections and to measure the effect of quarantine on the number of people infected. Methods: Two hypotheses, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are proposed for the impact of quarantines. According to the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate, delaying new infections over time without modifying the total number of people infected at the end of the wave. The second hypothesis establishes that quarantine reduces the population infected in the wave. The two hypotheses are tested with data for a sample of 10 districts in Santiago, Chile. Results: The results of applying the methodology show that the proposed model describes well the evolution of infections at the district level. The data shows evidence in favor of the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate; and not in favor of the second hypothesis, that quarantine reduces the population infected. Districts of higher socio-economic levels have a lower infection rate, and quarantine is more effective. Conclusions: Quarantine, in most districts, does not reduce the total number of people infected in the wave; it only reduces the rate at which they are infected. The reduction in the infection rate avoids peaks that may collapse the health system.

scholarly journals Waning of Measured Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Over Time: The Potential Contribution of Leaky Vaccine Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. e633-e641
Author(s):  
Jerome I Tokars ◽  
Manish M Patel ◽  
Ivo M Foppa ◽  
Carrie Reed ◽  
Alicia M Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Seasonal Infection ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Vaccine Effect

Abstract Background Several observational studies have shown decreases in measured influenza vaccine effectiveness (mVE) during influenza seasons. One study found decreases of 6–11%/month during the 2011–2012 to 2014–2015 seasons. These findings could indicate waning immunity but could also occur if vaccine effectiveness is stable and vaccine provides partial protection in all vaccinees (“leaky”) rather than complete protection in a subset of vaccinees. Since it is unknown whether influenza vaccine is leaky, we simulated the 2011–2012 to 2014–2015 influenza seasons to estimate the potential contribution of leaky vaccine effect to the observed decline in mVE. Methods We used available data to estimate daily numbers of vaccinations and infections with A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses. We assumed that vaccine effect was leaky, calculated mVE as 1 minus the Mantel-Haenszel relative risk of vaccine on incident cases, and determined the mean mVE change per 30 days since vaccination. Because change in mVE was highly dependent on infection rates, we performed simulations using low (15%) and high (31%) total (including symptomatic and asymptomatic) seasonal infection rates. Results For the low infection rate, decreases (absolute) in mVE per 30 days after vaccination were 2% for A/H1N1 and 1% for A/H3N2and B viruses. For the high infection rate, decreases were 5% for A/H1N1, 4% for A/H3, and 3% for B viruses. Conclusions The leaky vaccine bias could account for some, but probably not all, of the observed intraseasonal decreases in mVE. These results underscore the need for strategies to deal with intraseasonal vaccine effectiveness decline.

scholarly journals Are countries precautionary actions against COVID-19 effective? An assessment study of 175 countries worldwide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamir M Alshammari ◽  
Khalidah Alenzi ◽  
Fatemah Alnofal ◽  
Ghada Fradees ◽  
Ali Altebainawi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Relationship

Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected many countries negatively, particularly in terms of their health care and financial systems. Numerous countries have attempted to employ precautions to address this pandemic. Objective This study was aimed at exploring and assessing the precautionary actions taken by 175 countries on six continents to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods An observational study was conducted based on data collected during the period from December 31, 2019, until the end of April 2020. Several data were extracted, including information related to the date of the first reported case of SARS-CoV-2, total confirmed cases, total active cases, and more. In addition, seven validated indicators were used to assess the countries preparedness and precautionary actions. Results A total of 175 countries were included in the study. The total COVID-19 infection rate increased exponentially and rapidly in North America and Europe from March to April. The application of the precautions (indicators) varied between countries. School closures, quarantines and curfews were the most applied indicators among all countries. As for the relationship between the indicators and their effects on the infection rate, Italy and Spain were the top countries in Europe and adopted all indicators. Nevertheless, they faced high infection rates: 239,639 and 205,463 COVID-19 cases in Spain, and Italy, respectively. Conclusion The precautionary actions might have played a role in limiting the spread of COVID-19 in several countries. However, many countries did not benefit from applying these indicators.

