Managing globalization of R&D: Organizing for offshoring innovation

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Ashok Deo Bardhan
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
Market Incentives ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Outsourcing ◽  
Input Markets ◽  
High Skill

This article analyzes the challenges brought about by the globalization of innovative activity to the science and practice of management. The task of matching organization structure and management practices to the needs of R&D offshoring is analyzed through a set of dichotomous pairs of concepts: (1) Drastic vs. Gradual and Systemic vs. Autonomous Innovation, (2) High vs. Low Skill Specificity, (3) Input Markets vs. Output Markets, (4) Intra-Firm vs. Arms Length Offshoring. In the trade-off between markets and hierarchies, the firms often come down on the side of the latter when it comes to the setting up of R&D facilities abroad. Organizational directives and internalization, i.e., intra-firm offshoring can trump market incentives and foreign outsourcing, when it comes to the uncertain returns from innovative activity, particularly in the case of drastic innovations and high skill specificity. Globalization has led to dispersed markets and firms have responded with dispersed locations of core assets, creating competence clusters all over the world, and the innovative firm of the future will restructure each individual cell, the basic building block of the firm consisting of an occupation devoted to a product, and redeploy and relocate them globally, where it is most advantageous.

scholarly journals An Understanding of the Global Status of Major Bacterial Pathogens of Milk Concerning Bovine Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Scientometrics)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Kuralayanapalya P. Suresh ◽  
Kavitha S. Jayamma ◽  
Bibek R. Shome ◽  
Sharanagouda S. Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence

In this study, the major mastitis pathogen prevalence in the cattle and buffalo of the world was estimated by a meta-analysis. Staphylococcus (S) species, Streptococcus (St) species, and Escherichia coli (Ec) prevalence studies reported during 1979–2019 were collected using online databases, and offline resources. A meta-analysis of these data was done with the meta package in R-Software. The Staphylococcus aureus was the major mastitis pathogen, mostly causing subclinical mastitis, Ec causing clinical mastitis and St causing subclinical and clinical mastitis. The pooled prevalence estimates of S, St, and Ec were 28%, 12%, and 11% in the world from 156, 129, and 92 studies, respectively. The S, St, and Ec prevalences were high in Latin America (51%), Oceania (25%), and Oceania (28%), respectively. Higher S, St, and Ec prevalences were observed by molecular methods, signifying high sensitivity and usefulness for future studies. Among bacterial species, S. aureus (25%) followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (20%), Escherichia coli (11%), St. agalactiae (9%), St. uberis (9%) were the important pathogens present in the milk of the world. We hypothesize that there is a urgent need to reduce mastitis pathogen prevalence by ensuring scientific farm management practices, proper feeding, therapeutic interventions to augment profits in dairying, and improving animal and human health.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of African Swine Fever and Its Risk in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-591
Author(s):  
Deepak Subedi ◽  
Suman Bhandari ◽  
Saurav Pantha ◽  
Uddab Poudel ◽  
Sumit Jyoti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild pigs with high mortality. First reported in East Africa in the early 1900s, ASF was largely controlled in domestic pigs in many countries. However, in recent years ASF outbreaks have been reported in several countries in Europe and Asia. The occurrence of ASF in China, the largest pork producer in the world, in 2018 and in India, the country that surrounds and shares open borders with Nepal, has increased the risk of ASF transmission to Nepal. Lately, the pork industry has been growing in Nepal, overcoming traditional religious and cultural biases against it. However, the emergence of viral infections such as ASF could severely affect the industry's growth and sustainability. Because there are no effective vaccines available to prevent ASF, the government should focus on preventing entry of the virus through strict quarantine measures at the borders, controls on illegal trade, and effective management practices, including biosecurity measures.

