Gender difference in betel quid consumption levels and tobacco use among adults in Myanmar

Several small scaled studies in Myanmar investigated determinants of betel quid chewing status but to better understand more complete profiles of betel quid chewing habits, this study investigated the associations of betel quid consumption levels with tobacco and sociodemographic factors using a nationally representative sample in Myanmar. A cross-sectional, secondary data analysis was conducted by using Myanmar demographic and health survey (MDHS) (2015-2016). Chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression were performed with p-value<0.05 as significance. Men averagely chewed 5.59 (SD=8.229) pieces per day while women chewed 1.25 (SD=3.584) pieces. The prevalence of chewing daily pieces 1-2, 3-5 and 6+ were 7.9%, 17.1% and 34.2% for men and 6.1%, 8% and 7.1 %, respectively, for women. In multivariate analysis, low education, low family wealth, married, and urban were more likely to chew 6+ pieces per day relevant to no consumption in both genders, while a positive association with age was observed only in women. Tobacco use was associated with low consumption level (1-2 pieces), relative to no consumption in both genders. Therefore, this study underlined the need to improve knowledge on the dangers associated with betel quid chewing and tobacco use among socially disadvantaged populations and urban residents.

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Frequency of micronuclei in oral mucosal smears of female municipal sweepers with betel quid chewing practice

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v11i1.31677 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1847-1851

Author(s):

Archana Shetty ◽

Chahita Verma ◽

Vijaya Chowdappa

Keyword(s):

Oral Cancer ◽

Buccal Mucosa ◽

Hard Palate ◽

Betel Quid ◽

P Value ◽

Early Screening ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Carcinogenic Potential ◽

Betel Quid Chewing ◽

Mucosal Cells

Background: Oral cancer is common worldwide. Study of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal mucosal cells holds great scope in bio monitoring their carcinogenic potential. Betel quid chewing is one of the most common factors contributing to oral cancers. Ours being a developing country, a study was undertaken among female municipal sweepers, majority of who are betel quid chewers, unaware of the harmful effects of the same. We attempted to cytologically access the presence and compare the proportion of micronuclei in the right, left buccal mucosa and hard palate of female municipal sweepers with and without betel quid chewing practice.Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study with purposive sampling. Buccal smears were analysed from 30 betel quid chewers & non chewer females for micronuclei. Mean and standard deviationwere calculated. Independent T test was used for comparison between groups. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Frequency of micronuclei in betel quid chewers and non-chewers was 26.80+/-11.96 and 7.76+/-4.73. The frequency of total micronuclei per 250 cells in cases was 9.3+/-5.37 in right buccal mucosa, 9.43+/-5.66 in left buccal mucosa, 9.43+/- 5.66 in hard palate and 3.33+/- 2.88 in right buccal mucosa, 2.96+/-3.31 in left buccal mucosa, and 2.96+/-3.31 in hard palate in controls. Conclusions: The mean number of micronuclei in buccal mucosal cells of female municipal sweepers with betel quid chewing practice was significantly higher compared to controls reaffirming their carcinogenic potential and highlighting the need of early screening for oral cancer in susceptible groups.

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Acute food insecurity and short-term coping strategies of urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic of 2020: report of a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043365 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e043365

Author(s):

Subhasish Das ◽

Md. Golam Rasul ◽

Md Shabab Hossain ◽

Ar-Rafi Khan ◽

Md Ashraful Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Rural Households ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Insecure Households

