scholarly journals Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Jakub Zbrzeźniak ◽  
Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Etiological Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

INTRODUCTION. Infectious diseases of the nervous system are most often manifested in the form of meningitis. We distinguish meningitis and/or encephalitis according to their etiology, i.e. bacterial and viral. The study discusses meningitis and encephalitis caused by: N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and tick-borne encephalitis virus. This is due to the epidemiological surveillance of these diseases and the available prevention in the form of vaccinations against these diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY. The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland was assessed on data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2018” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2018”. RESULTS. In 2018, a total of 2406 cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis were registered in Poland. It is a 14.7% increase in incidence compared to 2017. An increase was recorded in the viral infections from 1212 to 1533 cases. In contrast, the number of infections with bacterial etiology decreased from 886 to 873 cases. Meningitis and/or encephalitis caused by pathogens specified in epidemiological surveillance have noticed a decreased incidence. The only exception is the increase in cases caused by S. pneumoniae, compared to 2017, from 177 to 212. This is an increase of 19.8% compared to the previous year. However, the number of cases of N. meningitidis showed a decrease of 16.4% during this period. Viral infections constituted 63.7% of all cases. Compared to 2017, it means an increase in the percentage of viral infections by 5.9 percentage points. Among laboratory confirmed cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis of known etiology, cases caused by Neisseria meningitidis (102 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (212 cases) and tick-borne encephalitis (197 cases) were predominant. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. There is a general increasing trend in the number of cases of viral meningitis and/or encephalitis. On the other hand, thanks to vaccinations, no significant increase was noted in H. influenzae, meningococcal and TBE infections. There is a chance to minimize the incidence of bacterial meningitis and/or encephalitis as in the H. influenzae infections. On the other hand, it should be seen that the problem of diagnosing cases of viral etiology should be considered. This is more related to the determination of the etiological factor than the diagnosis of viral meningitis and/or encephalitis. Difficulties in determining the etiological factor indicate that, meningitis and/or encephalitis remain a challenge for healthcare and epidemiological surveillance institutions.

scholarly journals Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Type B ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION. Meningitis are the most common form of the nervous system infectious diseases. There are meningitis and/or encephalitis with bacterial and viral etiology. In epidemiological surveillance are highlighted meningitis and/or encephalitis caused by N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Because vaccinations against these agents are common. AIM OF THE STUDY. The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland was assessed on data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2017” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2017”. (MP Czarkowski et al., Warsaw 2018, NIZP-PZH, GIS). RESULTS. In 2017 were registered 2 095 cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis in Poland. It means a 10.8% decrease in meningitis and/or encephalitis in Poland compared to 2016. With a general decrease in the number of infections of bacterial etiology, the number of cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B cases reported remains at the same level similar to last year. In contrast, the number of cases of etiology of N. meningitidis shows an increase of 25.4% compared to the previous year. Among all cases 57.9% were viral infections. In comparison to 2016 means a decrease in the percentage share of viral infections by 1.2 percentage points for bacterial infections. Among laboratory confirmed cases of neuroinfection with established etiology, the incidence caused by Neisseria miningitidis (122 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (171 cases) and tick-borne encephalitis (283 cases) are the most prevalent. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. There is a general downward trend in the number of meningitis and/or encephalitis cases, which may be due to introducing mandatory vaccination against S. pneumoniae. It can also mean an improvement in diagnostics given the decrease in unspecified meningitis and/or encephalitis. However meningitis and/or encephalitis remain a challenge for healthcare and epidemiological surveillance institutions.

scholarly journals Detection of Antibodies Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Other Flaviviruses in a Zoological Collection in Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kvapil ◽  
Joško Račnik ◽  
Marjan Kastelic ◽  
Pavlína Pittermannová ◽  
Tatjana Avšič-Zupanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Exotic Animal ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

Monitoring infectious diseases is one of the most important pillars of preventative veterinary medicine in zoological collections. The zoo environment offers a great variety of different animal species living in proximity and in contact with small wild animals and vectors (e.g., ticks and mosquitos). In this context, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV) causing vector-borne diseases are emerging pathogens that raise concern. The aim of the study was to detect antibodies to selected flaviviruses in various animal species in the Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia. In total, 874 sera from 96 animal species were tested for antibodies to TBEV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test (VNT) using TBEV, WNV, and USUV antigens. Antibodies to TBEV were detected by ELISA in 3.9% (34/874) of zoo animals, with 4% (30/753) in mammals and 5% (4/86) in birds; the sera of reptiles (n = 34) and amphibians (n = 1) were negative. Antibodies to TBEV were confirmed by VNT in 11 mammals; one bird was positive for both WNV and USUV. The mixture of exotic animal species and their contact with wild animals and vectors such as ticks and mosquitos suggest that screening of infectious diseases in zoo animals might provide good insight into the epizootological situation of the area. This is the first survey of TBEV, WNV, and USUV in a zoological collection in Slovenia.

