Human Life: Our Essentially Biological Nature and the Role of Mental Capabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-391
Author(s):  
Gerson Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
The Core ◽  
Natural Function

Animalism is the view that we are primarily living beings of the species Homo sapiens. Being alive consists in the realization of biological processes. Accordingly, our conditions of existence and persistence have nothing to do with things like mental continuity. Hence, mental capabilities seem to be irrelevant to understanding the core of our nature as human beings. In recent years, the debate on animalism has focused on certain intractable ontological puzzles. However important these puzzles may be, they do not get to the heart of the widespread reluctance to accept animalism. One crucial reason lies in the fact that this view does not seem to respect our deeply entrenched understanding of ourselves as mental beings. The aim of my paper is thus to provide a stronger conception of the ontological relevance of our mental capabilities – without giving up the cen- tral claims of animalism. In particular, I discuss three proposals: first, the idea that being a human being involves the potential to develop mental capabilities; second, the idea that it is an essential feature of human beings to have a brain with the natural function of developing mental capabilities; and third, the idea that the ontological relevance of mental capabilities may emerge in the context of specifying something like the general human form of life.

scholarly journals Natural goodness and the political form of human life

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-592
Author(s):  
Jan Müller
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Form ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Natural Goodness ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
Political Form

Ethical Naturalism attempts to explain the objective normativity effective in human practices by reference to the relation between a living individual and the life-form it exhibits. This explanation falls short in the case of human beings (1) - not merely because of their essential rationality, but because the idea of normativity implicit in practice is dependent on the form of normativity?s being made explicit (2). I argue that this explicit form of normativity?s force and claim - the law in general - implies a tension between an explicit norm?s claim to absoluteness and the particularity of the situational case it is applied to. This tension may seem to produce an inherent violence corrupting the very idea of objective normativity inherent in the human form of life (3); in fact, it shows that the human form of life is essentially political. That the human form of life is essentially political does not contradict the idea of objective normativity - provided that this objectivity is not derived from a conception of ?natural goodness?, but rather from the actuality of human practice and its principle, justice (4).

The role of Record of Rights (Khatian) in determining title or possession: An overview

IIUC Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Kalim Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Supportive Evidence ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
Religious Systems

Human beings are deeply related to land. Human beings take birth on land, live on land, die on land and mixes with land ultimately. As stated in the holy Quran: ‘We (Allah) created you (human beings) from the soil, we shall make you return to the soil and We shall call you back again from the soil’ (20:55). Human life is surrounded by soil i.e. land. So, land is a highly completed issue of human life involving economic, social, political, cultural and often religious systems. Land administration is thus a critical element and often a pre-condition for peaceful society and sustainable development. In administrating land, Khatian or record of rights plays a vital role to determine the rights and interests of the respective parties as supportive evidence. In this article, discussion is mainly made on the fact that Khatian or record of rights is not a document of title solely but it may be an evidence of title as well as possession. IIUC Studies Vol.15(0) December 2018: 33-46

Exploring the Mechanism of Lingzhu San in Treating Febrile Seizures by Using Network Pharmacology

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Fei Zhang ◽  
Dong-Yan Guo ◽  
Yan-Jun Yang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Potential Core ◽  
R Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanism

Objective: Lingzhu San (LZS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription which can be effective in treating febrile seizures (FS) and has few researches on the mechanisms. In order to better guide the clinical use of LZS, we used the research ideas and methods of network pharmacology to find the potential core compounds, targets and pathways of LZS in the complex TCM system for the treatment of FS, and predict the mechanism. Materials and Methods: Databases such as BATMAN, TCMSP, TCMID, and SWISS TARGET are used to mine the active compounds and targets of LZS, and the target information of FS was obtained through GENECARDS and OMIM. Using Venny2.1.0 and Cytoscape software to locked the potential core compounds and targets of FS. The R language and ClusterProfiler software package were adopt to enrich and analyze the KEGG and GO pathways of the core targets and the biological processes and potential mechanisms of the core targets were revealed. Results: 187 active compounds and 2113 target proteins of LZS were collected. And 38 potential core compounds, 35 core targets and 775 metabolic and functional pathways were screened which involved in mediating FS. Finally, the role of the core compounds, targets and pivotal pathways of LZS regulated FS in the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanism of FS was discussed and clarified. Conclusions: In this paper, the multi-compounds, multi-targets and multi-pathways mechanism of LZS in the treatment of FS was preliminarily revealed through the analysis of network pharmacology data, which is consistent with the principle of multi-compounds compatibility of TCM prescriptions and unified treatment of diseases from multiple angles, and it provides a new way for TCM to treat complex diseases caused by multiple factors.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN BERBASIS ADAB DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KARAKTER

