scholarly journals Essays on inequality and mobility of Korean households' income and consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sanguk Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Permanent Income ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Current Income ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Model Fits

This dissertation analyzes income and consumption inequality empirically and theoretically using Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS). This dissertation consists of three chapters. First two chapters are about detrended income and consumption excluding the effects of household's characteristics. Third chapter is about observed income and consumption. In the chapters 1 and 2, we track income and consumption of same cohort of Korean households over the lifecycle and find empirical evidences are not explained by existing income and consumption models with iid assumption of income shocks. For example, future cumulative gains in consumption (income) are negatively correlated with initial consumption (income). Second, consumption inequality does not grow over the lifecycle. At the chapter 1, we develop new income process model. Our suggesting generalized restricted income profiles (G-RIP) and stochastic heterogeneous income profile (SHIP) consider iid income shocks as well as household-specific factors of macroeconomy. We find that the estimated model fits the dynamics of inequalities and mobility of income better than the conventional RIP or HIP models. At the chapter 2, we develop new consumption process model. New consumption model has consumption shocks as well as household-specific uncertainty. Therefore, consumption risk is correlated with past consumption, which can explain the observed consumption moments. Our suggesting heterogeneous conditional mean (HCM) model fits the dynamics of inequalities and mobility of income and consumption better than the conventional model that assume iid income shocks. At the chapter 3, we deal with non-classical measurement errors in consumption using a double-differencing correction method. Aguiar and Bils (2015) develop a double differencing correction method to estimate the relative consumption inequality adjusted for measurement errors. In the first step they estimate Engel curve which measurement errors are correlated with error terms of and use current income as an instrument for total expenditure. This chapter provides an alternative instrument based on the permanent income hypothesis (PIH) for total expenditure. A long panel data is required to capture a household's permanent income and using a Korean household panel allows to test a hypothesis that permanent income could be more appropriate instrument than current income. We find the expected lifecycle income is better instrument than current income for current consumption.

How success enhances self-serving bias: A multinomial process model of the Implicit Association Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyang Wang ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Zheng Jin ◽  
Timothy Tamunang Tamutana
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Desirable Outcome ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Better Than

Self-serving bias is individuals' belief that leads them to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give themselves credit when good things happen. To evaluate how underlying evaluative associations toward the self or others differ between individuals, and/or how the regulation mechanism of the influence of such associations differs, we used a multinomial process model to measure the underlying implicit self-esteem in these processes with 56 Chinese undergraduate students. The results indicated that participants assessed themselves as being better than others when their performance was followed by a desirable outcome. Subsequent application of the quadruple processes showed that both activation of positive associations toward self and regulation of the associations played important roles in attitudinal responses. Our findings may provide a supplementary explanation to that of previous results, promoting understanding of the mechanism underlying self-serving bias.

scholarly journals Persistent vs. Permanent Income Shocks in the Buffer-Stock Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe Druedahl ◽  
Thomas H. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Income ◽  
Buffer Stock ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Stock Model

AbstractWe investigate the effects of assuming a

Food Insufficiency and Depression

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Wu ◽  
Christoph M. Schimmele
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Single Fathers ◽  
Food Insufficiency ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Health Survey Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Using National Population Health Survey data and the stress process model, this study investigates the relationship between food insufficiency and the risk of depression among Canadian adults. The study presents three principal findings. First, after controlling for conventional socioeconomic and socio-demographic variables, food insufficiency increases the risk of depression and actually predicts this risk better than measures of low income, main source of income, and education. Second, the negative effect of food insufficiency is not attributable to social resources disparities, even though these resources significantly reduce the size of the effect. Third, the effects of food insufficiency on depression are generally stronger for women than for men, but the results also indicate that single fathers from food insufficient households face more depression than other groups, including single mothers.

scholarly journals Optical Dating of Eolian Dune Sand from the Canadian Prairies*

2004 ◽  
Vol 56 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav B. Lian ◽  
David J. Huntley ◽  
Stephen A. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Dune Sand ◽  
Optical Dating ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Thermal Transfer ◽  
South Central ◽  
Sedimentary Deposit ◽  
Infrared Excitation ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Optical dating is a well-established method that is used to determine the time elapsed since quartz or feldspar grains were last exposed to sunlight, which usually dates the time elapsed since their burial in a sedimentary deposit. Only a few seconds of direct sunlight are needed to reset the “mineral clock”, making the method ideal for dating the formation of eolian landforms. In this paper we describe how we use violet luminescence that is emitted in response to near-infrared excitation of sand-sized K-feldspar grains to date the time of formation of eolian dunes on the Canadian prairies. Using the multiple-aliquot with thermal transfer correction method, together with a test for sufficient sunlight exposure, and a correction for anomalous fading, we are able to produce accurate optical ages ranging from 150 years to more than 11 ka with precision usually better than 10 % at 2σ. Ages are given for dunes in the Dundurn and Elbow sand hills of south-central Saskatchewan, the climatic significance of which is provided in a paper also in the present volume. Knowledge of when the dunes were stable, and when they were not, is used to help understand the nature and timing of Holocene climate change in the area.