Can Wolbachia modulate the fecundity costs of Plasmodium in mosquitoes?

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Zélé ◽  
J Denoyelle ◽  
O Duron ◽  
A Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Reproductive Losses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Damaging Effects

AbstractVertically transmitted parasites (VTPs) such as Wolbachia are expected not only to minimize the damage they inflict on their hosts, but also to protect their hosts against the damaging effects of coinfecting parasites. By modifying the fitness costs of the infection, VTPs can therefore play an important role in the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases.Using a natural system, we explore the effects of a Wolbachia–Plasmodium co-infection on mosquito fecundity. While Plasmodium is known to frequently express its virulence by partially castrating its mosquito vectors, the effects of Wolbachia infections on mosquito fecundity are, in contrast, highly variable. Here, we show that Plasmodium drastically decreases the fecundity of mosquitoes by ca. 20%, and we provide the first evidence that this decrease is independent of the parasite's burden. Wolbachia, on the other hand, increases fecundity by roughly 10%, but does not alter the tolerance (fecundity–burden relationship) of mosquitoes to Plasmodium infection.Although Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes fare overall better than uninfected ones, Wolbachia does not confer a sufficiently high reproductive boost to mosquitoes to compensate for the reproductive losses inflicted by Plasmodium. We discuss the potential mechanisms and implications underlying the conflicting effects of these two parasites on mosquito reproduction.

scholarly journals Success for Big Infectious Disease Reimbursement Policy in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Kun-xi Nie ◽  
Chan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Evolution Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reimbursement Policy ◽  
Other Hand

Big infectious diseases do harm to the whole society and it is highly crucial to control them on time. China has successful experience of launching reimbursement policy to control big infectious diseases, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes (SARS), efficiently. By evolution model, this article illustrates the efficiency of big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. On one hand, the number of infected persons decreases under big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. On the other hand, the total expenditures to cure also under control. In summary, big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China can support as an efficient example to cope with big infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Mitochondria, pattern recognition receptors and autophagy under physiological and pathological conditions, including viral infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej ◽  
Dominika Bębnowska ◽  
Roman Kołacz ◽  
Wiesław Deptuła
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Other Hand

Research on the health of mammals invariably shows how dynamic immunology is and how the role of many elements and immune processes of the macroorganism, developed in the process of evolution in protecting against threats, including infections, is changing. Among these elements conditioning the homeostasis of the macroorganism are mitochondria, PRR receptors (pattern recognition receptors) and the phenomenon of autophagy. In the context of physiological and pathological states in the body, mitochondria perform various functions. The primary function of these organelles is to produce energy in the cell, but on the other hand, they are heavily involved in various cellular processes, including ROS production and calcium homeostasis. They are largely involved in the activation of immune mechanisms during infectious and non-infectious conditions through mtDNA and the mitochondrial MAVS protein. Mitochondrial involvement has been also determined in PRR-related mechanisms as mtDNA has the ability to directly stimulate TLRs. On the other hand, mitochondria are also associated with apoptotic cell death and autophagy.

scholarly journals Experience of application of IgY-technology for laboratory diagnostics of viral infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Ivanov ◽  
T. D. Klebleeva ◽  
O. E. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

