A Parametric Study on the HDPE/PP and Marble Slurry Waste Utilisation Using Single Screw Extruder

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Ritu Chaudhary ◽  
Sushant Upadhyaya ◽  
Vikas Kumar Sangal
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Solid Polymer ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Almost All

Due to the increased socio-economic development, the manufacturing of different products based on various polymers for different applications such as space crafts, airplanes, automobiles, boats, and sports equipment are increasing continuously. This huge increase in solid polymer commodities is also creating the extravagant quantity of solid waste polymers (SWPs) due to their non-degradable characteristics. These SWPs, for example, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and nylon, etc., are used frequently in various applications and create new challenges to the industries, government, as well as end-users for systematic waste recycling/recovery in an eco-friendly manner. Moreover, in this modernisation era, almost all marble industries are also facing a huge problem as marble slurry (MS) yields a great burden not only due to its limited degradability characteristics but also wider environmental hazard towards water bodies, and rivers. Fine particles in the range size of 45-300 micron in the MS create air pollution which in turn increases breathing problems. Moreover, it also creates an ecological adverse impact on soil fertility and reduces the percolation rate of rain water which in turn reduces the recharging of groundwater. Therefore, keeping in view the above facts, the simultaneous recycling of HDPE, PP and marble slurry is adopted through single screw extrusion in order to reduce the burden on the environment. Moreover, the effect of various process parameters viz barrel temperature, screw speed (rpm), feed composition, and grain size of PP and HDPE on extrudate output was envisaged. It was found that the extrudate output increases steeply on increasing the average barrel temperature from 100 to 120°C and linearly with screw speed range from 65 to 85 rpm. The effect of grain size had shown decreasing trend in throughput whereas on increasing the polymer content in the feed, throughput was found to be enhanced. Additives such as HPMC were found to be effective when used in synergy with HDPE and PP along with MS. The extrudate throughput was found to be a maximum of 33.01 g/minute at 120°C, 85 screw rpm, 1.40-grain size underfeed with equal proportionate of HDPE/PP with 2% HPMC and 8% MS. This clearly opens the ways for proper utilization of HDPE, PP and MS waste by extrusion and provides the environmental protection solution by utilizing these polluted materials in the fabrication of value-added products through extrusion.

Single screw extrusion of apple pomace-enriched blends: Extrudate characteristics and determination of optimum processing conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poonam Singha ◽  
Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Screw Extrusion ◽  
Feed Moisture ◽  
Die Temperature

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the single screw extrusion of apple pomace–defatted soy flour–corn grits blends and the product properties. Five different blends at a level of 0–20% w/w apple pomace were extrusion cooked with varied barrel and die temperature (100–140℃), screw speed (100–200 rpm), and feed moisture content (14–20% wet basis). Increasing apple pomace content in the blends significantly ( P < 0.05) increased the bulk density, the total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of the extrudates. The expansion ratio increased with pomace inclusion level of 5% but decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) at higher levels of pomace inclusion (10–20%). Moisture content had quadratic influence on water absorption and solubility indices. Optimal extrusion cooking conditions most likely to produce apple pomace-enriched extruded snack products were at 140℃ barrel and die temperature, 20% feed moisture content, and 200 rpm screw speed. The results indicated active interaction between apple pomace and starch during expansion process.

Plasticating Single-Screw Extrusion

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Dae Han
Keyword(s):  
Solid Polymer ◽  
Heat Of Fusion ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Twin Screw Extruders ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Single Screw Extruders ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Screw Extruders

