Combined effect of respirator-induced ventilation and superoxide dismutase in experimental brain injury

1989 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Levasseur ◽  
John L. Patterson ◽  
Nitya R. Ghatak ◽  
Hermes A. Kontos ◽  
Surg C. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Respiratory Assistance ◽  
The Brain

✓ The function-specific enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) was tested for its protective effect in severe experimental fluid-percussion brain injury (4.45 ± 0.10 atm) in 30 of 60 randomly selected male Sprague-Dawley rats. A respirator was used only in the event of need. The number of animals with permanent resumption of spontaneous breathing (Type I respiratory response) remained essentially the same in each group. However, when Type II apnea (cannot maintain recovery) and Type III apnea (never recovers from the initial apnea) were terminated with a respirator, all rats with Type II responses from each group were successfully converted to a state of sustained spontaneous breathing. In contrast, only five (41.7%) of the 12 rats with Type III response were salvaged in the control group while five (83.3%) of six Type III rats in the SOD-treated group were saved. The results reveal the nature of the therapeutic effectiveness of superoxide radical scavengers in the overall outcome of head injury in this animal model. While SOD alone did not increase the number of spontaneous survivors, the drug shifted a number of animals from the critically injured rats with Type III respiratory response to the less critical Type II condition. Whereas induced respiration as the sole therapy in the control group lowered the mortality rate to 23.3%, respiratory assistance together with SOD treatment reduced the “mortality” to a single animal with Type III apnea (3.3%) which was alive but still required the respirator after 2 hours (p < 0.001). The results show that respiratory assistance alone accounted for a 33% decrease in mortality rate and that SOD, given in addition to induced ventilation, further decreased mortality by 20%. Since SOD enzymes are reactively specific for superoxide, the increased survival rate of the brain-injured rat must have been due either to preventing or to minimizing pathophysiological changes, probably in the brain stem, caused by oxygen free radicals.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE MINERALIZING POTENTIAL OF ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF THE CARIOGENIC PROCESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Rosana Nazaryan ◽  
Liudmyla Kryvenko ◽  
Olga Iskorostenskaya ◽  
Yelena Tishkovets
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Initial Examination ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Mineralizing Potential

Early diagnosis of dental caries in children is difficult. This fact is applied to children with Down syndrome. In order to identify predictors of dental diseases, a crystallographic method is widely used for studying oral fluid. The aim of the work is to evaluate the mineralizing potential of oral fluid in children with Down syndrome before and after the course of preventive measures. Material and methods. We examined oral fluid in children with Down syndrome. Children and adolescents at the age of 8 months to 17 years (n=21) were divided into groups depending on the age and the level of caries intensity. The results were compared with the data of 55 children without chromosomal pathology. Results. The group of children with Down syndrome (MG), during the initial examination includes type II – 11 people (53 %) and type III – 7 people (33 %) microcrystallization of saliva, which generally corresponds to the situation in the group of children without chromosomal pathology (CG), where type II included 62 % (34 people) and type III – 22 % (12 people). The average value of the mineralizing potential of saliva in the main group was 2.78±0.22, and in the control group – 2.89±0.17. Conclusions. After preventive measures during the re-examination of children with Down syndrome, there was a tendency to an increase in the level of parameters of the mineralizing potential of saliva while maintaining this level after 6 months.

scholarly journals NEURODESTRUCTION OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI IN BRAIN INJURY. EFFECT OF CARBACETAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
S.V. Ziablitsev ◽  
T.I. Panova ◽  
O.O. Starodubska
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptor ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
S 100 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Supraoptic Nuclei

