scholarly journals Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Type B ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION. Meningitis are the most common form of the nervous system infectious diseases. There are meningitis and/or encephalitis with bacterial and viral etiology. In epidemiological surveillance are highlighted meningitis and/or encephalitis caused by N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Because vaccinations against these agents are common. AIM OF THE STUDY. The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland was assessed on data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2017” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2017”. (MP Czarkowski et al., Warsaw 2018, NIZP-PZH, GIS). RESULTS. In 2017 were registered 2 095 cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis in Poland. It means a 10.8% decrease in meningitis and/or encephalitis in Poland compared to 2016. With a general decrease in the number of infections of bacterial etiology, the number of cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B cases reported remains at the same level similar to last year. In contrast, the number of cases of etiology of N. meningitidis shows an increase of 25.4% compared to the previous year. Among all cases 57.9% were viral infections. In comparison to 2016 means a decrease in the percentage share of viral infections by 1.2 percentage points for bacterial infections. Among laboratory confirmed cases of neuroinfection with established etiology, the incidence caused by Neisseria miningitidis (122 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (171 cases) and tick-borne encephalitis (283 cases) are the most prevalent. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. There is a general downward trend in the number of meningitis and/or encephalitis cases, which may be due to introducing mandatory vaccination against S. pneumoniae. It can also mean an improvement in diagnostics given the decrease in unspecified meningitis and/or encephalitis. However meningitis and/or encephalitis remain a challenge for healthcare and epidemiological surveillance institutions.

scholarly journals Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Jakub Zbrzeźniak ◽  
Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Etiological Factor ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

INTRODUCTION. Infectious diseases of the nervous system are most often manifested in the form of meningitis. We distinguish meningitis and/or encephalitis according to their etiology, i.e. bacterial and viral. The study discusses meningitis and encephalitis caused by: N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and tick-borne encephalitis virus. This is due to the epidemiological surveillance of these diseases and the available prevention in the form of vaccinations against these diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY. The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The epidemiological situation of meningitis and encephalitis in Poland was assessed on data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2018” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2018”. RESULTS. In 2018, a total of 2406 cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis were registered in Poland. It is a 14.7% increase in incidence compared to 2017. An increase was recorded in the viral infections from 1212 to 1533 cases. In contrast, the number of infections with bacterial etiology decreased from 886 to 873 cases. Meningitis and/or encephalitis caused by pathogens specified in epidemiological surveillance have noticed a decreased incidence. The only exception is the increase in cases caused by S. pneumoniae, compared to 2017, from 177 to 212. This is an increase of 19.8% compared to the previous year. However, the number of cases of N. meningitidis showed a decrease of 16.4% during this period. Viral infections constituted 63.7% of all cases. Compared to 2017, it means an increase in the percentage of viral infections by 5.9 percentage points. Among laboratory confirmed cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis of known etiology, cases caused by Neisseria meningitidis (102 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (212 cases) and tick-borne encephalitis (197 cases) were predominant. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. There is a general increasing trend in the number of cases of viral meningitis and/or encephalitis. On the other hand, thanks to vaccinations, no significant increase was noted in H. influenzae, meningococcal and TBE infections. There is a chance to minimize the incidence of bacterial meningitis and/or encephalitis as in the H. influenzae infections. On the other hand, it should be seen that the problem of diagnosing cases of viral etiology should be considered. This is more related to the determination of the etiological factor than the diagnosis of viral meningitis and/or encephalitis. Difficulties in determining the etiological factor indicate that, meningitis and/or encephalitis remain a challenge for healthcare and epidemiological surveillance institutions.

The role of PCSK9 in infectious diseases.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Magnasco ◽  
Chiara Sepulcri ◽  
Roberta Maria Antonello ◽  
Stefano Di Bella ◽  
Laura Labate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibition ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock

Background: In recent years, many aspects of the physiological role of PCSK9 have been elucidated, particularly regarding its role in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular risk, and its role in innate immunity. Increasing evidence is available about the involvement of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of viral infections, mainly HCV, and the regulation of host response to bacterial infections, primarily sepsis and septic shock. Moreover, the action of PCSK9 has been investigated as a crucial step in the pathogenesis of malaria infection and disease severity. Objective: This paper aims to review the available published literature on the role of PCSK9 in a wide array of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Besides the ongoing investigation on PCSK9 inhibition among HIV-infected patients to treat HIV- and ART-related hyperlipidemia, preclinical studies indicate how PCSK9 is involved in reducing the replication of HCV. Interestingly, high plasmatic PCSK9 levels have been described in patients with sepsis. Moreover, a protective role of PCSK9 inhibition has also been proposed against dengue and SARS-CoV-2 viral infections. Finally, a loss of function in the PCSK9-encoding gene has been reported to reduce malaria infection mortality.

