Chinese Classical Textual Studies in the 20th and 21st Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Veronika Vinogrodskaya
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Textual Studies ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
History Of ◽  
Textual Culture ◽  
Regional Character ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article offers a brief outline of the history of "classical Chinese textual studies" (Zhongguo gudian wenxianxue), analyzes its content and structure, as well as its place and prospects in modern China. Classical Chinese textual studies emerged as a distinct modern academic discipline based on an ancient domestic tradition and under the influence of Western textual criticism of the 19th century. Since the 1920s, over the last hundred years, it has undergone several ups and downs but steadily continues to maintain continuity with a vast philological knowledge of imperial China, as well as to appropriate new approaches from Western humanities. The most developed areas of wenxianxue are the editing and publication of ancient texts, theoretical research in the foundations of textual studies, the creation and further exploration of subdisciplines, the analysis of research methods, and interdisciplinary perspectives, the study of the history of wenxianxue as well as various specialized problems. Overall, Chinese classical textual studies gravitate toward striving for comprehensiveness, interdisciplinary approaches, and practical issues. Currently, there is still a certain lack of innovation in exploring new areas, insufficient rigor and depth in theoretical research, the uneven development of individual areas of research and their somewhat regional character, nevertheless, textual studies manage to combine extensive practical work on "ordering ancient books" (guji zhengli) with a comprehensive study on the vast and immense Chinese textual culture.

scholarly journals The path of logic in Ukraine

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
И.В. Хоменко
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper traces the development of history of logic in Ukraine in the 19th century and early 20th century. The author particularly discusses and compares the logical concepts of representatives of Kyiv philosophies, who made their contribution to the development of logic as a science and academic discipline. Some of them had sunk into oblivion for a long time and their names are still unknown in the logic community.

The Formation of Pastoral Theology as an Academic Discipline on the Example of Moscow Theological Academy (1814-1869)

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-201
Author(s):  
Андрей Владимирович Дружинин
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Pastoral Theology ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Theological School ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Цель статьи - проследить начальный этап развития одной из наиболее дискуссионных областей богословских наук - пастырского богословия - в учебном курсе духовных академий первой половины XIX в. на примере московской духовной академии. согласно уставу духовных училищ, академии должны были готовить преподавателей по семинарскому курсу пастырского богословия. однако на практике в течение действия устава 1814 г. преподавание и развитие данной дисциплины было сопряжено с рядом коллизий, зависящих как от внешних обстоятельств, так и от специфики концептуализации идеи пастырской подготовки. в историографии данный период развития пастырского богословия освещён скудно и тенденциозно. мнение об отсутствии оригинальной пасторологической мысли в данный период складывается без учёта архивных источников, что является упущением. в связи с этим в докладе предлагается взгляд на генезис и содержание пастырского богословия на основании проработки материалов московской духовной академии из архивных учреждений москвы, датированных периодом с 1816 по 1869 г. результаты исследования позволяют судить о значении пастырского богословия в дореволюционной духовной школе. The following article is devoted to the history of one of the most debatable areas of theological sciences - pastoral theology. The report attempts to trace the initial stage of development of this discipline in the course of theological academies (1st half of the 19th century) on the example of Moscow Theological Academy. During the validity of the Charter of 1814, the teaching and development of pastoral theology was associated with a number of collisions, depending both on external circumstances and on the conceptualization of understanding the pastor in the spiritual and educational environment. In this regard, the article offers a look at the genesis and content of pastoral theology based on the elaboration of archival materials from Moscow Theological Academy from the archival institutions of Moscow dated 1816-1869. The results of the study make it possible to judge the significance of pastoral theology in the prerevolutionary theological school.

