Comparison of Plantar Force, Pressure and Impulse During Walking in Men and Women With Flat Feet

Objective: This study aims to compare the variables of plantar force, pressure and impulse during walking in men and women with flat feet. Methods: The study population consists of non-athlete students with and without flat feet. Of these, 48 (male and female) were selected as study samples. The peak pressure, force and impulse on the foot were measured during walking by a foot scanner at a sampling frequency of 253 Hz. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to examine the normality of data distribution, and data analysis was performed using MANOVA in SPSS software, considering the significance level at P<0.05. Results: Men with flat feet had more peak plantar pressure and force in the midfoot than healthy men, and more peak plantar pressure on the hallux. Women with flat feet had more peak plantar pressure and force on the hallux, toes T2-T3-T4-T5, M2 metatarsal head, and midfoot than healthy women. Men with flat feet had peak plantar pressure on the M4 metatarsal head than women with flat feet. Men with flat feet had different plantar impulses in the hallux, M2 metatarsal head, and lateral heal. Women with flat feet had more plantar impulses in the hallux, toes T2-T3-T4-T5, and midfoot than healthy women. There was a significant difference between men and women with flat feet in plantar impulses in metatarsal heads M3 and M4, midfoot, and lateral and medial heels Conclusion: Different effects of gender and sole structure on the distribution of plantar pressure should be considered in the production and design of shoes, medical insoles and special sports footwear.

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The Relationship between Foot Status and Motor Status in Preschool Children: A Simple, Comparative Observational Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9080936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 936

Author(s):

Milan Kojić ◽

Branka Protić Gava ◽

Milan Bajin ◽

Marko Vasiljević ◽

Jasmina Bašić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Observational Study ◽

Total Sample ◽

Nonparametric Tests ◽

Significance Level ◽

Flat Feet ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Relationship

Background: The research objective of the study is to determine the differences in the manifestation of the motor status of normally fed preschool test subjects, classified into groups according to foot status. Methods: This is a simple, comparative observational study. Preschool children included in this study have been subjected to anthropometric measurements in order to determine BMI, tests for motor skills assessment (running at 20 m from a high start, standing broad jump, backwards polygon, rectangular seated forward bend, plate tapping, sit-ups for 60 s, and bent arm hang), and a determination of foot status. The total sample was comprised of 202 test subjects who attended a regular sports program, aged 3.9 to 6.5 years of decimal age (M = 141; Age = 5.3 ± 0.74; Height = 117.3 ± 7.1; Weight = 22 ± 3.7; F = 61; Age = 5.1 ± 0.73; Height = 114.9 ± 7.4; Weight = 21.2 ± 3.8), of which 153 (75.7%) were normally fed, 6 (3%) were undernourished, 30 were overweight (14.9%), and 13 were obese (6.4%). Results: In the total sample, 30 (14.9%) subjects had normal arch feet, 90 (44.6%) high arched feet, and 41 (20.3%) flat feet. We found 41 (20.3%) subjects who had different left and right foot statuses within this sample. The data were processed by means of nonparametric tests (the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests) at a significance level p ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between groups of subjects with different foot statuses in the manifestation of motor status in most tests, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.01, and in tests of sit-ups for 60 s and the bent arm hang, there is a statistically significant difference, the level of which is p ≤ 0.05. It is only in the inclination test of rectangular seated forward bend that no statistically significant difference was displayed.

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Effect of Mini-invasive Floating Metatarsal Osteotomy on Plantar Pressure in Patients With Diabetic Plantar Metatarsal Head Ulcers

Foot & Ankle International ◽

10.1177/1071100720976099 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107110072097609

Author(s):

Eran Tamir ◽

Michael Tamar ◽

Moshe Ayalon ◽

Shlomit Koren ◽

Noam Shohat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Minimally Invasive ◽

Plantar Pressure ◽

Case Series ◽

Metatarsal Head ◽

Metatarsal Osteotomy ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Retrospective Case Series ◽