scholarly journals Detection of Antibodies Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Other Flaviviruses in a Zoological Collection in Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kvapil ◽  
Joško Račnik ◽  
Marjan Kastelic ◽  
Pavlína Pittermannová ◽  
Tatjana Avšič-Zupanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Exotic Animal ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

Monitoring infectious diseases is one of the most important pillars of preventative veterinary medicine in zoological collections. The zoo environment offers a great variety of different animal species living in proximity and in contact with small wild animals and vectors (e.g., ticks and mosquitos). In this context, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV) causing vector-borne diseases are emerging pathogens that raise concern. The aim of the study was to detect antibodies to selected flaviviruses in various animal species in the Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia. In total, 874 sera from 96 animal species were tested for antibodies to TBEV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test (VNT) using TBEV, WNV, and USUV antigens. Antibodies to TBEV were detected by ELISA in 3.9% (34/874) of zoo animals, with 4% (30/753) in mammals and 5% (4/86) in birds; the sera of reptiles (n = 34) and amphibians (n = 1) were negative. Antibodies to TBEV were confirmed by VNT in 11 mammals; one bird was positive for both WNV and USUV. The mixture of exotic animal species and their contact with wild animals and vectors such as ticks and mosquitos suggest that screening of infectious diseases in zoo animals might provide good insight into the epizootological situation of the area. This is the first survey of TBEV, WNV, and USUV in a zoological collection in Slovenia.

IMPACT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON PUBERTAL TIMING IN UKRAINIAN GIRLS: RESULTS A MULTICENTER STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 2392-2399
Author(s):  
Aidyn G. Salmanov ◽  
Orusia A. Kovalyshyn ◽  
Roman S. Scoreiko ◽  
Victor M. Zinchenko ◽  
Serhiy M. Baksheev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

The aim: To determine current age at the initiation of puberty for Ukrainian school-aged girls and infections impact to puberty. Materias and methods: We performed a multicentre cohort study. The analyses are based on data that were collected and evaluated biannually on Ukrainian school girls aged 6-17 years from 5 regions of Ukraine. Pubertal development was classified according to the Marshall and Tanner criteria. Results: Overall, 2,784 girls have been included in the study. Mean age of onset of puberty in Ukrainian girls was 10.1±1.0 yrs. Age of onset of pubic hair was 11.0±1.0 yrs and that of axillary hair was 11.6±1.0 yrs. Mean age in girls of menarche was 12.2±0.9 yrs. There were no significant correlations between age at onset of puberty and body mass index, final height, total peak height velocity, duration of puberty, and peak height velocity. A total of 2,420 infectious diseases were diagnosted. Of these, 64.8% were viral and 35.2% bacterial infections, respectively. Ukrainian girls with infectious diseases (especially viral infections) had older age at pubertal onset and positive association of infections in childhood with late age of menarche. Conclusions: Infectious morbidity (especially viral infections) in girls may be associated with later puberty. The lowering of the number of infections in childhood could be an additional factor that contributes to earlier puberty. To reduce infectious diseases, more attention should be paid to the vaccination of children.

scholarly journals Infections and Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: A Bad Relationship?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Belluomini ◽  
Alberto Caldart ◽  
Alice Avancini ◽  
Alessandra Dodi ◽  
Ilaria Trestini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients

Infectious diseases represent a relevant issue in lung cancer patients. Bacterial and viral infections might influence the patients’ prognosis, both directly affecting the immune system and indirectly impairing the outcome of anticancer treatments, mainly immunotherapy. In this analysis, we aimed to review the current evidence in order to clarify the complex correlation between infections and lung cancer. In detail, we mainly explored the potential impact on immunotherapy outcome/safety of (1) bacterial infections, with a detailed focus on antibiotics; and (2) viral infections, discriminating among (a) human immune-deficiency virus (HIV), (b) hepatitis B/C virus (HBV-HCV), and (c) Sars-Cov-2. A series of studies suggested the prognostic impact of antibiotic therapy administration, timing, and exposure ratio in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, probably through an antibiotic-related microbiota dysbiosis. Although cancer patients with HIV, HBV, and HCV were usually excluded from clinical trials evaluating immunotherapy, some retrospective and prospective trials performed in these patient subgroups reported similar results compared to those described in not-infected patients, with a favorable safety profile. Moreover, patients with thoracic cancers are particularly at risk of COVID-19 severe outcomes and mortality. Few reports speculated about the prognostic implications of anticancer therapy, including immunotherapy, in lung cancer patients with concomitant Sars-Cov-2 infection, showing, to date, inconsistent results. The correlation between infectious diseases and immunotherapy remains to be further explored and clarified in the context of dedicated trials. In clinical practice, the accurate and prompt multidisciplinary management of lung cancer patients with infections should be encouraged in order to select the best treatment options for these patients, avoiding unexpected toxicities, while maintaining the anticancer effect.