IntroductionWe conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the extent and to identify the determinants of food insecurity and coping strategies in urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the month-long, COVID-19 lockdown period.SettingSelected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.Participants106 urban and 106 rural households.Outcome variables and methodHousehold food insecurity status and the types of coping strategies were the outcome variables for the analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done to identify the determinants.ResultsWe found that around 90% of the households were suffering from different grades of food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was higher in urban (42%) than rural (15%) households. The rural households with mild/moderate food insecurity adopted either financial (27%) or both financial and food compromised (32%) coping strategies, but 61% of urban mild/moderate food insecure households applied both forms of coping strategies. Similarly, nearly 90% of severely food insecure households implemented both types of coping strategies. Living in poorest households was significantly associated (p value <0.05) with mild/moderate (regression coefficient, β: 15.13, 95% CI 14.43 to 15.82), and severe food insecurity (β: 16.28, 95% CI 15.58 to 16.97). The statistically significant (p <0.05) determinants of both food compromised and financial coping strategies were living in urban areas (β: 1.8, 95% CI 0.44 to 3.09), living in poorest (β: 2.7, 95% CI 1 to 4.45), poorer (β: 2.6, 95% CI 0.75 to 4.4) and even in the richer (β: 1.6, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.9) households and age of the respondent (β: 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21).ConclusionBoth urban and rural households suffered from moderate to severe food insecurity during the month-long lockdown period in Bangladesh. But, poorest, poorer and even the richer households adopted different coping strategies that might result in long-term economic and nutritional consequences.

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CORRELATION BETWEEN SMOKE-FREE AREAS AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN INDONESIA

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v8i22020.117-124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

Mohamad Anis Fahmi

Keyword(s):

Public Awareness ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Computer Application ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

The Government ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

The Impact

Background: Low public awareness of the impact of smoking makes the implementation of smoke-free areas (KTR) difficult. Smoke-free areas aim to protect the public from the direct and indirect effects of smoking. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the application of smoke-free areas and the prevalence of active and ex-smokers in Indonesia. Method: This study implemented a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the Riskesdas 2018 on active and ex-smokers. KTR application data were obtained from the Profile of Non-Communicable Diseases in 2016. A Pearson product-moment test was conducted by a computer application to determine the correlation coefficient (r). This coefficient was used to describe the level of correlation between the two variables; significance was determined as a p value of 5%. Results: This study showed that the average application of KTR throughout Indonesia was 50.83%, active smokers comprised 23.49% of the population, and ex-smokers comprised 4.94%. Most active smokers were in Java and Sumatra, while the majority of ex-smokers were in Java and Sulawesi and the majority of KTR was in Java. This study shows that there is a positive correlation between KTR application and the percentage of ex-smokers (r = 0.46; p value = 0.01). Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the application of KTR and an increase in ex-smokers. The government needs to increase the application of KTR policies.

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Hubungan Pemberian Anestesi Regional Dengan Kelancaran ASI Pada Ibu Post Partum Sectio Caesarea Di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Gresik

MAGNA MEDICA: Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran dan Kesehatan ◽

10.26714/magnamed.7.2.2020.42-48 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Vina Rahmatika ◽

Musa Ghufron ◽

Nenny Triastuti ◽

Syaiful Rochman

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

Post Partum ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Primary Data ◽

Sectio Caesarea ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Anesthetic Drugs

Background: The birth rate by caesarean section method is getting higher. Risk data for 2013 shows the method of birth with the operation method of 9.8 percent of the total 49,603 births during 2010 to 2013. Being in practice the mother must be given anesthetic before the surgery begins. This anesthesia will later affect the pain that will occur after SC. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between regional anesthetic drugs and the smoothness of breast milk in women born in sectio caesarea at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital. Method: Method with Cross Sectional approach. The population in this study mothers who gave birth in a caesarean section at Muhammadiyah Hospital Gresik in December 2019 to January 2020. The sampling technique in this study is probability / random simple sampling. The sample in this study was a portion of mothers who gave birth in a caesarean section at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital. The instrument used was primary data collection in the form of questionnaires and secondary data in the form of patient medical records. Result: The data obtained in this study were processed using spearman correlation statistics. From the statistical test the Correlation coefficient value was 0.807, and obtained P-Value equal to 0,000 this value is less than 0.05. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is a correlation between the administration of a regional anesthetics and the smoothness of breast milk in mothers of post partum caesarea at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital.