Text and Determination

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 79-104
Author(s):  
Markus Messling
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Racial Thought ◽  
Textual Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Strength

Protagonists of the ‘philological turn’ have claimed philology to be a self-reflective praxis. The history of modern philology however demonstrates that this can only be understood as a demand. All too often, philological conceptions went hand in glove with a deterministic anthropology. Whereas current research on the nexus between philology and racial thought focus on how biopolitical assumptions could be applied within philological disciplines, the idea of a ‘hard’ anthropological nucleus and a ‘soft’ textual culture referring to it needs to be revised. Because of their methodological potential and cultural strength, European philologies were scientific models up to the second half of the 19th century and relied on the same epistemic assumptions from which ‘modern’ raciological discourses were born. This comes mainly from the relation established since the 17th century between the variety of languages, scripts and textual cultures on the one hand, and rationality on the other. The arguments that stem from this discourse of a challenged universalism were amalgamated with genealogical thought in 19th century philology and an obsession with origins as the biblical narrative faded away. Thus, spiritual or cognitive forms, understood as determining factors in historical evolution, could then be linked to an assumed ‘original’ intellectual or anthropological potentiality. However, raciological conceptualizations have been far from being without alternative. My paper argues that if the return to philology aims to be more than a reaction to the normative loss of textual culture, then the epistemological struggle within the history of philology needs to be reflected in its relevance for any ‘future’ philology.

On the State and Prospects of the Study of Zoroastrianism

Numen ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stausberg
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Textual Studies ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe academic study of Zoroastrianism goes back to the seventeenth century. It was a classic topic in the History of Religions as an academic discipline throughout its formative period. Zoroastrianism has become less visible on the field of the History of Religions since the 1970s. This, however, does not mean that there was no progress in Zoroastrian Studies since that time. Quite to the contrary, despite the customary tendency to paint a gloomy picture of the progress of Zoroastrian Studies, scholarship in this field has advanced considerably in recent decades. The present article sketches eighteen major subjects of innovative recent research activities. Topics include textual studies, law, astrology, secondary sources, religion and politics, regional diversity, marginalization, impact on and interaction with other religious traditions, the modern communities in India, Iran, and various "diasporic" settings as well as gender, rituals, and outside reception. e article concludes by sketching some prospects for the study of Zoroastrianism.

scholarly journals INTERIOR RESTORATION A.A MARAMIS BUILDING MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF INDONESIA: DEVELOPING INTERIOR CONCEPTS WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RESTORATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ika Yuni Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Travel History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The 19Th Century

A.A Maramis is a palace building consisting of 3 floors with the 19th century Empire in Indonesia. This building represents the development of Indonesian architecture in the early 19th century. In the renovation planning that began at the end of 2019, the A.A Maramis building is expected to be a historical reminder of how important this agency is as well as the chronology of events that have occurred in the past in order to increase love for the nation and the motherland. In the planning of restoration is expected to become one of the attractive and educative tourism destination. Restoration of A.A. Maramis building refers to the concepts and principles of Cultural Heritage. This study uses qualitative methods and interdisciplinary approaches include history, culture, and aesthetics. The renovation and development as well as the use of the interior or interior is a place to preserve, present and convey information about the travel history of the Ministry of Finance in developing the nation and state of Indonesia.Keywords: A.A Maramis building Ministry of Finance of Indonesia, developing, interior concept, the principle of cultural heritage restoration

scholarly journals Between and Beyond. The Course of a Life in the Realms of History of Education, General Pedagogy and Comparative Studies. Interview with Edwin Keiner

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
Annemarie Augschöll Blasbichler ◽  
Michaela Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Pedagogy ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
The University