Relevance. A key role in the pathogenesis of brain injury (BI) is played by destructive changes in the neural tissue of the brain, which consist in damage to neurons and glial cells. To date, various drugs are being intensively developed and studied, which are considered in the perspective of correction and restoration of the functional state of the brain. These substances include the neuroprotector carbacetam, an modulator of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex, a derivative of the alkaloid β-carboline. Objectie. To investigate the effect of carbacetam on neurodestruction processes in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in experimental BI. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 20 white non-native male rats weighing 200±10 g. To simulate the BI, rats were subjected to one stroke along the cranial vault with a free-fall load according to the V.N. Yelskyy and S.V. Ziablitsev method (2008). The energy of impact was 0.52 J, the lethality for the first 5 days after injury was 84%. In the control group (n=10) 1 ml of saline was injected intraperitoneally once daily for 10 days after injury. Animals of the experimental group (n=10) received intraperitoneally injections of carbacetam at a dose of 5 mg/kg in 1 ml of saline according to the same scheme. After the experiment was over, the animals were decapitated with the removal of the brain, from which histological preparations were made with a microtome after appropriate histological treatment. Some sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, others were immunohistochemically reacted with antibodies against neuronmarkers proteins NSE, S-100 and GFAP. Results. Carbacetam influenced the decrease of degenerative processes in the nervous tissue of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Neurons of animals with BI that received carbacetam, were characterized by the restoration of normal morphological features in contrast to rats not receiving the drug. Immunohistochemical study of brain neuromarkers confirmed the restoration of the functions of neurons and astrocytes in the investigated parts of the rat's hypothalamus after the administration of carbacetam. There was a decrease in the expression level of glial markers GFAP and S-100, which illustrated the decrease in degenerative changes in the nervous tissue. While the expression level of the neuron marker NSE grew, this demonstrated the high metabolic activity of nerve cells. Changes in the expression of markers of neurons and glia indicated a restoration of normal neuronal activity under the action of carbacetam. Conclusion. Further investigation of the effects of carbacetam seems promising in terms of the restoration of neuronal function at BI.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CARBACETAM INFLUENCE ON HYPOTHALAMUS TISSUE IN BRAIN INJURY

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
S.V. Ziablytsev ◽  
T.I. Panova ◽  
O.O. Starodubska ◽  
O.O. Dyadik
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Hypothalamic Tissue ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
The Brain

Relevance. A key role in the pathogenesis of the brain injury is played by destructive changes in the hypothalamus neuroendocrine cells. For the correction of such disorders, promising is carbacetam, which has antihypoxic, anti-edema and anti-shock effects. Objective: to investigate the effect of carbacetam on the processes of neurodegeneration in the paraventricular and supraoptical nuclei of the hypothalamus in the experimental brain injury. Material and methods. Brain injury were modeled on the V.M. Elskyy &S.V. Ziablitsev model on white non-breeding male rats weighing 200±10 g. Experimental animals (n=10) received intraabdominal injection of carbacetam at a dose of 5 mg/kg in 1 ml of physiological saline during the seven days after injury. In the control group (n=10), 1 ml of physiological saline was injected. Hypothalamic tissue microparticles performed a morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of neurodegenerative changes when stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically to detect NSE, S-100 and GFAP neuromarkers. Results. Carbacetam reduced the degenerative processes in the nervous tissue of the paraventricular and supraoptical nuclei of the hypothalamus, which was manifested by the restoration of normal morphological features, in contrast to rats that did not receive the drug. Immunohistochemically, GFAP and S-100 glial markers exhibited reduced, reflecting a reduction in degenerative changes in the nerve tissue. Expressions of the neurons marker NSE increased, reflecting high metabolic activity of the neurons. Conclusions. Revealed changes in the expression of markers of neurons and glia showed a restoration of normal neuronal activity due to the introduction of carbacetam.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fentonʼs Reagent Toxicity to Biomphalaria Alexandrina Snails

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Abdel Wareth MTA
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Biomphalaria Alexandrina

Fentonʼs reagent is considered a promising disinfecting agent as it has antimicrobial activity. In the present study, effective antifungal Fenton concentrations were investigated on Biomphalaria alexandrina snails as bio indicators of toxicity. Generally, they resulted in low mortality rate of snails, as only 20% mortality was recorded after 60 min of exposure. Also the activities of two antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in snails’ tissues were investigated at different time intervals. Although the activities of both enzymes were different from control group, there was not a pronounced enhancement or inhibition. In conclusion, certain Fenton concentrations can be used as inexpensive and environmentally- friendly disinfecting agents as they are safe on snails which are good bioindicators of toxicity.

scholarly journals Patterns of C-2 fracture in the elderly: comparison of etiology, treatment, and mortality among specific fracture types

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Radovanovic ◽  
Jennifer C. Urquhart ◽  
Parham Rasoulinejad ◽  
Kevin R. Gurr ◽  
Fawaz Siddiqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Odontoid Fractures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Risk Factors For Falls ◽  
Fracture Types

