scholarly journals Corticostriatal circuitry

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-21 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Functional Domains ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Cortical Regions

Corticostriatal connections play a central role in developing appropriate goal-directed behaviors, including the motivation and cognition to develop appropriate actions to obtain a specific outcome. The cortex projects to the striatum topographically. Thus, different regions of the striatum have been associated with these different functions: the ventral striatum with reward; the caudate nucleus with cognition; and the putamen with motor control. However, corticostriatal connections are more complex, and interactions between functional territories are extensive. These interactions occur in specific regions in which convergence of terminal fields from different functional cortical regions are found. This article provides an overview of the connections of the cortex to the striatum and their role in integrating information across reward, cognitive, and motor functions. Emphasis is placed on the interface between functional domains within the striatum.

From Movement to Action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Self Motion

Tracts descending from motor control centers in the brainstem and cortex target motor interneurons and in select cases motoneurons. The mechanisms and constraints of postural control are elaborated and the effect of body mass on posture discussed. Feed-forward reflexes that maintain posture during standing and other conditions of self-motion are described. The role of descending tracts in postural control and the pathological posturing is described. Pyramidal (corticospinal and corticobulbar) and extrapyramidal control of body and face movements is contrasted. Special emphasis is placed on cortical regions and tracts involved in deliberate control of facial expression; these pathways are contrasted with mechanisms for generating emotional facial expressions. The signs associated with lesions of either motoneurons or motor control centers are clearly detailed. The mechanisms and presentation of cerebral palsy are described. Finally, understanding how pre-motor cortical regions generate actions is used to introduce apraxia, a disorder of action.

scholarly journals Neural computations underpinning the strategic management of influence in advice giving

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Hertz ◽  
Stefano Palminteri ◽  
Silvia Brunetti ◽  
Cecilie Olesen ◽  
Chris D Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Relative Merit ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Advice Giving ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spin Doctor

AbstractResearch on social influence has mainly focused on the target of influence (e.g., consumer, voter), while the cognitive and neurobiological underpinnings of the source of the influence (e.g., spin doctor, financial adviser) remain unexplored. Here, we introduce a 3-sided Advising Game consisting of a client and two advisers. Advisers managed their influence over the client strategically by modulating the confidence of their advice depending on their level of influence (i.e. which adviser had the client’s attention) and their relative merit (i.e. which adviser was more accurate). Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that these sources of social information were computed in distinct cortical regions: relative merit prediction error was tracked in the medial-prefrontal cortex and selection by client in the right temporo-parietal junction. Trial-by-trial changes in both sources of social information modulated the activity in the ventral striatum. These results open a fresh avenue for exploration of human interactions and provide new insights on the neurobiology involved when we try to influence others.

Remitted major depression is related to increased functional coupling between ventral striatum and cortical regions in resting state fMRI

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 948-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pail ◽  
C. Scharinger ◽  
K. Kalcher ◽  
W. Huf ◽  
R. Boubela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Full Remission ◽  
Cortical Regions

IntroductionDysfunction in the basal ganglia has been related to impaired reward processing and anhedonia, a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In particular, the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens is increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD, but evidence for a specific role during episodes of full remission is lacking so far.ObjectivesTo investigate functional connectivity patterns of resting-state activity in patients in the remitted phase of MDD (rMDD).AimsTo determine whether rMDD is related to disruptions of functional coupling between the ventral striatum and cortical regions.MethodsForty-three remitted depressed patients and thirty-five healthy controls were recruited at Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and performed a six minute resting-state fMRI scan. Seed time series were extracted from the preprocessed data using individual masks for ventral striatum and correlated with all nodes in a surface based analysis using FreeSurfer, AFNI and SUMA. The resulting correlation coefficients were then Fishertransformed, group results were determined by comparing group mean smoothed z-scores with a two-sample ttest.ResultsIncreased resting-state functional connectivity was revealed between ventral striatum (seed region) and anterior cingulate cortex as well as orbitofrontal cortex in the rMDD group compared to healthy controls.ConclusionsOur preliminary data is in accordance with the idea that increased functional coupling between the ventral striatum and two major emotion processing regions, the anterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, may represent a neural mechanism contributing to the maintenance of full remission of MDD.

Art Is Its Own Reward

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Simon Lacey ◽  
K. Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Art Infusion ◽  
Reward Circuit

The “art infusion effect” suggests that people evaluate products more positively when they are associated with art images than non-art images. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging during viewing of art and non-art images matched for content, the authors investigated whether artistic status alone could activate the reward circuit. Relative to non-art images, art images indeed activated reward-related regions including the ventral striatum. This activity was uncorrelated with response times, ratings of familiarity, or aesthetic preference for art images, suggesting that these variables were unrelated to the art-selective activations. Effective connectivity analyses showed that the ventral striatum was driven by visual cortical regions when viewing art images but not non-art images and was not driven by regions that correlated with aesthetic preference for either art or non-art images. These findings suggest that visual art involves activation of reward circuitry based on artistic status alone and independently of its aesthetic value.