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Khubni Maghfirotun ◽  
Eka Nur Mahzumah
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Religious Concept ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The morality / character of the nation's students has collapsed. This is marked by the rise of bullying, child anarchism, mass contests, free sex and so on. Seeing the importance of the role of etiquette in human life, the education world should think more seriously about the concept of planting etiquette in its students, so that the introduction and cultivation of etiquette must begin at an early age. Rasulullah SAW has taught that the example is the main factor of success in educating children. Exemplary is also the best method in children's education, especially in the early childhood period. On this basis the research formulated the formulation of the problem namely (1) How is the concept of Adab in SDI Ar-Roudloh Miru? (2) How is the Implementation of Adab Based Education in SDI Ar-Roudloh Miru-Sekaran-Lamongan? This study uses qualitative research and case studies as its research design. Research subjects in this study were students at SDI Ar-Roudloh. Data collection techniques used were observation, semistructural interviews and documentation. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The data checking technique uses triangulation techniques. The results of this study include: (1) the formation of students' character at SDI Ar Roudloh is with the Applicative Religious concept. This is evidenced by the existence of Boarding School since students go up to fourth grade. This is expected to be more intensive in applying civilized values ​​that are prioritized by the institution. The etiquette values ​​emphasized and prioritized at SDI Ar Roudloh in this case are divided into three aspects namely; Judging from the pattern of attitudes and behavior to God, patterns of behavior to fellow human beings, patterns of behavior to nature. (2) in implementing civilized education for the formation of students' character by applying the religious concept with the details of the sub-chapters above, there are several stages in order to obtain maximum results, before implementing and informing the values ​​of civilized education to students. In this case the researcher classifies into three stages; first; Socialization, second; Implementation and third; Evaluation.  

scholarly journals New Perspectives on Iron-Based Nanostructures

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh ◽  
Aydin Berenjian ◽  
Marziyeh Zare ◽  
Alireza Ebrahiminezhad
Keyword(s):  
Pure Iron ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Iron Hydroxides ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Iron Iron ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Forms Of Iron ◽  
Structure Properties

Among all minerals, iron is one of the elements identified early by human beings to take advantage of and be used. The role of iron in human life is so great that it made an era in the ages of humanity. Pure iron has a shiny grayish-silver color, but after combining with oxygen and water it can make a colorful set of materials with divergent properties. This diversity sometimes appears ambiguous but provides variety of applications. In fact, iron can come in different forms: zero-valent iron (pure iron), iron oxides, iron hydroxides, and iron oxide hydroxides. By taking these divergent materials into the nano realm, new properties are exhibited, providing us with even more applications. This review deals with iron as a magic element in the nano realm and provides comprehensive data about its structure, properties, synthesis techniques, and applications of various forms of iron-based nanostructures in the science, medicine, and technology sectors.

scholarly journals Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy Viewed from the Perspective of Stoichiometric Network Analysis (SNA): What Can the Biological System of the Elements Contribute to an Understanding of Tumour Induction by Elemental Chemical Noxae (e.g., Ni2+, Cd2+) and to an Understanding of Chemotherapy?

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 319-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Franzle ◽  
Bernd Markert
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Tumour Induction ◽  
Stoichiometric Network Analysis ◽  
Autocatalytic Networks

The biological application of stoichiometric network analysis (SNA) permits an understanding of tumour induction, carcinogenesis, and chemotherapy. Starting from the Biological System of the Elements, which provides a comprehensive treatment of the functions and distributions of chemical (trace) elements in biology, an attempt is made to interrelate the essential feature of biology and — regrettably — of tumour genesis by superimposing SNA reasoning on common features of all crucial biological processes. For this purpose, aspects, effects and drawbacks of autocatalysis (identical reproduction which can occur either under control or without control [in tumours]) are linked with the known facts about element distributions in living beings and about interference of metals with tumours (in terms of both chemotherapy and carcinogenesis). The essential role of autocatalysis in biology and the drawbacks of either controlled or spontaneous cell division can be used to understand crucial aspects of carcinogenesis and chemotherapy because SNA describes and predicts effects of autocatalysis, including phase effects that may be due to some kind of intervention. The SNA-based classifications of autocatalytic networks in cell biology are outlined here to identify new approaches to chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Anthropological Aspects of Problem Of God, Faith and Grace