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Prevalence and Determinant of Depression among Multi-Drug Resistance Tuberculosis: Study in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital

Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia ◽

10.36497/jri.v40i2.106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 88-96

Author(s):

Mahalul Azam ◽

Arulita Ika Fibriana ◽

Fitri Indrawati ◽

Indah Septiani

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

General Hospital ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Depression Status ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Mdr Tb

Backgrouds: Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) adds the burden of tuberculosis (TB). Depression is a common comorbidity in TB patients. Prevalence of depression among MDR-TB patients was higher, i.e. 11-70%. Prevalence of depression among TB patients in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital was 51.9%. Previous study reported the determinants related to the depression in MDR-TB patients. This study explored the prevalence of depression in MDR-TB patients and its determinants. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted from July-August 2019. Data consisted of primary and secondary data from Dr. Kariadi General Hospital patients. Sample in this study involved 72 respondents, over 16 years old from 151 registered MDR-TB patients. Depression status was determined using Depression Anxiety Stress Scales obtained from the medical record. Subjects’ characteristics and determinants were collected from primary as well as secondary data. Descriptive data were presented in proportion. Chi-square test continued by Binary logistic regression was performed to determine the association between depression status and its determinants. A P-value

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Economic implications of polypharmacy in Nepal: Multicenter community-based study

10.1101/2020.09.12.20193458 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Binaya Sapkota ◽

Suraj Shakya ◽

Saroj Sah ◽

Narendra Chaudhary ◽

Bijendra Tamang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Interactions ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Total Cost

Objective:Improper management of polypharmacy in community and hospital pharmacies may lead to adverse effects and drug interactions in patients of all age groups, especially children and the elderly. This study aimed to determine the scenario of polypharmacy in multiple communities in Nepal and the costs associated with them. Design: Cross-sectional study Setting:Local communities of nine districts in Nepal Participants:Total 400 patients of all age groups, who were consuming medicines and who fulfilled inclusion criteria from May 2017 to August 2018 Primary and secondary outcome measures:A semi-structured questionnaire, based on the prescription optimization method, was used for data collection. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze the statistical significance of polypharmacy with the predictor variables (e.g., age, education level, occupation, diagnosis, total cost of medicines). The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Polypharmacy cases and their economic implications were reported. Results:Eighty-one patients (20.3%) with an age group of 22-31 years with female patients (219, 54.8%) reported more polypharmacy events. There were 216 patients (54%) with prescriptions of five medicines i.e., moderate polypharmacy. Total number of medicines consumed by all 400 patients was 2269, with a mean, SD 5.67, 1.08. Total expenditure by all 400 patients was USD 3409.54 during the study period, with a mean, SD 8.66, 6.04. Both moderate and severe polypharmacy cases were non-significantly related with age, gender and total cost of medications. They had significant relationship in almost all levels of education and occupation and showed mixed type of significance and non-significance with the diagnosis of the respondents. Conclusion: Polypharmacy cases can be minimized, considering adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Further studies are warranted in medication utilization and avoidable polypharmacy along with detailed pharmacoeconomic evaluation.

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Magnitude of exposure and perception of second hand smoking among rural population in Trichy, Tamil Nadu

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173350 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (8) ◽

pp. 2946

Author(s):

Hemalatha K. ◽

Varunkumar R. ◽

Vandana S. J.

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽

Tobacco Smoke ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

P Value ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Protection Measures

Background: India is one of the countries where tobacco use is highly prevalent. Tobacco use in the form of smoking is related to occurrence of multiple health related problems in smokers and also general population.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 360 adults residing in a rural area of Tiruchirappalli. Cluster sampling was used to select the study participants. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on tobacco use, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), knowledge on its health effects and protection measures. Data was entered and analyzed using Epi info 7.2. The results were presented in the form of mean and percentage. Chi-square was used to find the association between the parameters and ETS. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Mean age of the study group was 38.5±10.8 years. Proportion of males and females was 53.9% and 46.1% respectively. Two hundred and fifty five (70.8%) were non-smokers and 29.2% have ever smoked some form of tobacco product. Thirty seven percent of the non-smokers were exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the past 15 days and exposure was higher among males (46.7%) than females (31.3%) (χ2 value=6.3; p=0.014). Public place was the most common place of exposure (25.5%) to ETS. Significantly higher proportion of smokers had correct knowledge on ill effects of ETS than smokers (χ2 value=12.3; p= 0.0004).Conclusions: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was significantly high in the study population. Either strict enforcement of laws or banning cigarette sale completely would help reducing the exposure to cigarette smoke which is an important risk factor for multiple non communicable diseases.