Introduction. The well-known advantages of class Y antibodies (IgY) from egg yolks of immunized hens in comparison with class G antibodies (IgG) of laboratory animals traditionally used in laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases determine the stable interest of researchers in using IgY for these purposes (IgY technology) . Over the past 20 years, the obvious benefits of IgY technology have been demonstrated for a number of viral and bacterial infections. Goals and objectives. Construction of ELISA systems based on specific IgY for laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, poliovirus.Material and methods. Obtaining yolk preparations of immunized chickens, obtaining highly purified IgY preparations (salting out, affinity chromatography), constructing ELISA systems for determining virus-specific antigens, testing the parameters of ELISA systems.Results and discussion. For the first time in laboratory practice, ELISA systems based on the use of specific polyclonal IgY were designed for laboratory diagnosis of topical human viral infections caused by flaviviruses and enteroviruses: determination of antigens of tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, 3 types of poliovirus. It was experimentally shown that these ELISA systems have high sensitivity and specificity, which allows them to be used for the semiquantitative and quantitative determination of antigens of these viruses in various materials (infected cell cultures, vaccines, etc.).Conclusion. The ELISA systems developed on the basis of specific IgY for determination of viral antigens can be effectively used for laboratory diagnosis of a number of viral infections, for the validation and control of vaccine preparations.

To symptomatology and clinical syndrome of acute initial sepsis

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 799-808
Author(s):  
A. M. Kausman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

The question of septic diseases is of twofold interest in the conditions of an infectious diseases hospital. On the one hand, the number of these diseases has shown in recent years in all countries a desire for steady growth, and medical thought cannot but pay attention to this. On the other hand, a significant number of unrecognized cases of sepsis with suspected typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, typhus, meningitis and other diseases are constantly received in questionable departments of infectious diseases hospitals. Establishing the correct diagnosis in these patients is often associated with great difficulties.

scholarly journals The Chemotherapy of Infectious Diseases Caused by Protozoa and Bacteria

1936 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hörlein
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Other ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Organism ◽  
New Class ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Synthetic Drug ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Active Substances

The possibility of combating infectious diseases with chemotherapeutically active substances depends to a large extent on the structure of the pathogenic organism. Apart from the cure of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in horses with neosalvarsan, we have, as yet, no chemotherapeutic substance which is active in virus diseases. The position is scarcely better when we turn to bacterial infections due to cocci and bacilli. These two types of infective organisms occupy the lowest level in the scale of micro-organisms. On the other hand, the spirochætes, which also belong to the bacteria group, and, still more so, those causal organisms belonging to the protozoa, represent relatively highly differentiated species, and the more highly developed a pathogenic organism is, the more points for attack it appears to offer to the action of chemotherapeutic substances. It is, therefore, not to be wondered at that the best results with chemotherapeutically active substances have been obtained in spirochætal diseases (syphilis, relapsing fever, frambœsia, etc.), and above all, in protozoal diseases. There is scarcely a protozoal disease of man which cannot be cured nowadays by early treatment with the appropriate synthetic drug. (Sleeping sickness, malaria, amœbic dysentery, leishmaniasis.) Epizootics resembling human diseases, as for example, trypanoses, are also relatively easily dealt with by the same drugs as have been found of value in the treatment of disease in man. On the other hand, there has been a lack of success, up to the present, in the treatment of those diseases of animals which are not generally related to the tropical diseases of man. The most important of these epizootics are the piroplasmoses, which are caused by babesiæ and theileriæ and which are found, not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in temperate zones. In this paper the discovery of a new remedy against piroplasmosis will be reported (acaprin). Further, advice will be given of a new class of substances, which have an actual chemotherapeutic action in streptococcal infections (prontosil, prontosil S), so that one can hope to be able in the future also to attack bacterial infections due to cocci chemotherapeutically.

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise on Immunological Indicators during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-603
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar ◽  
◽  
Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Other Hand

Background and Aim: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a viral disease, has increasingly highlighted the need for lifelong exercise due to its immunological and physiological effects is necessary on health. In this review study, while examining the effects of moderate-intensity exercise on the physiological and immunological responses associated with COVID-19, appropriate exercise patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are presented. Methods & Materials: In this study, the search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, and Noor databases on related articles using the following keywords: coronavirus, COVID-19, exercise and coronavirus, exercise and immune system, high-intensity exercise and immune system. Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations. Results: Moderate-intensity exercise can help boost the function of the immune system. On the other hand, high-intensity exercise can have negative effects on the immune system, which can be a bad strategy increasing the risk of infectious diseases. Results Moderate-intensity exercise can help boost the function of the immune system. On the other hand, high-intensity exercise can have negative effects on the immune system, which can be a bad strategy increasing the risk of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Due to the onset of the second wave of COVID-19 in the world, it is recommended to continue to exercise at home observing the hygiene rules (maintaining humidity and disinfecting environmental surfaces) and using appropriate intensity and duration.

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