scholarly journals CORONAVIRUS- A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Jaryal ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Jageer Chhina ◽  
Jannat Sharma ◽  
Shreen Mann
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
The Family ◽  
Distinctive Morphology ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Corona Viruses

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped viruses with nonsegmented, single-stranded, and positive-sense RNA genomes. Apart from infecting a variety of economically important vertebrates (such as pigs and chickens), six coronaviruses have been known to infect human hosts and cause respiratory diseases. Among them, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are zoonotic and highly pathogenic coronaviruses that have resulted in regional and global outbreaks Coronaviruses possess a distinctive morphology, the name being derived from the outer fringe, or corona‖ of embedded envelope protein. Members of the family Coronaviridae cause a broad spectrum of animal and human diseases. Uniquely, replication of the RNA genome proceeds through the generation of a nested set of viral mRNA molecules. Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. In this review all (as we possible) information about Corona viruses are given. Keywords: Corona virus, respiratory, viruses, Hcov, host, RNA.

A Review of the Virology of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Aldonna Maria Susngi ◽  
◽  
Clara Ermine Sawian
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Key Features

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a β-coronavirus, which also includes the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Emerging in December 2019 from Wuhan, China, it has spread worldwide resulting in a pandemic that has not ended till date. This review highlights some of the key features of the virology of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals PRILAKU MASYARAKAT DIMASA PANDEMI COVID 19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Melita Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Corona Viruses

Dunia dihebohkan dengan munculnya virus jenis baru, sebuah virus yang dikenal dengan sebutan virus corona. Corona viruses (CoV) merupakan bagian dari keluarga virus yang menyebabkan penyakit mulai dari flu hingga penyakit yang lebih berat seperti Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Penyakit yang disebabkan virus corona, atau dikenal dengan COVID-19, adalah jenis baru yang ditemukan pada tahun 2019 dan belum pernah diidentifikasi menyerang manusia sebelumnya. COVID-19 menjadi bencana nonalam terbesar di dunia tahun 2020. Pertama kali merebak di Wuhan China selanjutnya menular ke negara-negara lain termasuk Indonesia. Masyarakat berada dalam ketidakpastian dan menerima banyak informasi tentang Covid-19 melalui berbagai media, utamanya media sosial. Kondisi ini diperparah dengan penyebaran hoaks terkait COVID-19 yang sulit dibendung. Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang memiliki karakteristik geografis berbeda-beda. Akses dan mutu pelayanan kesehatan dasar saat ini masih belum menjangkau seluruh daerah, terutama di daerah tertinggal, terpencil dan kepulauan (DTPK). Coronavirus 2019 atau COVID-19 merupakan pandemi yang telah mengakibatkan tingginya angka mortalitas di berbagai belahan dunia. Pengetahuan mengenai pandemi COVID-19 yang baik dan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat sebagai upaya mencegah penularan COVID-19 penting untuk diterapkan.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children; What Do We Know So Far?

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Benhur Şirvan Çetin
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Post Infectious

After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 is the newest member of the family of coronaviruses that are pathogenic to humans. The disease which occurs with SARS-CoV-2 is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 was first described in December 2019 and has caused millions of people to get sick and hundreds of thousands of deaths over the past year. In this review, the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical and aboratory features, radiological findings, treatment, and management of the disease are all reviewed from a pediatrician’s perspective. Post-infectious complications, the impact of COVID-19 on global child health, and vaccine developments were also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals A New-fangled Corona virus coupled with Human Respiratory and AI in COVID-19 Discovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1S) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
V. A. Kotkar, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Corona Viruses

Recently a very strange time to fight with invisible enemy. The Corona virus ailment 2019 also known as COVID-19 outburst, which emerged from Wuhan, the Hubei Province, China, had broaden to all the regions of China and 28 additional countries. Corona viruses are a group of viruses with non segmented, single stranded and positive–sense RNA genomes. Corona viruses is also popular to contaminate human hosts and effect respiratory disease like brutal SARS-CoV (Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus). In this paper we discussed on detail analysis of COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals In COVID-19 time, how to protect myself and others? a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Angham G Hadi ◽  
Mohammed Kadhom ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
Nany Hairunisa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The Common

Coronaviruses are a big identified group of viruses that could result in sickness in humans and animals. It was confirmed that many of these viruses caused respiratory diseases among humans and their symptoms range from popular colds to more serious diseases, such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The recently detected Coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic, which causes a serious threat worldwide. There was no previous knowledge of this virus before the outbreak of Wuhan city in China in December 2019.  However, there is progress in defining, understanding and dealing with this virus.  In this review, we are focusing on the common questions regarding coronavirus transition and spread, and how to prevent the infection.  

scholarly journals COVID-19 an Updated Roadmap – Current Scenario and Recent Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-287
Author(s):  
J. Yamuna ◽  
C. Sownthariya ◽  
S N Khadatkar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Screening And Prevention

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is associated with human-to-human transmission. And it causes severe respiratory and systemic infection. Research interest on coronaviruses has been increased after the outbreak of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Wuhan, China was first infected country for COVID-19 and it is now spread wordwide. As on April 14 there are more than 100,000 death reported all over the country. The animal to human transmission is suspected to be the route cause of the viruses. Further investigation need to be confirmed for the origin of the noval virus. COVID-19 was recently identified in saliva of infected people. So the potential transmission of the virus is through saliva of infected people. In this article, we discuss the roadmap of COVID-19 and summerised the clinical clarification, diagnosis, causes and risk factor, currently available test, screening and prevention.