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Association Between Dietary Consumption, Anthropometric Measures And Body Composition Of Rural And Urban Ghanaian Adults; A Comparative Cross Sectional Study.

10.21203/rs.2.15678/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nana Ama Frimpomaa Agyapong ◽

Reginald Adjetey Annan ◽

Charles Apprey ◽

Linda Nana Esi Aduku ◽

Catherina Elizabeth Swart

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

P Value ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Consumption ◽

Rural And Urban

Abstract Background: Overweight and obesity have become threats to public health in all regions across the globe. Policies to regulate the food environment and promote healthy food consumption can reduce the prevalence obesity but in Ghana there is not enough data to elicit a policy response. This study assessed the association between dietary consumption, anthropometric measures, body composition and physical activity among rural and urban Ghanaian adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 565 Ghanaian adults. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic information. Dietary consumption was assessed using household food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall. Height, weight, BMI, waist circumference and body composition of all participants were also measured. The World Health Organization’s Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to assess physical activity levels. Mann Whitney U test was used to analyze differences in anthropometric measurements, body composition and dietary consumption among rural and urban participants. Principal component analysis was used to analyze household food frequency data and nutrient analysis template was used to analyze 24-hour recall. Chi-square was used to measure differences in obesity prevalence by community and gender. Multinomial logistic regression was used to model the risk factors associated with obesity. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity using BMI were 29.9 and 22.9 respectively. The use of waist circumference measurement resulted in the highest overall obesity prevalence of 41.5%. Prevalence of obesity was higher among females compared to males across all measures with the exception of visceral fat that showed no significant difference. Four different patterns were derived from principal component analysis. Among urban participants, component 3 (staple pattern) showed a significant negative correlation with visceral fat (r -0.186, p-value 0.013) and BMI (r -0.163, p-value 0.029). Multinomial logistic regression showed that males (AOR 19.715, CI 9.723-39.978, p-value < 0.001) had higher odds of being of normal weight compared to females. Conclusion: Prevalence of overweight and obesity continue to rise in Ghana, especially among females. Public education and screening as well as interventions that regulate the food environment and make affordable and available healthy food options are needed to control the rise in obesity prevalence.

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Disrespect and Abuse During Facility‐Based Childbirth in North Showa Zone, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-72775/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yohannes Mehretie Adinew ◽

Helen Hall ◽

Amy Marshall ◽

Janet Kelly

Keyword(s):

Maternity Care ◽

Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Public Health Facility ◽

Respectful Maternity Care ◽

P Value ◽

Disrespect And Abuse ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Care Providers ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Respectful maternity care is a fundamental human right, and an important component of quality maternity care that every childbearing woman should receive. Disrespect and abuse during childbirth is not only a violation of a women’s rights, it is associated with a reduction in the number of women accessing professional maternity services and increases the risk of maternal mortality. This study investigated women’s experience of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 435 randomly selected women who had given birth at public health facility within the previous twelve months in North showa zone of Ethiopia. A structured, researcher administered questionnaire was used with data collected using digital, tablet-based tools. Participants’ experiences were measured using the seven categories and verification criteria of disrespect and abuse identified by White Ribbon Alliance. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the association between experience of disrespect and abuse and interpersonal and structural factors at p-value < 0.05 and OR values with 95% conﬁdence interval. Results: All participants reported at least one form of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. Types of disrespect and abuse experienced by participants were; physical abuse 435(100%), non-consented care 423(97.2%), non-confidential care 288 (66.2%), abandonment/ neglect (34.7%), non-dignified care 126(29%), discriminatory care 99(22.8%) and detention 24(5.5%). Hospital birth [AOR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.75, 5.27], rural residence [AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.76, 2.71], monthly household income less than 1,644 Birr (USD 57) [AOR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.20, 4.26], being attended by female providers [AOR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.86] and midwifery nurses [AOR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.39] showed positive association with experience of disrespect and abuse. Conclusion: The level of disrespect and abuse is high and its drivers and enablers include both structural and interpersonal factors. Expanding the size and skill mix of professionals in the preferred facilities (hospitals), and sensitizing care providers and health managers regarding the magnitude and consequences of D&A are strategies that could possibly promote more dignified and respectful maternity care.

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