Potential soil carbon sequestration of agricultural land around the world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Vetter ◽  
Michael Martin ◽  
Pete Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Soil C Sequestration

<p>Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in to the atmosphere to limit global warming is the big challenge of the coming decades. The focus lies on negative emission technologies to remove GHGs from the atmosphere from different sectors. Agriculture produces around a quarter of all the anthropogenic GHGs globally (including land use change and afforestation). Reducing these net emissions can be achieved through techniques that increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. These techniques include improved management practices in agriculture and grassland systems, which increase the organic carbon (C) input or reduce soil disturbances. The C sequestration potential differs among soils depending on climate, soil properties and management, with the highest potential for poor soils (SOC stock farthest from saturation).</p><p>Modelling can be used to estimate the technical potential to sequester C of agricultural land under different mitigation practices for the next decades under different climate scenarios. The ECOSSE model was developed to simulate soil C dynamics and GHG emissions in mineral and organic soils. A spatial version of the model (GlobalECOSSE) was adapted to simulate agricultural soils around the world to calculate the SOC change under changing management and climate.</p><p>Practices like different tillage management, crop rotations and residue incorporation showed regional differences and the importance of adapting mitigation practices under an increased changing climate. A fast adoption of practices that increase SOC has its own challenges, as the potential to sequester C is high until the soil reached a new C equilibrium. Therefore, the potential to use soil C sequestration to reduce overall GHG emissions is limited. The results showed a high potential to sequester C until 2050 but much lower rates in the second half of the century, highlighting the importance of using soil C sequestration in the coming decades to reach net zero by 2050.</p>

scholarly journals An Overview of Models for Assessment of Organization Virtuality

Organizacija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Peter Veber
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Virtual Organization ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Mutual Relations

An Overview of Models for Assessment of Organization VirtualityA virtual organization is a network of legally independent organizations and/or individuals that produce products and/or services based on a common business understanding. This new organization structure is posited as radical departure from the traditional, hierarchic, bureaucratic and co-located mode of organizing that dominated the twentieth century. In contrast, the characteristics of the new, virtual organization forms are seen to be dynamic, networked, distributed, digital, flexible, collaborative and innovative. The challenge, however, is to determine which organization as a subject employs virtual form and which not. The answer to this question is decidedly complex as most organizations have forms that are somewhere in between; therefore, it is usually only possible to determine how virtual one organization is on certain aspects. In the other words: what is the level of its virtuality? Several models for the assessment of organization virtuality have been developed by many different authors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and present all the published models of virtual organization that are publicly available in the world literature. The strengths and weaknesses of all models found are presented, together with their mutual relations.

scholarly journals Problems of Innovative Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 4120-4123
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
The World

The article analyzes the problems of the development of the innovation sphere, presents the experience of the countries of the world in implementing models of the state's innovation policy and measures to support innovation, formulates proposals for stimulating the innovative activity of enterprises.

Pruning residues incorporation and reduced tillage improve soil organic matter stabilization and structure of salt-affected soils in Citrus tree orchard under semi-arid climate conditions 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia Garcia-Franco ◽  
Martin Wiesmeier ◽  
Luis Carlos Colocho Hurtarte ◽  
Franziska Fella ◽  
María Martínez-Mena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Citrus Tree ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Pruning Residues ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Arid and semiarid regions represent about 47% of the total land area of the world and around 40% of the world’s food is produced there. In these areas, soil salinization is an emerging problem due to unsustainable land management practices and climate change. However, the use of sustainable land management practices in salt-affected soils can offset the negative effects of salinization and increase soil carbon stocks. In a Citrus tree orchard under semi-arid climate conditions, we evaluated the effect of (i) intensive tillage along with flood irrigation (IT); (ii) combination of no-tillage with pruning residues (branches and leaves) as mulch, and drip-irrigation (NT+PM); and (iii) combination of reduced tillage with the incorporation of pruning residues and drip-irrigation (RT+PI), on aggregate stability, amount and quality of organic matter fractions and soil organic carbon (OC) sequestration. Our results showed that the incorporation of pruning residues through reduced tillage decreased bulk density and salinity while soil porosity, soil OC and N stocks, and percentage of OC-rich macroaggregates increased compared to the IT system.  However, the positive effects of the NT+PM system on soil properties were limited to the topsoil. The IT management system showed the highest values of bulk density and salinity and lower amounts of macroaggregates and soil OC stocks. In conclusion, the combination of pruning residues through the reduced tillage and drip-irrigation was the most effective systems to improve soil structure and OC sequestration and reduced the salt content under Citrus tree orchard in semi-arid soils</p>