Edwin Keiner held the chair for General Pedagogy and Social Pedagogy at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano until his retirement in October 2019. From 2014 to 2017 he also served as Vice Dean of the Faculty of Education at the same university. Prior to that, he worked as a professor for the History of Education and Socialisation at the University of Bochum and as a professor for General Pedagogy at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He has studied the theory and the history of education as an academic discipline with special interest in a comparative perspective. His academic focus is on methodology, historical and comparative research on educational research, and historical, empirical and comparative as well as interdisciplinary approaches to and in educational research. For several years he took over the role as chairman of the Commission for Research on Educational Research and of the Section for General Pedagogy of the German Educational Research Association. In addition, Keiner was very active in the European Educational Research Association (EERA) for example as the first elected representative of all networks and member of the EERA Council. In 2018, Keiner succeeded in bringing the annual «European Conference on Educational Research» (ECER) with about 3,000 participants to the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, South Tyrol. He was a member of the «International Research Community ‘Philosophy and History of The Discipline of Education’» (University Leuven, Belgium) for almost 20 years and member of the editorial boards of Paedagogica Historica, European Educational Research Journal and Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. At present, Edwin Keiner works part-time as a senior professor at the Faculty of Education, University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany.

scholarly journals From the History of Russian Law to the History of State and Law of the USSR: The Transformation of the Science and the Academic Discipline in 1917–1940s

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-269
Author(s):  
Tatiana F. Yashchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article aims to show the transformation of the science and the academic discipline “History of Russian Law” over the period from 1917 to the 1940s, to establish the degree of continuity and innovations that manifested in the transformation. The study is based on research works on the history of state and law, published historical sources, archival materials. Narrative, comparative legal, and institutional methods were used. Two institutional forms of legal science development were identified: universities and departments of the Academy of Sciences. In the 19th century, an independent area of scientific knowledge was established; its object was historical forms of law. Educational courses on the history of Russian law were based on the study of legislative acts and other sources of law. According to the University Charter of 1863, departments of the history of Russian law were created, scientific research was actively conducted, and works on the history of law were published. After the 1917 revolution, the political and ideological trends in legal science and education changed dramatically. Universities and academic structures as institutional forms survived, but underwent major changes. Law faculties were abolished at universities, specialized departments were closed. The history of Russian law or a comparable discipline in content was not taught. To prepare new academic personnel and conduct research in social sciences and the humanities, including legal science, the Socialist, subsequently Communist Academy and the Institute of Red Professors were opened. These institutions did not create separate units specializing in the study of the history of state and law. The circle of researchers studying such problems decreased sharply. In the 1930s, the Soviet model of the organization of science and higher education, which included many elements that had developed in the Russian Empire, was approved. Interest in historical sciences was restored. Curricula for training lawyers included a discipline that was first called “History of the State and Law of the Peoples of the USSR”, and later “History of State and Law of the USSR”. The leading role in the development of its content, object, and method belonged to S.V. Yushkov. The continuity with the history of Russian law was preserved. The most significant differences were the change in the chronological and territorial framework, the etatization of the object, and the use of the Marxist methodology. New approaches were reflected in the textbook History of State and Law of the USSR. The first part of the textbook, prepared by S.V. Yushkov, was published in 1940. It covered only the prerevolutionary period. The second part described the history of the Soviet state and law. It was edited by A.I. Denisov and published in 1948. Thus, by the end of the 1940s, the new branch of scientific knowledge and academic discipline was established.

scholarly journals History of military hygiene studies in the russian army

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
B I Zholus ◽  
I V Petreyev
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Accelerated Courses ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The issue of teaching in military schools the discipline «military hygiene» is being considered. The experience of the Russian army shows that from the fourth quarter of the 19th century, and until 1917 military hygiene was an academic discipline in the training of cadets and officers. At the same time, programs and textbooks were created, even for training at the accelerated courses of cadets and officers during the First World War. The textbooks contained sections on the basics of international military law, human anatomy and physiology, food hygiene, water supply, placement of military personnel in stationary and field conditions, hygiene uniforms, bath and laundry services, personal hygiene, rules for maintaining the territory and cleaning battlefields. Separate chapters presented the issues of urgent illnesses for the troops and their prevention. At the same time, comparative statistics are provided on the irrecoverable losses of troops from weapons and mainly from diseases. In addition, the textbooks contained information on the organization of the army’s sanitary service, the rules for the arrangement of premises for the sick and wounded were considered. In the applications, even the «highest approved» Instruction for protecting the health of the military ranks of the active army, various methods and tools for hygienic analysis, methods, disinfectants and others were presented. Here you can find a list of control questions on the sections of the discipline and the answers to them, which indicates the control over the assimilation of the material.

