scholarly journals Pink Filter: Gender Effects in Meaningful and Meaningless Product Differentiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Vincent de Urquiza ◽  
Alan Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Product Features ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Product Marketing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Google Search ◽  
The Impact

A simple Google search of the term “Pink Tax” pulls up thousands of results regarding “the cost of being a female consumer.” There is a belief that women’s products are priced more highly than men’s products to reap the benefits of women preferring female-targeted products. We sought to determine the prevalence of these beliefs and the efficacy of such marketing practices. We consider the impact of both meaningful (e.g., different product features) and meaningless (e.g., labelling) differentiation on consumers’ attitudes towards products. We propose that women have become skeptical towards meaningless product differentiation directed towards them. Whereas they respond favorably to products that target women through different ingredients and functionality, they respond more negatively to products that target women purely through packaging. We specifically looked at response to three products: sunscreen, razors, and protein bars and manipulated each product to isolate the effects of product features vs. the product advertising. Results were then measured to determine if different types of gender marketing affected women more strongly than they affected men. The results of this research have implications for product marketing campaigns and for public policy.

Public Capital and Innovation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Richard Agénor
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Capital ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This chapter extends the Allais–Samuelson Overlapping Generations models presented in chapters 1 and 2 to study interactions between infrastructure and human capital with R&D activities and growth. It begins by providing some background evidence on these interactions. The model is then presented and solved, and the impact of public policy, including potential trade-offs associated with the provision of infrastructure and other services by the government, is discussed. Again, this is a critical issue; if governments have access to limited resources to cover their expenditure, different types of government interventions may entail (temporary or permanent) trade-offs at the macroeconomic level—even though at the microeconomic or sectoral level these interventions are largely complementary. In addition, different types of government intervention may generate spillover effects on other sectors, which may have an indirect impact on innovation capacity.

Mass Shootings

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-73
Author(s):  
Kevin Angelo Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the international perspective discerning mass shootings is complicated and difficult to understand due to the lack of complete data. The problem that the world is facing with mass shootings in the last couple of decades is a fairly new phenomenon that has been a common topic in the news and media. Mass shootings that have cost the lives of dozens of people per event has been due to a variety of reasons including drug markets, terrorism, mentally unstable individuals, availability of firearms, ethnic and religious tensions, and much more. The impact of mass shootings is vast including mental health trauma for survivors and their families, change in public policy, cost of billions of dollars, the cost of human life, and much more. These shootings vary widely throughout countries and regions in each country. The chapter focuses on specific nations throughout the world, common firearms involved in the shootings, the environments in which these shootings take place, the characteristics of the shooter and much more.

Study on the Process of Creating Fly Ash Body

2014 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
Vit Cerný ◽  
Šárka Keprdová
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Sources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Production of artificial aggregate by clinkering process is currently relatively well-known way to efficiently use the potential of fly ash for building materials. Principle of clinkering can reduce the cost of natural gas and other potential external sources of heat through the use of own combustible substances. Course of firing and aggregate properties significantly depend on the type and character of the fly ash or fly ash mixture. Due to the high heterogeneity of these materials is relatively difficult to assess the impact of specific parameters (grain size, the content of Fe2O3, SiO2, CaO, amorphous phase, etc.). Due to the experimental testing of a large number of different types of fly ash and their mixtures, it will possible to verify at least some principles based on experience with the production of ceramic body. This article discusses the results of the sub-tests, dealt with influence of physico-mechanical properties, chemical and mineralogical composition of fly ash on the quality of the resulting ash body.