Rigorous lower bounds for the critical infection rate in the diffusive contact process

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Sudbury
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Contact Process ◽  
Interacting Particle ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

The contact process is an interacting particle system which models a spatially restricted infection. In the basic contact process the infection can only spread to an uninfected neighbour, but the diffusive contact process allows an infected individual to move to an uninfected site. If the infection rate is too low, the process will die out. If the individual can move (or diffuse), the disease can spread with a lower infection rate. An idea of the relationship between these rates is obtained by obtaining rigorous lower bounds for the critical infection rate for various values of the diffusion rate. In this paper we also improve the lower bound for the critical infection rate for the basic contact process from 1.539 to 1.5517.

Influence of shell size ofLymnaea columellaon infectivity and development ofFasciola hepatica

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.H.L. Coelho ◽  
M.P. Guimarães ◽  
W.S. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

AbstractExperimental infections ofLymnaea columellawithFasciola hepaticawere carried out to determine the influence of shell size on the infection rate and on the outcome of rediae and cercariae. Snails were divided into seven groups according to shell size: 2–4 mm, 5–6 mm, 7–8 mm, 9–10 mm, 11–12 mm, 13–14 mm and 15 mm or more. One hundred snails in each group were infected by using four miracidia for each snail. Snails with larger shell size showed a lower infection rate, the groups presenting the highest (79%) and lowest (2%) proportions of positives being those of 5–6 mm and 15 mm or more, respectively. Cercariae were present in 21% of them at 31 days post-infection, and cercarial shedding was observed 61 days post-infection. It was concluded that there is a non-linear negative association between shell size and infection rate.

scholarly journals More Active Internet-Search on Google and Twitter Posting for COVID-19 Corresponds with Lower Infection Rate in the 50 U.S. States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachen Sun ◽  
Peter Gloor
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Internet Search ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

Abstract As the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to rage worldwide, the United States has become the most affected country with more than 2.5 million total confirmed cases up to now (June 2, 2020). In this work, we investigate the predictive power of online social media and Internet search for the COVID-19 pandemic among 50 U.S. states. By collecting the state-level daily trends through both Twitter and Google Trends, we observe a high but state-different lag correlation with the number of daily confirmed cases. We further find that the predictive accuracy measured by the correlation coefficient is positively correlated to a state’s demographic, air traffic volume and GDP development. Most importantly, we show that a state’s early infection rate is negatively correlated with the lag to the previous peak in Internet search and tweeting about COVID-19, indicating that the earlier the collective awareness on Twitter/Google in a state, the lower is the infection rate.

scholarly journals Infección periprotésica en pacientes ancianos tratados mediante hemiartroplastia de cadera tras fractura intracapsular ¿Es el uso de cemento impregnado con altas dosis de antibiótico es un factor asociado a su disminución?.

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
CARLOS NOVOA-PARRA ◽  
J HURTADO-CEREZO ◽  
J MORALES-RODRIGUEZ ◽  
JL RODRIGO-PEREZ ◽  
JM PELAYO DE TOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Superficial Infection ◽  
Hip Hemiarthroplasty ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Group 1

Objective: to study whether the use of cement with a high dose of antibiotics is a factor associated with a lower infection rate in hip hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fracture.Material and methods: a retrospective cohort study of 144 consecutive patients treated surgically for a cervical hip fracture with cemented hip hemiarthroplasty between February 2015 and February 2017. In 88 (61.1%) high dose antibiotic cement was used, defined as a concentration ≥ 5% of the total weight (Group 1) and in 56 (38.9%) cement without antibiotics was used (Group 2). The primary outcome variable was periprosthetic infection.Results: there were 2 (1.38%) infections that were classified as deep, both in group 1. One of patients had a superficial infection in group 2. We did not find differences in the rate of infections between the two groups. Among the intra-surgical complications, we found two failures of the cement-prosthesis interface (non-adherence of the cement to the stem at the end of the setting time), both cases occurred in group 1. There was no allergic or toxic reaction. The mean survival time of all operated patients was 2.7 years (95% CI: 2.4-2.9) at the end of follow-up. We found no differences in survival when stratified by the use or not of antibiotics in cement, p = 0.874.Conclusion:In our experience, in patients undergoing hip hemiarthroplasties the use of cement with a high dose of antibiotic is not associated with lower infection rate when intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis is correct.

