In Situ Metallography Applications in the Pipeline Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 790-796
Author(s):  
B Amend ◽  
M Gould ◽  
P Veloo ◽  
O Oneal ◽  
R Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Photo Documentation ◽  
General Quality ◽  
The Subject

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines metallography as “a study of the structure of metals, especially with the microscope.” The structure of a steel visible at high magnification can reveal information about how the steel was formed or heat-treated, the general “quality” of the steel, whether any observed discontinuities originated during manufacturing or while the component was in service, and the extent to which properties may be consistent across the wall thickness. Microstructural features such as grain size, the amount and distribution of inclusions, and the types and amounts of different microstructural phases are known to influence a material’s properties. In some cases, the observed attributes are qualitatively characterized. In other cases, manual or digital image analysis facilitates quantitative descriptions of attributes such as grain size, the percent of a selected phase, or inclusions that are present. Typically, small sections are cut from the pipe or other component and metallographic sample preparation and examination are performed in a laboratory. When destructive sampling is impractical, the specimen preparation, visual examination, and related photo documentation can be performed nondestructively in the field. That process is known as “in situ metallography” and is the subject of this paper.

scholarly journals Locally Reinforcement TiC-Fe Type Produced in Situ in Castings

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Olejnik ◽  
Ł. Szymański ◽  
P. Kurtyka ◽  
T. Tokarski ◽  
W. Maziarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Wear Resistant ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Refinement is one of the most energy consuming technological process, aimed at obtaining mineral raw materials of the proper grain size. Cast structural elements such as jaws or hammers in crushing machines operate under conditions of an intensive wear. The data indicate that 80 % of failures of machines and devices is caused by wearing of rubbing surfaces. This problem became the subject of several scientific and industrial investigations carried out in the whole world in order to produce materials ultra- wear resistant. Methods allowing to obtain wear resistant composite castings are discussed in the hereby paper. Within the performed research microstructures of the produced composite zones were presented and the comparative analysis with regard to mechanical and functional properties of local composite reinforcements in relation to the commercial alloys of increased wear resistance was performed. The results show almost twenty five times increase in wear resistance compared to manganese cast steel containing 18 % Mn.

scholarly journals The Transnational Mosque

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Tammy Gaber
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Islamic Architecture ◽  
Photo Documentation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hierarchy Of Influence

This catchy title, The Transnational Mosque, is timely and implies an analysisof global Islam and the multiplicities of mosque construction today. The premisepromises to contribute to the scholarship on Islamic architecture, and yetthere are some issues with the argument’s structure and even greater ones withthe analytical depth with respect to architecture. The book’s structure highlights the attempt to separate itself and “buildsupon” (p. 7) established texts on the subject of contemporary Islamic architecture.However, its relatively small format, dense with text, is populatedsparely with uneven visual representation. The photographs vary in qualityand vantage, and not all of the mosques discussed have images and architecturaldrawings – serious omissions in a field that is so visual, systematic comparativeanalysis requires analogous efforts with visual representation for theargument to sustain itself. The book contains an introduction; one chaptereach on Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE);and an epilogue that serves as a conclusion. But this four-fold argument,which focuses on the patron countries, is flawed because it inherently setsup a hierarchy of influence that situates equally the relatively minimal worksof the UAE with the far-reaching impact of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.It also ignores the “transnational” quality of those mosques not patronizedby any of them.The introduction, “Agency of History: The Symbolic Potential for theTransnational Mosque,” begins with an italicized brief first-person narrativethat describes Beirut’s Muhammad al-Amin Mosque followed by a long accountof patronage and political climate. Rizvi promises an interdisciplinaryapproach with field work, architecture and photo documentation, interviewswith architects and patrons in a “study [that] interrogates multiple agents anddiverse agendas behind the construction of transnational mosques” (p. 5). Shedefines “trans” as “beyond and across time of history and spaces of nations,”but nevertheless frames the book in terms of nations ...

Effects of Grain Size on Micro Backward Extrusion of Copper

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 1092-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Cheng Chang ◽  
Teng Chiao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Extrusion ◽  
Backward Extrusion ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Uniform Wall

This study investigates the effects of grain size on the micro backward extrusion of copper cups. An equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) technique was applied to refine the grain size in copper. Commercial available copper was annealed, deformed by six-pass ECAE at room temperature and then heat treated to obtain a microstructure with a grain size of about 4μm. Microstructure was examined and mechanical properties including hardness and stress-strain relationship were also investigated. The processed copper was then used in a micro backward extrusion of cups with the diameter of 3 mm and the wall thickness of 0.1 mm. The extruded cups were compared with those resulting from the coppers with larger grain size prepared by different heat treated processes. This study shows that the quality of the micro extruded cup increases as the grain size decreases. By using the refine-grained coppers for the micro backward extrusion, the cups with even rim height and uniform wall thickness can be easily produced.

scholarly journals The on-site example of influence of selected factors on the quality of monolithic reinforced concrete elements

2019 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 07004
Author(s):  
Kamila Owczarska ◽  
Elżbieta Szmigiera ◽  
Piotr Woyciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Concrete Element ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Concrete Elements ◽  
Similar Elements

The subject of the article is the analysis of the influence of factors related to the course of concreting on the quality of the reinforced concrete element. The problem was discussed on the example of columns with an unusual narrow cross-section (18x80 cm). The characteristics of the surface defects of tested columns are presented and their causes are discussed. The basis of discussion were observations and in-situ tests of concrete mix performed during concreting similar elements in similar conditions. The potential effects of defects in terms of component durability were also considered.