Recommendations for Recycling, Processing and Reuse of Concrete

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouba El Dalati ◽  
Pierre Matar ◽  
Emile Youssef ◽  
Sylvie Yotte ◽  
Farah Homsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Recycle Concrete ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Concrete Materials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Some countries started to recycle concrete materials for reuse in structural or other issues. Some of them, like Germany, Australia and Canada have established their own recommendation guide for recycling concrete [1,2]. The recycling consists of crushing old concrete into aggregates, and then processing it into new mixture using recycled aggregates with specified sizes [3,4]. The aim of this recycling is to save nature from deforestation and dryness, by reducing the need to gravel and so the quarries work, and also to economize the waste management [5,6]. The present research work consists of an experimental study assessing the impact of using recycled aggregates on the concrete behavior and on the country’s economy. We are especially interested in determining the best composition for the new mixture of concrete resulting from reusing different types of recycled aggregates. Different types of tests have been done depending on the aggregates sizes, their origin and their state (burned or safe). The analysis is based on the comparison between compressive strength, water-cement ratio, slump, porosity and durability. Otherwise, the impact on economy is analyzed, a priori, by studying the effect of reducing the cost of the resulting concrete on construction spending. The resulted recommendations indicate the sizes of aggregates which may constitute the best composition for recycling and processing concrete, and the best use for each type of concrete depending on behavior and economy effect.

scholarly journals Assessment of the recreational potential of the forest territory of the Sverdlovsk region

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Olga Mezenina ◽  
Anna Mikhailova ◽  
Margarita Kuzmina ◽  
Peter Kokovin
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Forest Biodiversity ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Forest Lands ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to present our vision of assessing the recreational potential of the territory (RPT) for its effective management. We suggest using this territory assessment method, which consists of two main stages: assessment of the recreational component of the natural environment and assessment of the necessary amount of investment to use the recreational biodiversity of the territories.The article analyzes the approaches and presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the recreational potential of the forest lands of the Sverdlovsk region. Created a map ranking the Sverdlovsk region according to the results of research with application for developing a comprehensive assessment of RPT on the methods, developed on the basis of the theory of “games with nature”: the method of structured comparison of RPT on the Hurwitz criterion, aspiring to the maximum and to identify the factors dominating the impact from the application of the Wald criterion. Based on the conducted research on the analysis of the influence of forests on the formation of recreational characteristics, the authors obtained weighted average generalized coefficients of recreational attractiveness of forests of different types in the forest management areas of the Sverdlovsk region and identified 10 forestcadastre areas in the Sverdlovsk region. This paper also presents a developed and tested method for a comprehensive assessment of the recreational potential of forest lands in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region in order to attract investment. Preliminary investment volumes for the development of the Sverdlovsk region’s RPT (based on the cost of forest biodiversity) are presented. We consider the proposed territory ranking to be a necessary indicator for effective management of the subject’s territories.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Costs of Selected Car-sharing Services - a Case Study on Six Continents Analysis of the Costs of Selected Car-sharing Services - a Case Study on Six Continents

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Turoń
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Different types of transport solutions that are to influence the sustainability of urban logistics are increasingly used around the world. The same applies to the opportunities offered by the implementation of shared mobility services. According to this idea, car-sharing systems are currently present on six continents of the world and it is anticipated that by 2025 there will be over 36 million users worldwide sharing car-sharing services. In line with this trend, it is worth paying attention to aspects that will encourage the public to use car-sharing services. Because the price is one of the main factors for the society during making a decision about using car-sharing services, the author decided to analyze the costs of car-sharing mobility. In the text basic assumptions about car-sharing services and their development were presented. Then, the article showed the analysis of the cost of using services on six continents in the line of temporary and parking fees. In addition, the work also refers to the impact of the type of vehicle fleet on the price level. The aim of the work was to assess the occurrence of differences between the services offered and the relation between costs and the assumptions of sustainable transport development.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Analysis of the Effects of Capital Regulation and Heterogeneity on Bank Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Jingwen Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Capital Regulation ◽  
Profit Efficiency ◽  
Bank Efficiency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Heterogeneity Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This article analyzes the impact of capital regulation on bank efficiency using panel data from 165 commercial banks in China from 2013 to 2019. The results indicate that cost efficiency changes slightly and profit efficiency fluctuates greatly. Under the pressure of capital regulation, the profit efficiency of commercial banks with sufficient capital improves, while profit efficiency of banks with insufficient capital decreases slightly, and the cost efficiency of all commercial banks increases. Based on the heterogeneity analysis of banks, it is found that the cost efficiency and profit efficiency of different types of commercial banks differ significantly in response to capital regulation.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document