Economic History of Ming-Qing and Modern China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Deng
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Open Approach ◽  
Major Step ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) marked in the long history of China a period of cultural, political, demographic, and economic renaissance, after less than a century (1271–1368) of rule by the alien Mongol conquerors from the steppes. The wealth of the Ming Empire attracted European traders and missionaries with whom foreign silver, crops, and knowledge flowed into the country at unprecedented speed. Meanwhile, the Ming Empire reached out to the Indian Ocean with the largest armada in the world at the time. The Ming rule was ended by a military takeover by Manchu mercenaries who did not return to Manchuria after helping the Ming authorities crack down on a rebellion, an important factor that ultimately dictated the behavior of the Qing state (1644–1911). The main institutions and policies of the Ming remained intact, and in 1712 the Qing state voluntarily capped its total tax revenue, a Confucian gesture to gain legitimacy, which marked a major step toward a withering state whereby the tax burden became lighter and consequently state control over the population and territory became weaker. At the beginning, the waning state produced some positive outcomes: both farmland and population multiplied, and domestic and foreign trade were prosperous. The Qing economy outperformed that of the Ming and became one of the largest in the world by 1800, with a decent standard of living. Even so, a withering state was a time bomb. The unintended consequences of the weakening state loomed large. Externally, the empire did not have the ability to prevent the invasion of foreign bullies. From 1840 to 1900, China lost all five wars it fought with foreign forces. Internally, unrest swept the empire from 1860 to 1880. Imperial order and tranquility was replaced by anarchy, a rather logical outcome of a withering state. To a great extent the benefits of growth during the Qing rule had been lost by the second half of the 19th century. Meanwhile, fully aware of the root cause of the problem, the Qing elite sought solutions to save the empire from within. This led to a more open approach to foreign aid, loans, and technology, known as the “Westernization Movement” (c. 1860–1880). This movement marked the beginning of state-led modernization in China. The path of modernization in China was, however, rugged. It began with the ideal of “Chinese knowledge as the foundation and Western learning for utility” (until 1949), then proceeded to “Russian (Soviet) ideology as the foundation and Russian (Soviet) learning for utility” (1949–1976), and then to “Russian (Soviet) ideology as the foundation and Western learning for utility” in the post-Mao era (1977–present day). With such a swing, the performance of China’s growth and development fluctuated, sometimes violently.

Race

Anthropology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Cecil Jobson
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Racial Capitalism ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study of race has defined anthropology since its formalization as an academic discipline in the 19th century. The early history of academic anthropology and the wider human sciences is pervaded by efforts to draw a causal link between race and behavior, psychology, culture, or social organization. Enforcing a racial taxonomy in accordance with the system of classification developed by the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus, anthropologists assigned scientific value to arbitrary racial types. Since the genesis of the discipline, however, the concept of race has been challenged by an expansive roster of scholars in anthropology and the social sciences. To this end, scholars have assembled a vast archive of empirical data in the four traditional subfields of anthropology—sociocultural, linguistic, biological, and archaeological—to disprove biologically deterministic theories of race. Nonetheless, an investment in racial essentialism endures among select professional and popular anthropologists who have revived race as an explanatory mechanism for intelligence, ability, or genetic and biomedical outcomes. In turn, debates continue over the salience of race as an object of anthropological inquiry and analysis. While some harken to earlier anthropological critiques in order to passively dismiss race as a social construction with limited analytical purchase, others have deployed anthropological methods to document and critique the consequences of race as a social construction forged through histories of colonization, racial slavery, and genocide. The anthropology of race, in this respect, remains inextricable from attendant anthropological approaches to racism and the history of racial capitalism.

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