Measuring Failures and Correction Methods for Pneumatic Multi-Hole Probes

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herwart T. Hoenen ◽  
Robert Kunte ◽  
Phillip Waniczek ◽  
Peter Jeschke
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Gradient Field ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Real Flow ◽  
Hot Film ◽  
Probe Measurements

Systematic measurements have been performed in a free stream in order to analyse the measuring behaviour of pneumatic multi-hole probes in the gradient field of a wake of an airfoil. The five-hole probe was traversed in different axial distances from the trailing edge and the results were compared to PIV and hot film probe measurements. The direct comparison of the three measurement techniques shows that too small axial distances between a five-hole probe and an airfoil trailing edge introduce significant measurement errors. Different effects were analysed in order to evaluate their influence on the measuring results and to estimate the deviation from the real flow properties. The limitations of probe measurements and the influences of the probe on the flow field are discussed. It is explained how pneumatic multi-hole probe measuring data can be corrected in order to improve the measuring results. In order to demonstrate the suitability of the correction method for turbo machinery application it is applied to measurement results of an axial compressor test rig.

scholarly journals Household Production and the Excess Sensitivity of Consumption to Current Income

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 902-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Baxter ◽  
Urban J Jermann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Household Production ◽  
Permanent Income ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Consumption Growth ◽  
Current Income ◽  
Excess Sensitivity

Empirical research on the permanent-income hypothesis (PIH) has found that consumption growth is excessively sensitive to predictable changes in income. This finding is interpreted as strong evidence against the PIH. We propose an explanation for apparent excess sensitivity that is based on a quantitative equilibrium model of household production in which permanent-income consumers respond to shifts in sectoral wages and prices by substituting work effort and consumption across home and market sectors. Although the PIH is true, this mechanism generates apparent excess sensitivity because market consumption responds to predictable income growth. (JEL D13, E10, E21).

scholarly journals A physically based method for correcting temperature data measured by naturally ventilated sensors over snow

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (159) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Arck ◽  
Dieter Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Snowmelt Period ◽  
Physically Based

AbstractDuring the snowmelt period in 1998, air-temperature data were acquired at 1 min intervals using different measurement systems as part of a field campaign in the Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland. A comparison reveals that temperatures from naturally ventilated sensors exceed temperatures from aspirated sensors by as much as 6.2 K. Errors in temperature are closely connected to high values of upwelling shortwave radiation and are larger in periods of low wind speed. Measurement errors result from the instantaneous radiation conditions and propagate over the next measurements due to slow response time of the naturally ventilated sensor. A physically based method is developed for correcting temperature data influenced by radiation errors, which requires additional measurements of wind speed and upwelling shortwave radiation. Coefficients of the correction formula are automatically determined from the erroneous temperature data, so the method is independent of accurate air-temperature measurements. The high quality of the correction method could be validated by accurate psychrometer measurements. One of the most important applications is the computation of sensible-heat fluxes from snow-covered surfaces during the snowmelt period using the bulk-aerodynamic method, which is greatly improved by the new correction method.

Comparing models of intelligence in Project TALENT: The VPR model fits better than the CHC and extended Gf–Gc models

Intelligence ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason T. Major ◽  
Wendy Johnson ◽  
Ian J. Deary
Keyword(s):  
Better Than ◽  
Model Fits

scholarly journals Using genetic programming to determine Chèzy resistance coefficient in corrugated channels

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orazio Giustolisi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wake Interference ◽  
Physical Insight ◽  
Better Than

Genetic Programming has been used to determine Chèzy resistance coefficient for full circular corrugated channels. Three corrugated plastic pipes have been experimentally studied in order to generate data. The tests aim at measuring hydraulic parameters of the open-channel flow for some slopes, from 3.49–17.37% (2–10°), in order to discover the dependence of the channel resistance coefficient when wake-interference flow occurs. The monomial formula for the Chèzy resistance coefficient performs well on experimental data, both from measurement errors and from a technical point of view. In this paper, we present some very parsimonious formulae that have been created by Genetic Programming with few constants and which fit the data better than the monomial formula. Moreover, two of the Genetic Programming formulae, after ‘physical post-refinement’, seem to better explain the role of the roughness in the Chèzy resistance coefficient for corrugated channels with respect to its traditional expression for rough channels. This fact suggests that at least the structure of those formulae can be extrapolated to other types of corrugated channels. Finally, the work stresses the fact that the Genetic Programming hypothesis can be easily manipulated by means of ‘human’ physical insight. Therefore, Genetic Programming should be considered more than a simple data-driven technique, especially when it is used to perform scientific discovery.

scholarly journals Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basha Vicari ◽  
Gundula Zoch ◽  
Ann-Christin Bächmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Work

Objective: We examine how care arrangements, general and altered working conditions, and worries influenced subjective well-being at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic for working parents in Germany. Background: Prior research suggests several reasons for declines in subjective well-being, particularly for working mothers. We employ Pearlin's (1989) stress process model to explore the role of parental childcare, altered working conditions and amplified worries of working parents in terms of increased stressors and modified resources to cope with the extraordinary situation. Method: We use data from two starting cohorts from the National Educational Panel Study and its supplementary COVID-19 web survey from spring 2020 to examine possible heterogeneities in contextual factors for individual-level changes in the well-being of working mothers and fathers. Results: We confirm a more pronounced decline in well-being for working mothers than fathers. Part-time work and access to emergency care reduce the gender gap in decreased well-being. Conversely, young children in the household and personal worries are associated with lower well-being for both parents. However, we cannot explain the more significant decrease in mothers’ well-being by increased childcare responsibilities or altered working conditions. Conclusion: A greater decline in well-being indicates a particular burden among working mothers. However, it cannot be linked solely to gendered inequalities in the changes of paid and unpaid work during the first months of the pandemic.

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