Voluntary Motor Control

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Upright Posture ◽  
Voluntary Motor ◽  
Motor Commands ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Brain

The motor hierarchy uses muscle twitches as building blocks for complex and consciously driven actions requiring neocortical involvement. Cortical regions operate in concert with the cerebellum and basal ganglia to generate well-timed and organized muscle contractions that produce movements, ranging from simple to complex. Once imbued with meaning, these movements are considered actions. Adjustments in motor commands are made to accommodate changes in muscle load, maintain an upright posture, and anticipate and avoid errors. Brainstem motor control centers employ circuits in lower parts of the motor hierarchy to produce fairly complex movements, such as ingestion or locomotion. Since the brain adds meaning to movements, two different actions can share the same component movements and serve different end goals. Brain lesions may independently impair movements made under different contexts. For example, patients may be unable to smile volitionally while retaining the ability to smile in response to a joke.

scholarly journals Deficient visuomotor hand coordination in normal pressure hydrocephalus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Köster ◽  
Katharina Müller-Schmitz ◽  
Aschwin G. J. Kolman ◽  
Rüdiger J. Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Visuomotor Coordination ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Objective To investigate if visuomotor coordination of hand movements is impaired in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) identified by dedicated testing procedures. Methods Forty-seven patients admitted for diagnostic workup for suspected NPH were studied prospectively with MRI, testing of cognitive and motor functions, lumbar puncture, and visuomotor coordination of hand movements using the PABLOR-device before and after a spinal tap of 40–50 ml CSF. Statistical analyses were carried out with repeated measures ANOVA and non-parametric correlation analyses. Results Fourteen patients were found to suffer from ideopathic NPH. They were severely impaired in visuomotor control of intermittent arm movements in comparison to patients who were found not to be affected by NPH (n = 18). In the patients with NPH the deficient arm control was improved after the spinal tap in proportion to the improvement of gait. There was no improvement of cognitive and motor functions in the patients not affected by NPH, while the patients with possible NPH (n = 15) showed intermediate deficit and improvement patterns. Interpretation: Our data underline the importance of a multiparametric assessment of NPH and provide evidence for a motor control deficit in idiopathic NPH involving leg and arm movements. It is suggested that this motor control deficit resulted from an affection of the output tracts from the supplementary motor area in the periventricular vicinity.

scholarly journals Structural and Systems Approach to Central Representation of Motor Functions: Importance of State Dependent Reactions

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
Herbert H. Jasper
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Central Representation ◽  
Set Up

It was with considerable hesitation that I finally accepted the kind invitation of Vernon Brooks and the Organizing Committee of this Symposium to say a few words at the end giving some of my impressions of the presentations and discussion and reflections on the remarkable advances in our knowledge of motor systems that has occurred during recent years. I have been asked also if I would try to place some of these findings from experimental laboratories in the context of clinical experience with diseases and disorders of motor control. I would like to draw particular attention to the importance of state dependent reactions in which patterns of behavior are set up, even including spinal reflexes, by present programs depending on the general or directional reactive state of the organism.

Evaluation of Causal Influences in Model of Motor Control in Left Hands Movement-Readiness State

2012 ◽  
Vol 195-196 ◽  
pp. 418-423
Author(s):  
Yu Qing Wang ◽  
Hua Fu Chen ◽  
Ling Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area

The previous research revealed some functional coupling among nodes in model of motor control in human brain, which described nondirectional synchronous actions among these nodes during movement-readiness state. However, causal relationships among these nodes were still lack, which represented some directional interactions among these nodes in movement-readiness state. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and conditional Granger causality (CGC) method to investigate the interactions in model of motor control in movement-readiness state. Our result showed that upper precuneus and cingulate motor area revealed net causal influences with contralateral supplementary motor areas and contralateral caudate nucleus during the left hands movement-readiness state. Moreover, the results of Out-In degrees indicated that bilateral primary sensorimotor areas revealed competitive relationship during left hands movement-readiness.

scholarly journals Multiple sclerosis–related fatigue: Altered resting-state functional connectivity of the ventral striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Jaeger ◽  
Friedemann Paul ◽  
Michael Scheel ◽  
Alexander Brandt ◽  
Josephine Heine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Fatigue Severity

Objective: Since recent studies suggested a role of the striatum and prefrontal cortex for multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue, we investigated resting-state functional connectivity alterations of striatal subdivisions and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 77 relapsing–remitting MS patients (38 fatigued (F-MS), 39 non-fatigued (NF-MS)) and 41 matched healthy controls (HC). Fatigue severity was assessed using the fatigue severity scale. Seed-based connectivity analyses were performed using subregions of the striatum and the dlPFC as regions of interest applying non-parametric permutation testing. Results: Compared to HC and NF-MS patients, F-MS patients showed reduced caudate nucleus and ventral striatum functional connectivity with the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex regions. Fatigue severity correlated negatively with functional connectivity of the caudate nucleus and ventral striatum with the SMC and positively with functional connectivity of the dlPFC with the rostral inferior parietal gyrus and SMC. Conclusion: MS-related fatigue is associated with reduced functional connectivity between the striatum and sensorimotor as well as attention and reward networks, in which the ventral striatum might be a key integration hub. Together with increased connectivity between the dlPFC and sensory cortical areas, these connectivity alterations shed light on the mechanisms of MS-related fatigue.

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