OBJECTIVEPrevious studies have focused on Type II odontoid fractures and have failed to report on the effect of other C-2 fracture types on treatment and outcome. The purpose of this study was to compare patient characteristics, cause of injury, predisposing factors to fracture, treatments, and mortality rates among C-2 fracture types in a cohort of elderly patients 70 years of age and older.METHODSA retrospective cohort study design was used. Patients who sustained a C-2 fracture between 2002 and 2011 and who were admitted to the authors’ Level 1 trauma center were identified using the Discharge Abstract Database and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) code S12.1. Fractures were classified as odontoid Type I, II, or III; hangman’s; C-2 complex (hangman’s appearance on sagittal images, Type III odontoid on coronal cuts); and other (miscellaneous). Age, sex, predisposing factors to falls, cause of injury, treatment, presence of autofusion in the subaxial cervical spine, and mortality rates were compared between fracture patterns.RESULTSOne hundred forty-one patients were included; their mean age was 82 years. Fractures included Type II odontoid (57%), complex (19%), Type III odontoid (11%), hangman’s (8%), and other (5%). Falls from a standing height accounted for 47% of injuries, and 65% of patients had ≥ 3 risk factors for falls. Subaxial autofusion was more common in odontoid fractures (p = 0.002). Treatment was mainly nonoperative (p < 0.0001). The 1-year mortality rate was 27%. Four patients died of spinal cord injury.CONCLUSIONSAlthough not as common as Type II odontoid fractures, other C-2 fractures including hangman’s, complex, and Type III odontoid fractures accounted for close to half of the injuries in the study cohort. There were few differences between the fracture types with respect to cause of injury, predisposing factors, or mortality rate. However, surgical treatment was more common for Type II odontoid fractures.

scholarly journals The Effects of Buckwheat Leaf and Flower Extracts on Antioxidant Status in Mouse Organs

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Sadauskiene ◽  
Arunas Liekis ◽  
Rasa Bernotiene ◽  
Jurgita Sulinskiene ◽  
Arturas Kasauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
The Brain

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the extracts of buckwheat leaf and flower on the antioxidant status of the brain and liver tissue. The administration of buckwheat extracts (both concentrations were 10%) to mice (at the dose 10 mL/kg of body weight) for 21 days significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced the amount of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mouse brain, while catalase (CAT) activity significantly increased. In the mouse liver, the amount of GSH and activity of SOD increased, while the CAT activity after administering buckwheat leaf and flower extracts was lower in experimental mice than in the control group. However, the administration of 10% ethanol (for 21 days) to control animals also had a significant effect on the antioxidant system in brain and liver cells. Experimental animals demonstrated rather marked changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT in their liver and brain cells, and changes in the levels of GSH and MDA were observed when compared with the control group.

Comprehensive assessment of clinical and immune disorders in patients with acute concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
A. O. Norka ◽  
S. V. Vorobev ◽  
A. Yu. Emelin ◽  
R. N. Kuznetsova ◽  
I. V. Kudryavtsev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Central Memory ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mild Brain Injury ◽  
T Helpers ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Craniocerebral trauma remains one of the most common forms of brain pathology. Its relevance is determined by both, high prevalence and significant financial costs associated with the treatment, and rehabilitation of injured. Mild forms predominate in the general structure of injury. Immune response is one of the manifestations characteristic for a complex of biochemical and pathophysiological reactions triggered in the brain in response to injury. At the same time, the subtle mechanisms of its functioning and their role in pathogenesis of diseases remain the subject of discussion. Our research was aimed to study the role of immune reactions in the pathogenesis of mild brain injury. Materials and methods. 22 patients with concussion (aged from 20 to 45) were examined. The control group included 37 healthy individuals aged 20 to 46. The examination included the collection of complaints, medical history, assessment of somatic and neurological status, neuropsychological testing. The object of laboratory research was venous blood. Attention was mainly paid to the T-helpers of central (CM, CD45RA–CD62L+) and effector (EM, CD45RA–CD62L–) memory, which were evaluated using multicolored cytometric analysis. Results. Patients presented complaints of general and cognitive nature upon admission to the hospital. Cerebellar lesion symptoms dominated while neurological status evaluation. Neuropsychological examination allowed us to detect neuro-dynamic and regulatory disorders predominance. While conducting the analysis of the main stages of cell maturation in the blood of patients with concussion, it was noted that there was a significant increase in both, relative and absolute content of central memory T-helpers compared to the control group. At the same time, the percentage of EM Th in those with injury was slightly reduced. Also, in patients with injured Th cells of central memory, the relative content of Th1 cells decreased and the relative content of Th17 cells increased. In addition, within the CM Th pool, there was an increase in the proportion of three types of Th17 — CCR6+DN Th17, Th17.1 and «classic» CCR4+CXCR3– Th17. Conclusion. Changes in T-helpers of central memory and T-helpers of peripheral memory subpopulation among CD3+CD4+ cells can be considered as a predictor of the course of concussion in the acute period. However, T cells involved in autoimmunity, do not necessarily reflect the immune system disorders. It is possible that the basis for the decrease in the Th1 level in the circulatory bed in patients with brain injury is the recruitment of immune cells. An increase in the proportion of Th17 was also detected among T-helpers of central memory patrolling the lymphoid tissue the other day after the brain injury. This circumstance may indicate the fact that in the early stages after the nervous tissue damage, processes leading to the formation of «pro-inflammatory» cells are triggered. It allows us to consider these lymphocytes as one of the main populations of immunocompetent cells possessing a neuro-destructive effect.

