scholarly journals Prevalence, Types and Treatment of Tuberculosis: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Saema Salim
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
The World ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Hiv Negative

Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as one of the main cause of death in human beings in recent years. TB is caused by a group of species called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and it causes three million deaths each year around the world. In 2010, the global estimated incidence of TB was about 8.0 million. The number of deaths from TB among HIV-negative patients was 1.0 million while the number of deaths among the HIV-positive TB was about 0.40 million. The higher incident and elevation of MDR cases demand efforts to shift focus to various control strategies against TB. According to WHO, in 2014 magnitude of TB was recorded as 126 positive cases per 0.1 million population in the world. Pakistan ranks fourth in high TB burden countries where each year approximately 297,000 TB cases are reported. Tuberculosis can be comprehensively grouped into two main types; pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis affects the lungs and is most common type of TB. In 15 to 20 % cases of the active TB, the infection spreads from lungs to different parts of the body. This condition is called extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Different treatment regimens are available for tuberculosis.    

scholarly journals Comparison of Acid Fast Bacilli Smear and Culture for the Diagnosis of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (155) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basista Rijal ◽  
P Ghimire ◽  
N R Tuladhar
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

The study was conducted with the objectives to compare the Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining and Culture for the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and to find out the burden of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis from the different site of the body in suspected TB patients. The standard Ziehl-Neelsen Technique was done for AFB staining and culture was done in Ogawa Medium. Of the 292 extra-pulmonary samples examined by AFB smear only 2(0.7%) were positive and of the 1058 extra-pulmonary samples cultured 20 (1.9%) were positive. The isolation rate for extra-pulmonary samples was three fold higher in culture in comparison to AFB Smear. The confirmation rate of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis was approximately 1/ 8th of the pulmonary tuberculosis by conventional bacteriological diagnostic methods. Of the extra-pulmonary tuberculosis renal, endometrial or pelvic and cold abscess were common in this study. M.tuberculosis was also isolated from peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, Synovial fluid, lymph node and cerebro spinal fluids only by culture. In conclusion, the standard AFB culture has significant role for diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, even though the conventional bacteriological technique could diagnose very low number of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The new methods of diagnosis should be considered to confirm more extra- pulmonary  tuberculosis.Key Words: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, AFB Smear, Culture, Diagnosis, Nepal.

scholarly journals Prevalence Of Tuberculosis Among Hiv Positive Patients Attending Ictc In A Tertiary Care Institute In Ahmadabad, A Western City Of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Sunil Nayak ◽  
J Karia ◽  
P Patel ◽  
B Modi ◽  
K Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Abdominal Tuberculosis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Common Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Integrated Counseling

Introduction: In India, tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection among HIV positive patients. This study estimates the prevalence of tuberculosis amongst HIV patients in Ahmadabad, Gujarat. Methodology: The present study was conducted at Integrated Counseling and Testing Center for HIV at Sola civil hospital, a public sector tertiary care hospital in Ahmadabad for a twenty month period from January, 2009 to August, 2010. All the patients visiting the center during the study period were screened for HIV. All the patients who were diagnosed HIV positive were subjected for active search of tuberculosis; clinically, radiological as well as by histopathology and laboratory tests. Results: Total 6846 patients were screened for HIV, out of which 167(2.44%) patients were tested HIV positive. Out of 167 HIV positive patients, 22 (13.17%) were diagnosed as cases of tuberculosis. Out of these 22 patients, 18(81.82%) had pulmonary tuberculosis while 4(18.18%) were extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Amongst the four extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases, one (25.00%) case was of tuberculous meningitis, one (25.00%) was of abdominal tuberculosis and two (50.00%) had tuberculous lymphatic swelling. Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis in HIV positive patients found in this study was 13.17%, which is substantially lower than that reported in previous studies. Appropriate management of these patients requires a strengthened mechanism of cross reference and inter sectoral co-ordination between the two diseases at all levels. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS; 2013; X(1); 13-18 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v10i1.8672

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Isolated Cervical Tubercular Lymphadenopathy, How to Proceed?: A Case Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ravi Singh Dogra ◽  
Arjun Singh ◽  
Vinay Bhardwaj ◽  
Poonam ◽  
Srijan Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Female Predominance ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Tubercular Lymphadenitis

Tuberculosis is a highly prevalent disease in developing countries, the majority of cases are pulmonary and rest are extra-pulmonary. Cervical LN tuberculosis is one of the most common types of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated cervical tubercular Lymphadenitis without accompanying pulmonary tuberculosis or another form of tuberculosis in the body is rare and, when present, requires thorough clinical examination and investigation. In the investigation of such patients, FNAC plays a major role, and aspirate should be tested for AFB through ZN stain and CBNAAT (PCR). Cervical tubercular Lymphadenitis is mainly a disease of young with a female predominance. All patients of cervical tubercular Lymphadenitis must receive antitubercular therapy with strict follow up for compliance and possible side effects from treatment.

scholarly journals Pulmonary involvement in patients presenting with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: thinking beyond a normal chest x-ray

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Herath ◽  
Christopher Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Hiv Negative

