scholarly journals The correlation and determinants of cost-benefit analysis of measles vaccines among the medical centers providing Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Mehak Nimra ◽  
Hamza Irshad ◽  
Muhammad Murtaza Hasnain ◽  
Sheikh Muhammad Ishaque
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Medical Centers

Introduction: Measles is a highly contagious viral infection, vaccine-preventable diseases claim the lives of nearly 30 million people each year around the world, including 17% of children under the age of 5. Methodology: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional investigation. Retrospective data collection was used. We looked at medical centers that provided EPI administrations. Results: Around 8% of the youngsters in the study were found to have measles, according to the health center's records. There are an undetermined number of measles-infected children. Only 12% of those surveyed had received the measles vaccine, and the vast majority (88%) had never received the shot. According to statistical analysis, the study's r square value is r=0.35, which is considered to be an intermediate direct relationship (Wastage of vaccine and total cost). It illustrates that if there is no system of checks and balances on vaccine waste, it could have an impact on the overall cost of the vaccination. Vaccines wastage shows a positive association with Dose wastage x2= 438.8 (p-value 0.002). the breakage of vaccine vial x2 = 369.6 (p-value 0.015), expiration of vaccines x2 = 1068 (p-value 0.006), cold chain maintenance x2 = 79.99 (p-value 0.014) & inventory missing was x2 646.9 (p-value 0.004) showed statistical significance. Conclusion: The elimination of any disease would be contributed by the parallel factors one of that includes also financial state. In less time and cost we can vaccinate the number of children and can achieve universal coverage of immunization.

Awareness of radiation doses and risks among radiology residents, fellows, specialists, consultants and technologists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study. (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashayer Hassan Shuaib ◽  
Rahaf Hisham Niazi ◽  
Ahmed Haitham Abduljabbar ◽  
Mohammed Abdulraheem Wazzan
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
P Value ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Right ◽  
Interventional Radiology Procedures ◽  
Radiology Staff

BACKGROUND Radiology now plays a major role to diagnose, monitoring, and management of several diseases; numerous diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures involve exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiology now plays a major role to diagnose, monitoring, and management of several diseases; numerous diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures involve exposure to ionizing radiation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to discover and compare the awareness level of radiation doses, protection issues, and risks among radiology staff in Jeddah hospitals. METHODS A cross-sectional survey containing 25 questions on personal information and various aspects of radiation exposure doses and risks was designed using an online survey tool and the link was emailed to all radiology staff in eight tertiary hospitals in Jeddah. The authors were excluded from the study. A P-value of < .05 was used to identify statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 21. RESULTS Out of 156 participants the majority 151 (96.8%) had poor knowledge score, where the mean scores were 2.4±1.3 for doses knowledge, 2.1±1.1for cancer risks knowledge, 2.3±0.6 for general information, and 6.7±1.9 for the total score. Only 34.6% of the participants were aware of the dosage of a single-view chest x-ray, and 9.0% chose the right answer for the approximate effective dose received by a patient in a two-view. 42.9% were able to know the correct dose of CT abdomen single phase. There is a significant underestimation of cancer risk of CT studies especially for CT abdomen where only 23.7% knew the right risk. A p-value of <0.05 was used to identify statistical significance. No significant difference of knowledge score was detected regarding gender (P =.2) or work position (P=.66). CONCLUSIONS Our survey results show considerable inadequate knowledge in all groups without exception. We recommended a conscientious effort to deliver more solid education and obtain more knowledge in these matters and providing periodic training courses to teach how to minimize the dose of radiation and to avoid risk related. CLINICALTRIAL not applicable

Comparative assessment of overweight/obesity among rural and urban reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Evidence from a cross-sectional 2016 national survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010602098234
Author(s):  
Gizachew Worku Dagnew ◽  
Melash Belachew Asresie
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Background: Overweight/obesity has become a global health problem for both developed and developing regions. Nowadays, overweight/obesity among childrearing-age women has become rapidly increasing in both urban and rural areas. Aim: This study aimed to assess the variation of overweight/obesity among urban and rural reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods: For this study, the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data were used. The survey was a community-based cross-sectional study, which used a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique to select the participants. A total of 13,451 reproductive-age women were included in the analysis. Both descriptive and analytical analysis was performed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was used as the measure of statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity among urban reproductive-age women was statistically higher ( p = 21.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 18.2–25.1) than the rural women ( p = 3.5%; 95% CI: 2.9%–4.2%). Women who attend secondary or above education, women in the age groups 25–34 and ≥ 35 years, and high wealth index (rich) had higher odds of overweight/obesity in both urban and rural women. Moreover, women who were married, who had a large family size, and who have a history of alcohol intake had higher odds of overweight/obesity among urban women. Conclusions: Overweight/obesity among reproductive-age women is a public health problem in Ethiopia, especially for women who are living in urban settings. Therefore, it is important to establish targeted overweight reduction programs with particular emphasis on urban, older aged, educated, and married women. Additionally, encouraging the limitation of the number of family size and alcohol intake can reduce women’s overweight/obesity.