Yulu: Moving Towards a Sustainable Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-456
Author(s):  
Deepika Upadhyay ◽  
Geetanjali Purswani ◽  
Pooja Jain
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
The World ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
Distance Travel

The rapidly rising rate of urbanization, which is closely linked to economic growth, has exposed the world to several challenges such as inequality, environmental degradation, traffic congestion, infrastructural concerns and social conflicts. Therefore, urban sustainability has emerged as one of the most debatable discussions across the world. The existing network of transportation can no longer keep up with the growing demand in metropolitan cities. Short distance travel has become an unresolved issue for daily commuters. The case presents how MMVs have emerged as an alternative mode of transport for resolving issues of daily commuters regarding the first-mile connectivity, last-mile connectivity and short distance travel to reach their final destination. MMVs are basically light-weight vehicles which occupy less space on road. These vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, skateboards, hoverboards and other battery-operated vehicles. The case narrates the journey of Yulu, a dockless bike-sharing venture which promoted the concept of green consumerism among the daily commuters at affordable rates. The venture initially started in the IT city of Bangalore and later expanded its operations to other cities such as Pune, Navi Mumbai, Gurugram and Bhubaneswar. The speciality of this venture is that it offers a sustainable solution to ever-increasing problems of traffic congestion and aggravating air pollution issues in metropolitan cities. Dilemma: How to offer a sustainable solution to the ever-increasing problem of traffic congestion and aggravating air pollution due to rising vehicular traffic? How to make short distance travel affordable and more convenient for daily commuters? Theory: Three pillars of sustainable development. Type of Case: Problem solving applied case. Protagonist: Present. Discussion and Case Questions: What strategies should be employed by the start-up to make it a more popular form of commute? How can the increasing rate of damage to the vehicles be brought down? How does organization structure and cluster management practices of Yulu help it to become more sustainable? How can the regulatory bodies and government promote and adopt such start-ups in their urban planning projects?

scholarly journals Corporate Social Responsibility in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh Muhamad Hizam ◽  
Zulkarnian Iylia Syazana binti Othman ◽  
Mohammad Mohammad Amin ◽  
Zalina Zainudin ◽  
Mohd Faiq Abdul Fattah
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Global Management ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Corporate Social

The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade and is consistently getting to be a worldwide slant. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a worldwide matter around the world that comes about an expanding number of studies on CSR universally as well as in Malaysia. Furthermore, the importance of CSR practices was emphasized by companies in order to ensure its sustainability in corporate world which are focused on (a) environment, (b) social dimension sustainability, (c) economic advancement, (d) stakeholder behaviour and (e) ethical evolution of society. In this manner, this paper gives a concept of CSR writing that has been conducted in Malaysia to assess the execution of CSR among organizations in Malaysia. It is presently anticipated that organizations expressly take into consideration all perspectives of their execution, not as it were their money related comes about, but moreover their social and commerce environment. Subsequently, most of organizations are presently locked in genuine endeavours to characterize and coordinated CSR into all perspectives of their businesses and exhibitions. The point of our think about is to get it this slant in Malaysia and particularly to explore (i) the status of CSR in Malaysia; (ii) different CSR practices in Malaysia; and (iii) future dissemination of CSR in Malaysia. Finally, over the last few decades, Malaysia has been gradually improving its alignment with global management practices such as quality management and ISO 9002.

scholarly journals Assessment of innovation activity in the countries of the world

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 04015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Morkovkin ◽  
Dmitry Lopatkin ◽  
Manuchehr Sadriddinov ◽  
Tatiana Shushunova ◽  
Arthur Gibadullin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
National Industry ◽  
Sustainable Transition

The purpose of the study is to evaluate innovation activity in the countries of the world. Based on the use of statistical, comparative, systemic and logical methods, an analysis of indicators of innovative activity was carried out, as a result of which it was concluded that Russia lags behind other countries in terms of innovative development. Using methods of economic and factor analysis, a factor model was formed in the work, which included groups of global, national, industry and corporate factors, the management of which will ensure a sustainable transition to innovative technologies of the national economy. In the ending of the study the main conclusions and results of the work are presented.

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