INTRODUCTION: Recognition of pulmonary involvement in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) may be an important public health issue, as smear-negative pulmonary TB is responsible for about 17% of new infections. Pulmonary TB can be present despite a normal chest x-ray (CXR), even in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–negative patients. In this retrospective clinical audit, we reviewed a case series of HIV-negative patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis to identify the proportion with concurrent pulmonary TB despite an unremarkable CXR. METHODS: Clinical notes, microbiology results and CXR reports were reviewed from consecutive patients treated at Auckland City Hospital for extra-pulmonary TB from January 2007 to July 2010. RESULTS: Of the sample of 103 patients with extra-pulmonary TB, the majority of patients were born in an Asian country (n=70; 68%). The commonest presentation of extra-pulmonary TB was lymphadenopathy (n=51; 50%), followed by pleural (n=24; 23%) and bone (n=6; 6%) disease. Extra-pulmonary TB was diagnosed by biopsy or excision of the extra-pulmonary site in the majority (n=74; 72%), and by sputum testing alone in 26 (25%). The majority had CXR abnormalities (n=76; 74%). In the group with a normal CXR (n=27), 55% (n=15) had sputum cultures performed. In total, 18% (n=5) of patients with extra-pulmonary TB and a normal CXR had pulmonary TB, of whom two were smear positive. DISCUSSION: In patients with extra-pulmonary TB, sputum testing should be considered to detect concurrent pulmonary TB even if a CXR is normal, especially in immunosuppressed or symptomatic patients. This may aid diagnosis and determine infectivity and consequent public health action. KEYWORDS: Chest x-ray; sputum; tuberculosis; tuberculosis, pulmonary

scholarly journals OUTCOME OF CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT IN CARIES SPINE

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 158-167
Author(s):  
Osama Jafar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
The World ◽  
Caries Spine ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

Tuberculosis remains endemic and major public-health problem in most part of the world. Despite the reduction in the prevalence of the tuberculosis and the advent of new drugs for tuberculosis, the incidence of extra pulmonary tuberculosis continues to increase at world level.

scholarly journals Clinical profile of 128 HIV positive cases with abdominal tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangala S. Borkar ◽  
Anil Shrinivasrao Joshi ◽  
Akshay Arvind Kashid ◽  
Chaya Ganpat Gawale ◽  
Rohit Dharmaraj Kakade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Abdominal Tuberculosis ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Loss Of Appetite

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection remains a major public health challenge throughout the world. An extra 25% of deaths among TB patients are attributable to co-infection with HIV according to the WHO 2009 TB report. TB is often the first opportunistic infection and a leading cause of death in HIV infected persons. The main objective was to study the clinical profile of the patients co-infected with HIV and abdominal tuberculosis in Government Medical College, Aurangabad.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Patients co-infected with HIV and abdominal tuberculosis were included in this observational study. Patients were either HIV positive and later diagnosed to have abdominal tuberculosis or diagnosed to be HIV positive when investigations were done after the diagnosis of abdominal TB. The common presenting symptoms were weight loss, fever, loss of appetite, pain in the abdomen and chronic diarrhoea. Ultrasound and routine chest X-ray were done along with other routine blood investigations including CD4 count.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> We studied 407 cases of HIV-TB co-infected patients out of whom 248 (61%) were of  extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Out of 248, 128 cases (51.6%) were diagnosed to have abdominal tuberculosis which was the commonest type of extra pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV –TB co- infected patients. They had higher morbidity, but we found that 96.06% patients completed anti-tubercular treatment and responded. Mortality rate of abdominal TB was lowest (3.94%) among all types of extra-pulmonary and also pulmonary TB in HIV co -infected patients. So we can conclude that HIV TB co infected patients show good response to anti- tubercular treatment if we diagnose this condition early.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Abdominal tuberculosis is the commonest type of extra pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV patients. On ultrasonography, the common abnormalities seen were intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy, splenic abscesses, ascites etc. All the patients who were diagnosed within few weeks of symptoms recovered with anti tubercular therapy, similar to HIV negative patients.</p>

An ayurvedic tablet formulation for ulcer protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Shiva Kumar K ◽  
Purushothaman M ◽  
Soujanya H ◽  
Jagadeeshwari S
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
System A ◽  
The World

Gastric ulcers or the peptic ulcer is the primary disease that affects the gastrointestinal system. A large extent of the population in the world are suffering from the disease, and the age group of people those who suffer from ulcers are 20-55years. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs. Practitioners have been using the herbal material to treat the ulcers successfully, and the same had been reported scientifically. Numerous publications have been made that proves the antiulcer activity of the plants around the world. The tablets were investigated for the antiulcer activity in two doses 200 and 400mg/kg in albino Wistar rats in the artificial ulcer those are induced by the ethanol. The prepared tablets showed a better activity compared to the standard synthetic drug and the marketed ayurvedic formulation. The tablets showed a dose-dependent activity in ulcer prevention and treatment. Many synthetic drugs are available for the ulcer treatment, and the drugs pose the other problems in the body by showing the side effects and some other reactions. This limits the use of synthetic drugs to treat ulcers effectively. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs.

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