There are two types of extruder: (1) single-screw extruders and (2) twin-screw extruders. The single-screw extruder is one of the most important pieces of equipment in the processing of thermoplastic polymers. Accordingly, during the past three decades, many attempts have been made to analyze the performance of single-screw extruders using different degrees of mathematical sophistication (Cox and Fenner 1980; Donovan 1971; Edmondson and Fenner 1975; Elbirli et al. 1983, 1984; Halmos et al. 1978; Han et al. 1991a, 1991b, 1996; Lee and Han 1990; Lindt 1976; Lindt and Elbirli 1985; Shapiro et al. 1976; Tadmor 1966; Tadmor and Klein 1970; Tadmor et al. 1967). There are two types of single-screw extruders: (a) plasticating and (b) melt-conveying. The plasticating single-screw extruder conveys a solid polymer from the feed section to the melting section, where most of the melting (or softening) occurs, and then transports the melted or softened polymer to a shaping device (e.g., dies and molds). The meltconveying extruder does not include a melting section; it simply transports an already softened polymer to a shaping device (e.g., rubber extruder). Single-screw extruders are used for various purposes, such as melting and pumping, compounding with an additive(s) or filler, cooling and mixing, removing residual monomers or solvents in polymer (i.e., polymer devolatilization), and cross-linking reactions. Single-screw extruders are simple to operate and relatively inexpensive as compared with twin-screw extruders. However, there are situations where a single-screw extruder cannot function as effectively as a twin-screw extruder. In the design of plasticating single-screw extruders, one needs information on (1) the physical and thermal properties of polymers (e.g., friction coefficient between the solid polymer and barrel wall, thermal conductivity of polymer, specific heat as a function of temperature, melting point of polymer, and heat of fusion of polymer) and (2) rheological properties of polymers as functions of shear rate and temperature. Due to the complexity involved in the design of extruders, it is highly desirable for one to establish relationships between material variables and processing variables.

scholarly journals Physical and Microstructure Properties of Oyster Mushroom-Soy Protein Meat Analog via Single-Screw Extrusion

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
Mazween Mohamad Mazlan ◽  
Rosnita A. Talib ◽  
Nyuk Ling Chin ◽  
Radhiah Shukri ◽  
Farah Saleena Taip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Screw Extrusion ◽  
Meat Analog ◽  
Content Range

Single-screw extrusion of a fibrous-structured meat analog from soy proteins added with low-grade oyster mushroom was successful. Satisfactory extrudates were obtained at a barrel temperature of 140 °C, screw speed range of 100–160 rpm, and oyster mushroom addition at 0%, 7.5%, and 15% via factorial experiments. Single-screw extrusion equipped with a slit die successfully produced expanded oyster mushroom-soy protein extrudates. However, the increase in the oyster mushroom content significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) the expansion ratio of the extrudate from 1.26 to 0.98. This result indicated that adding more oyster mushroom restrained the expansion ratio. The extrudates had a medium density range (max of 1393.70 ± 6.30 kg/m3). By adding oyster mushroom, the extrudates attained a higher moisture content (range = 34.77% to 37.93%) compared with the extrudates containing the protein mixture only (range = 26.99% to 32.33%). The increase in screw speed and oyster mushroom significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) the water absorption index. The increase in the texturization index was significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) by oyster mushroom addition rather than the screw speed. A defined fibrous structure supported the high texturization index and small shape of air cells observed in the extrudates.

Effect of DDGS, Moisture Content, and Screw Speed on Physical Properties of Extrudates in Single-Screw Extrusion

2008 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehru Chevanan ◽  
Kurt A. Rosentrater ◽  
Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Screw Extrusion

scholarly journals Analysis of process parameters related to the single-screw extrusion of recycled polypropylene blends by using design of experiments

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingrui Fu ◽  
Barry Haworth ◽  
Leno Mascia
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Component Concentration ◽  
Statistical Design Of Experiments ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Recycled Polypropylene ◽  
Screw Extrusion