Oophorectomy hinders antioxidant adaptation promoted by swimming in Wistar rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulisvaldo Brunno de Oliveira Macedo ◽  
Rand Randall Martins ◽  
Francisco Paulo Freire Neto ◽  
Yonara Monique da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Aldo da Cunha Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
The Brain

Oxidative stress is associated with postmenopause and is also responsible for various metabolic alterations. The redox imbalance observed during ovarian decline can be induced experimentally by bilateral ovariectomy in rats. In addition to hormone replacement, regular moderate physical exercise is indicated to prevent several common postmenopausal diseases. This study aimed to assess the effect of daily swimming on the antioxidant defense system of oophorectomized Wistar rats. Control and oophorectomized groups were submitted to 1 h of daily swimming for 90 days. Levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione content and the activities of superoxide dismutase enzyme and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes, liver, and brain were assessed every 30 days. The control group exhibited lower lipoperoxidation that was associated with a significant increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and glutathione content in erythrocytes and liver; however, swimming did not cause changes in antioxidant parameters in the brain over time. The oophorectomized group showed no antioxidant adaptation to daily swimming and had greater oxidative damage in the liver and blood. Our results suggest that ovariectomy hinders antioxidant adaptation in Wistar rats submitted to daily swimming.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Oral Fluid Microcrystallization Index in Patients with Maxillofacial and Neck Boils in Different Approaches of Post-Operative Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
M. S. Fleryanovitch ◽  
◽  
I. O. Pohodenko-Chudakova ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The purpose of the study is to study the index of microcrystallization of oral fluid in patients with boils of the maxillofacial region, to carry out a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of postoperative treatment of this disease using a standard rehabilitation treatment and the same treatment combined with electroacupuncture (EAT). Materials and methods. We observed 40 patients with boils of the maxillofacial region aged 18-58 years old who were divided into two groups of 20 people in each group after primary surgical treatment (PST) of the infectious and inflammatory focus. Group 1 received a standard anti-inflammatory therapy in the postoperative period. In group 2, the standard treatment was combined with electroacupuncture. The study involved 20 practically healthy people (a control group). The microcrystallization index (MCI) was determined by the method of I.O. Pohodenko-Chudakova, Yu.M. Kazakova, N.D. Pokhodenko (2011). In the control group, the microcrystallization index was determined once, in groups 1 and 2 – twice (at the patient's admission to the hospital and on the 10th day after the primary surgical treatment). The obtained data was processed statistically using the package of application tables "Statistica 10.0" Results and discussion. In the control group, type I of microcrystallization was determined in 72 (40.0%) quadrants, type II – in 98 (54.4%) quadrants, and type III – in 10 (5.6%) quadrants. In group 1 patients in the 1st study, type I of microcrystallization was in 17 (9.4%) quadrants, type II – in 53 (29.5%) quadrants, and type III – in 110 (61.1%) quadrants. In group 2, type I of microcrystallization was detected in 11 (6.1%) quadrants, type II – in 49 (27.2%) quadrants, and type III – in 120 (66.7%) quadrants. On the 10th day of the follow-up period in patients of group 1, type I of crystal formation was determined in 66 (36.7%) quadrants, type II – in 75 (41.7%) quadrants, type III – in 39 (21.6%) quadrants. During the same follow-up period, type I was found in 66 (36.7%) quadrants, type II – in 93 (51.7%), and type III ‒ in 21 (11.6%) quadrants. The microcrystallization index value of group 1 decreased during standard treatment, but it didn’t have directed signs (χ2=7.0; p=0.316). The microcrystallization index in the 2nd study was significantly different from the control (U=0.0; p <0.001) and therefore did not reach the normal values. According to the data of group 2, the revealed positive dynamics had directed signs (χ2=20.0; p <0.001). The microcrystallization index at the end of treatment had no significant differences with the control (U=99.5; p=0.007). Conclusion. The study proves the advantage of the results of treatment of a group of patients who were treated with electroacupuncture as well as the possibility of using the microcrystallization index of oral fluid both for diagnosing the severity of the general condition of a patient with a boil of the maxillofacial region and predicting the course of the disease

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