scholarly journals Perception on Management of Nursing Education Institutes among Bachelors Students in Selected Nursing Colleges at Kathmandu

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Bhuwan Kumari Dangol ◽  
Narbada Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Current Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Organizational Goals

Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivating and controlling, and an effective utilization of the resources to reach the organizational goals efficiently and effectively. Management has a crucial role in quality of work and production in any institutions. Although a rapid increase of Nursing Education Institutions in Nepal since last decade which had been trained thousands of nursing cadres, the management aspects of these institutions are not studied adequately. Thus current study intended to explore the current status of Nursing Education Institution Management as experienced and perceived by the bachelors nursing students. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the nursing institutions in Kathmandu valley. Of the total 28 in the valley, 14 were selected purposively. From the selected institutions, all 377 eligible students currently in final year of study were selected. Among them, 208were from BSN and 169 were from B Sc program.  The data was collected through the self administered structured questioners after taking informed consent. Data entry and analysis was done in SPSS version 16 software. The findings of the study show that 70% students were satisfied in institutional management (mean59.62, SD ± 3.66). In academic management (78%), (mean139.82, SD ± 6.22), followed by human resources 67%, (mean43.54, SD ± 2.79) and were in physical resources management 75% students were satisfied (mean45.02, SD ± 3.08). Analysis of variations between group (administrators, faculties, students) found statistical significance (p value <0.05). So it is concluded the perception of students, faculties and administrator were different on managing the nursing education.

scholarly journals Climate Change Awareness and related Tree Planting Practices in a Rural Community in North-Western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
A.A. Gobir ◽  
A.A. Aliyu ◽  
A.A. Abubakar ◽  
C. Esekhaigbe ◽  
I.A. Joshua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Tree Cutting ◽  
Fire Wood

Background: Tree cutting is one of the causes of climate change and a common practice in Africa, a continent under significant threat from climate change. Therefore, climate change awareness and mitigation are vital to reducing its impacts in the region. Reforestation through planting of trees is an important carbon emission reduction strategy. This study assessed climate change awareness and related tree planting practices among household heads in a Nigerian rural community.Methods: A community-based descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2019 among all household heads in Nasarawan Buhari community. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the 104 household heads (or their representatives). Data was analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0) and statistical significance was set at p value of < 0.05.Results: The mean age of respondents was 40.6±12.6 years, and most of them (87.5%) were males. Half (50.0%) were aware of climate change, and their main source of information was radio (63.5%). Most (98.1%) used fire wood for cooking. Only a minority (27.9%) planted at least a tree in the year preceding the study. There was a statistically significant association between climate change awareness and occupation (p=0.038) but not with tree planting (p=0.827).Conclusion: The results indicated that only half of respondents were aware of climate change. There was high use of wood as cooking fuel with low tree planting. Tree planting was not associated with climate change awareness. There is therefore a need for continuous climate change education and mitigation campaign in the community.

scholarly journals Gender-Related Differences of Cardiac Troponin-I Levels in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction at Time of Acute Chest Pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Mahir Abdulkadhum Khudhair Alzughaibi ◽  
Ammar Waheeb Obeiad ◽  
Nassar Abdalaema Abdalhadi Mera ◽  
Mohammed Sadeq Hamzah Al-Ruwaiee
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Acute Chest Pain ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Of Admission