scholarly journals Complete Life Cycle of Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, an Avian Trypanosome Transmitted by Culicine Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2101
Author(s):  
Magdaléna Fialová ◽  
Anežka Santolíková ◽  
Anna Brotánková ◽  
Jana Brzoňová ◽  
Milena Svobodová
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Avian Populations

Avian trypanosomes are cosmopolitan and common protozoan parasites of birds; nevertheless, knowledge of their life cycles and vectors remains incomplete. Mosquitoes have been confirmed as vectors of Trypanosoma culicavium and suggested as vectors of T. thomasbancrofti; however, transmission has been experimentally confirmed only for the former species. This study aims to confirm the experimental transmission of T. thomasbancrofti to birds and its localization in vectors. Culex pipiens were fed on blood using four strains of T. thomasbancrofti, isolated from vectors and avian hosts; all strains established infections, and three of them were able to develop high infection rates in mosquitoes. The infection rate of the culicine isolates was 5–28% for CUL15 and 48–81% for CUL98, 67–92% for isolate OF19 from hippoboscid fly, while the avian isolate PAS343 ranged between 48% and 92%, and heavy infections were detected in 90% of positive females. Contrary to T. culicavium, trypanosomes were localized in the hindgut, where they formed rosettes with the occurrence of free epimastigotes in the hindgut and midgut during late infections. Parasites occurred in urine droplets produced during mosquito prediuresis. Transmission to birds was achieved by the ingestion of mosquito guts containing trypanosomes and via the conjunctiva. Bird infection was proven by blood cultivation and xenodiagnosis; mature infections were present in the dissected guts of 24–26% of mosquitoes fed on infected birds. The prevalence of T. thomasbancrofti in vectors in nature and in avian populations is discussed in this paper. This study confirms the vectorial capacity of culicine mosquitoes for T. thomasbancrofti, a trypanosome related to T. avium, and suggests that prediuresis might be an effective mode of trypanosome transmission.

scholarly journals Trematodiasis occurrence in cattle along the Progo River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korbinianus Feribertus Rinca ◽  
Joko Prastowo ◽  
Dwi Priyo Widodo ◽  
Yudhi Ratna Nugraheni
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Sedimentation Technique ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Fasciola Spp ◽  
Trematode Parasites

Aim: This study aimed to measure the occurrence of trematodiasis in cattle along the Progo River, a district of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The findings help to establish the magnitude of the disease and encourage prevention and treatment of this condition. Materials and Methods: Trematode eggs were extracted from 100 fecal samples collected from cattle. The eggs were examined using the sedimentation technique, and the method of Parfitt and Banks was used to differentiate Paramphistomum spp. eggs from Fasciola spp. eggs. Results: The infection rate of trematode parasites was 50%. Cattle experienced multiple infections of both Paramphistomum spp. and Fasciola spp., as well as single infections of one species or the other. All breeds were vulnerable to infections of both trematode species, although different cattle breeds, including Peranakan Ongole crossbreeds, Simmental crossbreeds, and Limousin crossbreeds, showed differences in infection rate. The highest rate of infection with Paramphistomum spp. (15.78%) occurred in the Simmental crossbreeds. The highest rate of infection (31.57%) with Fasciola spp. was in the Peranakan Ongole crossbreeds. Multiple infections of both Paramphistomum spp. and Fasciola spp. were highest in Simmental crossbreed cattle (28.97%). Conclusion: The high infection rates of trematode parasites found in fecal samples, particularly of Fasciola spp., indicate that the cattle along the Progo River in Indonesia experience a high rate of trematodiasis disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document