Treatment: infectious diseases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Warrell ◽  
Matthew Dryden ◽  
Alastair Miller ◽  
Clare Morgan ◽  
David A. Warrell
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Introduction: infectious diseases - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Malaria - Other protozoal infections - Filarial worms - Worm infections - Flukes - Emerging infections - Sexually transmitted infections

scholarly journals Experience of application of IgY-technology for laboratory diagnostics of viral infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Ivanov ◽  
T. D. Klebleeva ◽  
O. E. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

Introduction. The well-known advantages of class Y antibodies (IgY) from egg yolks of immunized hens in comparison with class G antibodies (IgG) of laboratory animals traditionally used in laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases determine the stable interest of researchers in using IgY for these purposes (IgY technology) . Over the past 20 years, the obvious benefits of IgY technology have been demonstrated for a number of viral and bacterial infections. Goals and objectives. Construction of ELISA systems based on specific IgY for laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, poliovirus.Material and methods. Obtaining yolk preparations of immunized chickens, obtaining highly purified IgY preparations (salting out, affinity chromatography), constructing ELISA systems for determining virus-specific antigens, testing the parameters of ELISA systems.Results and discussion. For the first time in laboratory practice, ELISA systems based on the use of specific polyclonal IgY were designed for laboratory diagnosis of topical human viral infections caused by flaviviruses and enteroviruses: determination of antigens of tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, 3 types of poliovirus. It was experimentally shown that these ELISA systems have high sensitivity and specificity, which allows them to be used for the semiquantitative and quantitative determination of antigens of these viruses in various materials (infected cell cultures, vaccines, etc.).Conclusion. The ELISA systems developed on the basis of specific IgY for determination of viral antigens can be effectively used for laboratory diagnosis of a number of viral infections, for the validation and control of vaccine preparations.

scholarly journals Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Chávez-Reyes ◽  
Carlos E. Escárcega-González ◽  
Erika Chavira-Suárez ◽  
Angel León-Buitimea ◽  
Priscila Vázquez-León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Uncontrolled diabetes results in several metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that this condition may induce susceptibility and the development of more aggressive infectious diseases, especially those caused by some bacteria (including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others) and viruses [such as coronavirus 2 (CoV2), Influenza A virus, Hepatitis B, etc.]. Although the precise mechanisms that link glycemia to the exacerbated infections remain elusive, hyperglycemia is known to induce a wide array of changes in the immune system activity, including alterations in: (i) the microenvironment of immune cells (e.g., pH, blood viscosity and other biochemical parameters); (ii) the supply of energy to infectious bacteria; (iii) the inflammatory response; and (iv) oxidative stress as a result of bacterial proliferative metabolism. Consistent with this evidence, some bacterial infections are typical (and/or have a worse prognosis) in patients with hypercaloric diets and a stressful lifestyle (conditions that promote hyperglycemic episodes). On this basis, the present review is particularly focused on: (i) the role of diabetes in the development of some bacterial and viral infections by analyzing preclinical and clinical findings; (ii) discussing the possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia may increase the susceptibility for developing infections; and (iii) further understanding the impact of hyperglycemia on the immune system.

Systemic Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
Leah Bauer ◽  
Carolyn Chooljian ◽  
Whitney Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patient’S History

Generalized complaints such as fever, chills, malaise, and body aches are common presentations to the emergency department (ED). Some of these are due to viral infections, and some are due to systemic bacterial infections. Clues to the specific infection can be found in the geographic location of the patient or the patient’s exposure to wildlife (e.g., ticks) and animals. The patient’s history and the timing of the illness play an important part in helping to identify the possible source or cause of the infection. This chapter presents questions related to the diagnosis, clinical effects, and most appropriate treatment of a wide range of these systemic infectious disease emergencies.

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