Background: Cardiac Troponins-I (CTNI) are myoregulatory polypeptides that control the actin-myosin interface, considered specific to cardiomyocytes. Age and sex variances in the extent of CTNI levels have arisen a recent debatable emphasis. Existing revisions do not display a reliable clinical power of sex-specific CTNI 99th centiles, which actually might mirror procedural aspects. Nevertheless, from a biochemical viewpoint, the trends of sex-specific CTNI 99th centiles seem sensible for the ruling-in of acute myocardial infarction AMI. Vulnerable females may be missed when applying the male sex-specific threshold. This study aimed to determine whether gender differences in CTNI exist in patients with AMI presented with chest pain. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional, single-center, included 236-patients with AMI diagnosis by cardiologists at Merjan teaching hospital during the period from April to July 2020 from patients attending the hospital for cardiac consultation complaining of acute chest pain suggestive of AMI. Blood analysis had initiated at the time of admission included serum creatinine, blood urea, R/FBS, WBCs, PCV, and serum CTNI. A p-value below 0.05 specifies statistical significance. All statistical bioanalyses had performed by IBM-SPSS, version-25 for Windows. Results: The mean age of participants was 67.5 years, the men were dominant 76.2%. The incidence of DM and hypertension were significantly high and 24.5% of the patients were current smokers. Biochemical serum analysis revealed mean creatinine, urea, sugar, and STI values were 79.8±4.2 mmol/l, 15.9±1.7 mmol/l, 10.9±0.9 mmol/l, and 7.9±0.6 ng/ml separately. Both hypertension and smoking were significantly (p-0.001) more among males compared to the females, which is not the case for the prevalence of DM. The males were heavier significantly than females (p-0.001). Almost, there was no impact of gender on most of the other study variables other than serum TNI levels, which were significantly higher among the males (p-0.001). Conclusion: In patients with AMI presented with acute chest pain, the routine of CTNI in the diagnosis of AMI is based on the patient's gender. The application of gender-dependent cutoff levels for CTNI analyses appears to be highly suggested.

scholarly journals Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Ghana

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Sumani Abdul-Manan ◽  
Alhassan Iddrisu Abdullai ◽  
Buhari Gunu Yussif
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Background: A proven strategy for saving lives from vaccine-preventable diseases is the timely vaccination of the people. In Ghana, there is considerable hesitation about the Covid-19 vaccines due to anxieties and uncertainties about their safety. With varying perceptions and believes being developed about Covid-19 vaccines, there is a likely negative effect on vaccine acceptance or otherwise. This study aims to ascertain the levels of acceptance of potential Covid-19 vaccine among Ghanaian adults, to identify predictors of vaccine acceptance or hesitance. Methodology: A web based cross-sectional survey conducted among Ghanaians above 18 years, conducted between the month of February and March, 2021. Data were collected by administering online google forms (Questionnaire). The questionnaire was shared through social media platforms. A snowball sampling technique was used where researchers shared google forms to close friends and family. Analyses were conducted at p-value <0.05 using descriptive statistics, cross-tabula­tions and logistic regression. Results: A total of 350 responses were achieved by end of data collection. Out of these, only 348 were considered for analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Majority of the respondents (65.2%) were male, a third (30%) of them live in rural areas and about 57.5% were married. Factors such as age, educational level, prior vaccine acceptance history, personal vulnerability and self-feeling of health were significantly associated with covid-19 vaccine acceptance. Conclusion: The results depict low acceptance rate for potential covid-19 vaccine among Ghanaians. Government and MoH should engage the media on its role in combating misinformation with regards the Covid-19 vaccine. Key words: coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), vaccine, hesitance, acceptance.

scholarly journals Gender difference in betel quid consumption levels and tobacco use among adults in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Yin Min Aye ◽  
Seo Ah Hong ◽  
Bang-On Thepthien ◽  
Sariyamon Tiraphat
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Betel Quid ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Betel Quid Chewing ◽  
No Consumption

Several small scaled studies in Myanmar investigated determinants of betel quid chewing status but to better understand more complete profiles of betel quid chewing habits, this study investigated the associations of betel quid consumption levels with tobacco and sociodemographic factors using a nationally representative sample in Myanmar. A cross-sectional, secondary data analysis was conducted by using Myanmar demographic and health survey (MDHS) (2015-2016). Chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression were performed with p-value&lt;0.05 as significance. Men averagely chewed 5.59 (SD=8.229) pieces per day while women chewed 1.25 (SD=3.584) pieces. The prevalence of chewing daily pieces 1-2, 3-5 and 6+ were 7.9%, 17.1% and 34.2% for men and 6.1%, 8% and 7.1 %, respectively, for women. In multivariate analysis, low education, low family wealth, married, and urban were more likely to chew 6+ pieces per day relevant to no consumption in both genders, while a positive association with age was observed only in women. Tobacco use was associated with low consumption level (1-2 pieces), relative to no consumption in both genders. Therefore, this study underlined the need to improve knowledge on the dangers associated with betel quid chewing and tobacco use among socially disadvantaged populations and urban residents.