scholarly journals Raman spectroscopy: A powerful technique for biochemical analysis and diagnosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo M. Moreira ◽  
Landulfo Silveira Jr. ◽  
Fábio V. Santos ◽  
Juliana P. Lyon ◽  
Rick Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Sample Characterization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Instrumental Development

The present work focuses on the recent applications of Raman spectroscopy (RS) on biochemical analysis and diagnosis of several biological materials with or without pathological alterations. Important published works about Raman spectroscopy and its use for medical applications were critically reviewed, including articles form our group in order to evaluate the state of the art of the subject. The potential for sample characterization with RS associated to the possibility of analysisin situmakes this instrumental technique in a very auspicious tool of biochemical analysis. RS can promote a significant improvement in the chemical identification and characterization of biological systems, clinical diagnosis and prognosis regarding several diseases and quality of life of innumerous patients. The spectroscopic evaluation is based on the analysis of the Raman spectrum regarding the identification of fingerprint bands of main biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins and fat, present in the tissue structure. This review evaluates the employment of RS in diagnosing such pathological manifestations as well as the efforts focused on the instrumental development to biomedical applications. Furthermore, advantages and limitations of this kind of approach are discussed in order to improve the biochemical analysis and diagnosis of several diseases.

Direct Observations of the Epitaxial Growth of Sputtered Ag on Si

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
J. S. Maa ◽  
Thos. E. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
In Situ Electron Microscopy ◽  
Beam Sputtering ◽  
The Subject

The growth of Ag films deposited on various substrate materials such as MoS2, mica, graphite, and MgO has been investigated extensively using the in situ electron microscopy technique. The three stages of film growth, namely, the nucleation, growth of islands followed by liquid-like coalescence have been observed in both the vacuum vapor deposited and ion beam sputtered thin films. The mechanisms of nucleation and growth of silver films formed by ion beam sputtering on the (111) plane of silicon comprise the subject of this paper. A novel mode of epitaxial growth is observed to that seen previously.The experimental arrangement for the present study is the same as previous experiments, and the preparation procedure for obtaining thin silicon substrate is presented in a separate paper.

Effect of Shock Loading on the Microstructure of Uniloy 326

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
K. P. Staudhammer ◽  
L. E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
05 C ◽  
Shock Deformation ◽  
Heat Treated

The effect of shock loading on a variety of steels has been reviewed recently by Leslie. It is generally observed that significant changes in microstructure and microhardness are produced by explosive shock deformation. While the effect of shock loading on austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and pearlitic structures has been investigated, there have been no systematic studies of the shock-loading of microduplex structures.In the current investigation, the shock-loading response of millrolled and heat-treated Uniloy 326 (thickness 60 mil) having a residual grain size of 1 to 2μ before shock loading was studied. Uniloy 326 is a two phase (microduplex) alloy consisting of 30% austenite (γ) in a ferrite (α) matrix; with the composition.3% Ti, 1% Mn, .6% Si,.05% C, 6% Ni, 26% Cr, balance Fe.

The Current Situation in Chemical Stabilization of Biological Materials

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
John H. Luft
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Chemical Stabilization ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Radio Telescopes

With information processing devices such as radio telescopes, microscopes or hi-fi systems, the quality of the output often is limited by distortion or noise introduced at the input stage of the device. This analogy can be extended usefully to specimen preparation for the electron microscope; fixation, which initiates the processing sequence, is the single most important step and, unfortunately, is the least well understood. Although there is an abundance of fixation mixtures recommended in the light microscopy literature, osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde are favored for electron microscopy. These fixatives react vigorously with proteins at the molecular level. There is clear evidence for the cross-linking of proteins both by osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde and cross-linking may be a necessary if not sufficient condition to define fixatives as a class.

Influence of ion-milling on the T2 phase in Al-2.5%Li-2.5%Cu alloy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
J. R. Reed ◽  
D. J. Michel ◽  
P. R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Thin Foil ◽  
Icosahedral Symmetry ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Cu Alloy ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Aluminum Solid Solution ◽  
In Situ Heating ◽  
The Stability

The Al6Li3Cu (T2) phase, which exhibits five-fold or icosahedral symmetry, forms through solid state precipitation in dilute Al-Li-Cu alloys. Recent studies have reported that the T2 phase transforms either during TEM examination of thin foils or following ion-milling of thin foil specimens. Related studies have shown that T2 phase transforms to a microcrystalline array of the TB phase and a dilute aluminum solid solution during in-situ heating in the TEM. The purpose of this paper is to report results from an investigation of the influence of ion-milling on the stability of the T2 phase in dilute Al-Li-Cu alloy.The 3-mm diameter TEM disc specimens were prepared from a specially melted Al-2.5%Li-2.5%Cu alloy produced by conventional procedures. The TEM specimens were solution heat treated 1 h at 550°C and aged 1000 h at 190°C in air to develop the microstructure. The disc specimens were electropolished to achieve electron transparency using a 20:80 (vol. percent) nitric acid: methanol solution at -60°C.

Psychological and Cognitive Aspects of Borderline Intellectual Functioning

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastianina Contena ◽  
Stefano Taddei
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Borderline Intellectual Functioning ◽  
General Quality ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF) refers to a global IQ ranging from 71 to 84, and it represents a condition of clinical attention for its association with other disorders and its influence on the outcomes of treatments and, in general, quality of life and adaptation. Furthermore, its definition has changed over time causing a relevant clinical impact. For this reason, a systematic review of the literature on this topic can promote an understanding of what has been studied, and can differentiate what is currently attributable to BIF from that which cannot be associated with this kind of intellectual functioning. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we have conducted a review of the literature about BIF. The results suggest that this condition is still associated with mental retardation, and only a few studies have focused specifically on this condition.

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