The process dynamics of single-screw extrusion on mixtures of polypropylene (PP) and recycled PP were studied using a statistical, design of experiments (DoE) approach. For a conventional screw design, the barrel temperature, screw speed and two vastly different melt viscosity polypropylene mixtures were selected as the independent factors, whilst melt pressure, mass output, screw torque and temperature rise at the die due to shear heating were the dependent responses. A central composite design (CCD) in the framework of response surface methodology (RSM) was constructed, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to determine the significance of the response surface models. The resulting statistical and response surface predictions have demonstrated that the low viscosity component concentration in the blend is a dominating factor on melt pressure and screw torque, apart from the expected effect of screw speed on output. Viscous heating is affected only by screw speed and recycled polypropylene concentration. Furthermore, the predictions have identified a wider process operating window with increased low-viscosity component concentration. The data confirm that statistical tools make quantitative predictions for the effects of experimental process variables, in accordance with the expected qualitative trends towards process optimisation, providing scope towards its application in scaled-up industrial processes.

Improving dispersive mixing in compatibilized polystyrene/polyamide-6 blends via extension-dominated reactive single-screw extrusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
João M. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extrusion ◽  
Double Plane ◽  
Dispersive Mixing ◽  
Crystalline Phase Transition

Abstract Extensional mixing elements (EMEs) that impose extension-dominated flow via stationary single-plane or double-plane hyperbolic converging-diverging channels were previously designed for twin-screw and single-screw extruders (TSE and SSE, respectively). In a recently published work by the authors, reactive extrusion was performed on PS/PA6 polymer blends TSE using EMEs and a crystalline phase transition of the minor phase in these droplets was observed as the size of droplet decreases from micron to submicron. Herein, we expand upon this work to SSE and study: a) The ability of the EMEs to improve dispersive mixing in the same blends; b) Assess the possibility of achieving the same crystalline phase transition in SSEs. The final blends were characterized by DSC, rheologically and morphologically via SEM, and the results show that while EME-based SSE leads to much improved mixing, better than non-EME TSE, the reduction in size of the PA6 disperse phase is not enough to induce the phase transition observed in EME-based TSE.

Research on the Impacts of Screw Speed on All-Metal Screw Pump

2014 ◽  
Vol 703 ◽  
pp. 425-429
Author(s):  
Jun Fei Wu ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Fan Guo Meng ◽  
Ben Liang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Model ◽  
Constraint Condition ◽  
3D Flow ◽  
Screw Speed ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Screw Pump ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Dynamic Mesh Technique ◽  
Fluent Software ◽  
Mesh Technique

Compared with traditional screw pump,all-metal screw pump have more advantages in the oil extraction. In this paper, all-metal single screw pump's geometric model was made by PROE software; then the dynamic mesh technique was applied to mesh the model and constraint condition was applied in the ANSYS-FLUENT software. 3D flow field was numerical analyzed In that software, the impacts of screw speed on volume flow and volumetric efficiency were concluded, the conclusion can offer some valuable guidances to the all-metal single screw pump's design.

scholarly journals Flow Characteristics and Grain Size Distribution of Granular Gangue Mineral by Compaction Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Yuan ◽  
Dan Ma ◽  
Hongwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Test System ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Gangue Mineral

A test system for water flow in granular gangue mineral was designed to study the flow characteristics by compaction treatment. With the increase of the compaction displacement, the porosity decreases and void in granular gangue becomes less. The main reason causing initial porosity decrease is that the void of larger size is filled with small particles. Permeability tends to decrease and non-Darcy flow factor increases under the compaction treatment. The change trend of flow characteristics shows twists and turns, which indicate that flow characteristics of granular gangue mineral are related to compaction level, grain size distribution, crushing, and fracture structure. During compaction, larger particles are crushed, which in turn causes the weight of smaller particles to increase, and water flow induces fine particles to migrate (weight loss); meanwhile, a sample with more weight of size (0–2.5 mm) has a higher amount of weight loss. Water seepage will cause the decrease of some chemical components, where SiO2 decreased the highest in these components; the components decreased are more likely locked at fragments rather than the defect of the minerals. The variation of the chemical components has an opposite trend when compared with permeability.

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