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus NS4b Protein Inhibits Host RNase L Activation

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Thornbrough ◽  
Babal K. Jha ◽  
Boyd Yount ◽  
Stephen A. Goldstein ◽  
Yize Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Rnase L ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Ns4b Protein

ABSTRACTMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. Like many coronaviruses, MERS-CoV carries genes that encode multiple accessory proteins that are not required for replication of the genome but are likely involved in pathogenesis. Evasion of host innate immunity through interferon (IFN) antagonism is a critical component of viral pathogenesis. The IFN-inducible oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway activates upon sensing of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Activated RNase L cleaves viral and host single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), which leads to translational arrest and subsequent cell death, preventing viral replication and spread. Here we report that MERS-CoV, a lineage CBetacoronavirus, and related bat CoV NS4b accessory proteins have phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and antagonize OAS-RNase L by enzymatically degrading 2′,5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A), activators of RNase L. This is a novel function for NS4b, which has previously been reported to antagonize IFN signaling. NS4b proteins are distinct from lineage ABetacoronavirusPDEs and rotavirus gene-encoded PDEs, in having an amino-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) and are localized mostly to the nucleus. However, the expression level of cytoplasmic MERS-CoV NS4b protein is sufficient to prevent activation of RNase L. Finally, this is the first report of an RNase L antagonist expressed by a human or bat coronavirus and provides a specific mechanism by which this occurs. Our findings provide a potential mechanism for evasion of innate immunity by MERS-CoV while also identifying a potential target for therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCEMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, carries genes that encode accessory proteins that antagonize the host antiviral response, often the type I interferon response, and contribute to virulence. We found that MERS-CoV NS4b and homologs from related lineage C bat betacoronaviruses BtCoV-SC2013 (SC2013) and BtCoV-HKU5 (HKU5) are members of the 2H-phosphoesterase (2H-PE) enzyme family with phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Like murine coronavirus NS2, a previously characterized PDE, MERS NS4b, can antagonize activation of the OAS-RNase L pathway, an interferon-induced potent antiviral activity. Furthermore, MERS-CoV mutants with deletion of genes encoding accessory proteins NS3 to NS5 or NS4b alone or inactivation of the PDE can activate RNase L during infection of Calu-3 cells. Our report may offer a potential target for therapeutic intervention if NS4b proves to be critical to pathogenesis inin vivomodels of MERS-CoV infection.

MERS-CoV: current research progress and prospect

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronghua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
The Family ◽  
Global Threat

<p>Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped viruses, and belong to the family <em>Coronaviridae</em>, the order <em>Nidovirales</em>. CoVs distribute widely among animals and primarily cause the respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Since 2012, an outbreak of new human coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia has spread to 26 different countries and become a global threat. Here this article reviewed recent studies about the emergence, reservoir of MERS-CoV, and the animal models and treatments for MERS-CoV.</p><p> </p>

Hypothesis: Designation of Liposomal Scavenger System for Fighting against 2019-nCoV

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nooshin Bagherani ◽  
Bruce R. Smoller
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Family ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 virus, is a member of the family Coronaviridae, which is responsible for the current pandemic of disease COVID-19. It is the seventh member of the family Coronaviridae, which infects humans, after 229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Fever, dry cough and severe pneumonia are seen as common symptoms at the early stages of COVID-19. Some cases progress to acute respiratory stress syndrome, septic shock, organ failure, and death. The development of an effective treatment or vaccination for treating or preventing this lethal condition is an urgent need in order to fight this crisis. Up to now, some effective vaccines with different efficacy profiles have been introduced. Herein, we have theoretically designed a scavenger system for gathering 2019-nCoVs, breaking them, and re-introducing them to the immune system.

IMPLEMENTASI ALGORITMA K-MEANS DALAM MENENTUKAN TINGKAT PENYEBARAN PANDEMI COVID-19 DI SUMATERA BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Dian Permata Sari
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Partition System ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
The Government ◽  
Corona Viruses

Corona viruses (CoV) are part of a family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the flu to more severe illnesses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). This virus can be transmitted from person to person through small droplets from the nose or mouth when coughing, sneezing or speaking. Because the spread of this virus is very fast, it requires fast handling so that this virus does not spread, one of which is by implementing health protocols, namely maintaining distance, washing hands and using masks. All provinces in Indonesia have not been spared from this virus, including the province of West Sumatra. Classification of the spread of this virus is necessary in order to break the chain of its spread. One of the techniques used in this grouping is k-means, which uses several groups to assign multiple data to a partition system. The results of this study indicate that the regions in the first cluster have the highest rates of positive cases and patients who die, while the areas in the second and third clusters have the potential for the spread of Covid-19 which is also a concern of the government.

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