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Edward Ozorowski
Keyword(s):  
Practical Theology ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
The Will ◽  
Homo Faber ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Church

e arguments presented here can be qualified as a part of the more extensiveproblem concerning relations between the Christian religion and human nature.We have only limited ourselves to paying attention to the essential componentsof the religious phenomenon&Y. It seems, however, that in the context of all thesetheological theses and church rites, the question should be posed about howthey arise from human existence as well as how they can serve it since only thenwould their fully anthropological value be fully manifested. What is more, oneshould refer to a religious phenomenon as such and consider Christianity in itscontext. Christian religion, in spite of its essential separateness from other religions,shares many common features with them. Christians, therefore considerimportant the philosophical question of whether religiousness defines man to thesame extent as the category homo sapiens, homo socialis, homo faber, etc. does&_.e problem of the role that religion plays in human life is also significant. Manyscholars, for example, emphasize the personality-forming role of religion andits role in maintaining man’s mental health;`.Man is then the point of reference when proving the raison d’être of theChristian religion. It is not enough to say that the Church comes from God, wemust also justify that it is necessary for people.Similarly, the problem of verification of the Christian religion does notonly consist in proving that the present-day Church comes from Christ and thatin its historical duration it remains faithful to the will of its founder, but alsoin justification of the thesis that it represents the value necessary for people. Since according to the scholastic principle of verum, it can be considered ensand bonum at the same time. e latter is, however, an anthropological issue.Also dogmatic and moral theology, not to mention practical theology andtheology of internal life, which by their very nature deal with man, is characterizedby an anthropological attitude. We have already mentioned that contemporaryCatholic theology is strongly inclined towards anthropology. It must beadded here that the interests of dogmatics and moral theologians should not belimited to the mere interpretation of revealed truths about man, but should alsotake into account the confrontation of these truths with the experience of a manabout himself. en the relevance and validity of dogmatic theorems will becomeclearer and indications of moral theology will become more convincing.

scholarly journals قتل اور خودکشی ،اسلام اور بدھ مت :تقابلی مطالعہ

rahatulquloob ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sulaiman Nasir ◽  
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Issue ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Present World

The sanctity of human life is the core issue in almost all religions of the world. In the present world scenario, human beings are suffering a lot. Human life is at risk. The most important and precious figure in society is human beings as it is the greatest creature of Almighty Allah. Buddhism and Islam both emphasize the sanctity of human life. The stress laid by the teaching of Islam on the sanctity and respect of human life can be understood by the fact that Islam does not allow the killing of people who are not physically involved in the war. Islam also against suicide. Similarly, the teaching of Buddha has emphasized the holiness and sanctity of human life. According to the philosophy of non-violence in Buddhism (Ahimsa), Killing of human beings is far from Buddhist’s creed even they are against the killing of insects. In Buddhism, “The nonviolence is one of the five precepts of Dhamma, which form the right action, right views and right-thinking on Eightfold Path. This article focuses on the teaching of Buddhism and Islam, a comparative study regarding killing and suicide as these topics are closely related to the sanctity of human life.

scholarly journals Education Toward Values

ICR Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-481
Author(s):  
Sobhi Rayan
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Impact

This article deals with different value systems from the perspective of their source, nature, and implementation, and with the link between education and values. The achievement of values is considered to be of the highest importance in human life. Ethical doctrines vary about the source of values - whether they are derived from human beings or received from external authority. This dispute about the nature of values creates different views concerning the education of values, about the role of the educational system in the acquisition of values, and about the impact of values on pupils, both theoretical and practical.

Homo religiosus: does spirituality have a place in neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics?

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID MCPHERSON
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Good Life ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Naturalism ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Form Of Life

AbstractIn this article I seek to show the importance of spirituality for a neo-Aristotelian account of ‘the good life’. First, I lay out my account of spirituality. Second, I discuss why the issue of the place of spirituality in the good life has often either been ignored or explicitly excluded from consideration by neo-Aristotelians. I suggest that a lot turns on how one understands the ‘ethical naturalism’ to which neo-Aristotelians are committed. Finally, I argue that through a deeper exploration of the evaluative standpoint from within our human form of life as ‘meaning-seeking animals’ we can come to better appreciate the importance of spirituality for human beings throughout recorded history up to the present and why we can be described ashomo religiosus.

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