scholarly journals Economic implications of polypharmacy in Nepal: Multicenter community-based study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binaya Sapkota ◽  
Suraj Shakya ◽  
Saroj Sah ◽  
Narendra Chaudhary ◽  
Bijendra Tamang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Total Cost

Objective:Improper management of polypharmacy in community and hospital pharmacies may lead to adverse effects and drug interactions in patients of all age groups, especially children and the elderly. This study aimed to determine the scenario of polypharmacy in multiple communities in Nepal and the costs associated with them. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting:Local communities of nine districts in Nepal Participants:Total 400 patients of all age groups, who were consuming medicines and who fulfilled inclusion criteria from May 2017 to August 2018 Primary and secondary outcome measures:A semi-structured questionnaire, based on the prescription optimization method, was used for data collection. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze the statistical significance of polypharmacy with the predictor variables (e.g., age, education level, occupation, diagnosis, total cost of medicines). The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Polypharmacy cases and their economic implications were reported. Results:Eighty-one patients (20.3%) with an age group of 22-31 years with female patients (219, 54.8%) reported more polypharmacy events. There were 216 patients (54%) with prescriptions of five medicines i.e., moderate polypharmacy. Total number of medicines consumed by all 400 patients was 2269, with a mean, SD 5.67, 1.08. Total expenditure by all 400 patients was USD 3409.54 during the study period, with a mean, SD 8.66, 6.04. Both moderate and severe polypharmacy cases were non-significantly related with age, gender and total cost of medications. They had significant relationship in almost all levels of education and occupation and showed mixed type of significance and non-significance with the diagnosis of the respondents. Conclusion: Polypharmacy cases can be minimized, considering adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Further studies are warranted in medication utilization and avoidable polypharmacy along with detailed pharmacoeconomic evaluation.

scholarly journals Factors associated with common mental disorder in school teenagers

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deise da Silva Monteiro ◽  
Ridalva Dias Martins ◽  
Nadirlene Pereira Gomes ◽  
Rosana Santos Mota ◽  
Marimeire Morais da Conceição ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black Race

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence of common mental disorders and associated factors in school adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional study with 230 adolescents from a public school in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We used a questionnaire and an assessment scale for common mental disorders. The data were processed in STATA, version 12. Results: The prevalence of common mental disorders in schoolchildren was 52.2%. Multivariate analysis identified a positive association with statistical significance between the condition and the variables:female gender (PR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.77-5.4), black race (PR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.04-4.16),having a boyfriend (PR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.06-4.03) and smoking cigarettes once in a lifetime (PR = 2.88; 95% CI : 1.31 - 6.31). The school increase (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29-0.91) was identified as a protective factor. Conclusion: Female gender, black race, having a relationship, and having smoked cigarettes are factors that increase the chances of adolescents having common mental disorders.

scholarly journals Frequency of number of roots and root canals of maxillary first premolar teeth.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1513-1518
Author(s):  
Munawar Aziz Khattak ◽  
Sana Arbab ◽  
Syed Amjad Shah
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Chamber Floor

Objective: To determine the frequency of the number of roots and root canals in a sample of 250 extracted maxillary first premolar teeth of patients visiting Peshawar Dental College and Hospital Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study Design: Cross Sectional. Setting: Department of Oral Biology, Peshawar Dental College and Hospital Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Period: April 2016 to December 2016. Material & Methods: A total of 250 extracted human maxillary first premolars were collected from the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Peshawar Dental College, and Hospital Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. All teeth were visually inspected to count the number of roots. Subsequently, the access cavity was prepared, and pulp extirpated from each tooth. Endodontic explorer was used to locating the canal orifice(s) at the pulp chamber floor. Later the root canal orifices were injected with India ink to stain the canals. After that roots of teeth were sectioned at different levels to note down the number of canals. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. The statistical significance of the variations from mean values was considered significant if the p-value was less than 0.05. Results: Out of 250 maxillary first premolar teeth, 44.8% had one root, 40.4% had two separate and 12.8% had two fused roots. Three roots were seen in 2.0% teeth. Two root canals were present in the vast majority (70.4%), whereas one and three root canals were seen in 27.6% and 2.0% teeth, respectively. The correlation between the number of roots and root canals of maxillary first premolar teeth was highly significant. Conclusions: There was a high frequency of maxillary first premolars with two roots and two root canals.

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