Pressure Time ◽

Peak Plantar Pressure

Background: Distal metatarsal osteotomy has been used to alleviate plantar pressure caused by anatomic deformities. This study’s purpose was to examine the effect of minimally invasive floating metatarsal osteotomy on plantar pressure in patients with diabetic metatarsal head ulcers. Methods: We performed a retrospective case series of prospectively collected data on 32 patients with diabetes complicated by plantar metatarsal head ulcers without ischemia. Peak plantar pressure and pressure time integrals were examined using the Tekscan MatScan prior to surgery and 6 months following minimally invasive floating metatarsal osteotomy. Patients were followed for complications for at least 1 year. Results: Peak plantar pressure at the level of the osteotomized metatarsal head decreased from 338.1 to 225.4 kPa ( P < .0001). The pressure time integral decreased from 82.4 to 65.0 kPa·s ( P < .0001). All ulcers healed within a mean of 3.7 ± 4.2 weeks. There was 1 recurrence (under a hypertrophic callus of the osteotomy) during a median follow-up of 18.3 months (range, 12.2-27). Following surgery, adjacent sites showed increased plantar pressure and 4 patients developed transfer lesions (under an adjacent metatarsal head); all were managed successfully. There was 1 serious adverse event related to surgery (operative site infection) that resolved with antibiotics. Conclusion: This study showed that the minimally invasive floating metatarsal osteotomy successfully reduced local plantar pressure and that the method was safe and effective, both in treatment and prevention of recurrence. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective case series of prospectively collected data.

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Analysis of Plantar Pressure Pattern after Metatarsal Head Resection. Can Plantar Pressure Predict Diabetic Foot Reulceration?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10112260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2260

Author(s):

Marta García-Madrid ◽

Yolanda García-Álvarez ◽

Francisco Javier Álvaro-Afonso ◽

Esther García-Morales ◽

Aroa Tardáguila-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plantar Pressure ◽

Metatarsal Head ◽

First Metatarsal ◽

Metatarsal Bones ◽

Second Metatarsal ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Peak Plantar Pressure ◽

One Year ◽

The Moment ◽

A Minor

To evaluate the metatarsal head that was associated with the highest plantar pressure after metatarsal head resection (MHR) and the relations with reulceration at one year, a prospective was conducted with a total of sixty-five patients with diabetes who suffered from the first MHR and with an inactive ulcer at the moment of inclusion. Peak plantar pressure and pressure time integral were recorded at five specific locations in the forefoot: first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal heads. The highest value of the four remaining metatarsals was selected. After resection of the first metatarsal head, there is a displacement of the pressure beneath the second metatarsal head (p < 0.001). Following the resection of the minor metatarsal bones, there was a medial displacement of the plantar pressure. In this way, plantar pressure was displaced under the first metatarsal head following resection of the second or third head (p = 0.001) and under the central heads after resection of the fourth or fifth metatarsal head (p < 0.009 and p < 0.001 respectively). During the one-year follow-up, patients who underwent a metatarsal head resection in the first and second metatarsal heads suffered transfer lesion in the location with the highest pressure. Patients who underwent a minor metatarsal head resection (second–fifth metatarsal heads) showed a medial transference of pressure. Additionally, following the resection of the first metatarsal head there was a transference of pressure beneath the second metatarsal head. Increase of pressure was found to be a predictor of reulceration in cases of resection of the first and second metatarsal heads.

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Effect of First Metatarsal Shortening and Dorsiflexion Osteotomies on Forefoot Plantar Pressure in a Cadaver Model

Foot & Ankle International ◽

10.1177/107110070502600913 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 748-753 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Hung-Geun Jung ◽

David I. Zaret ◽

Brent G. Parks ◽

Lew C. Schon

Keyword(s):

Plantar Pressure ◽

Dynamic Structure ◽

Metatarsal Head ◽

Wedge Osteotomy ◽

Significance Level ◽

First Metatarsal ◽

Paired Student ◽

Second Metatarsal ◽

Alpha Level ◽

Pressure Changes

Background: Metatarsalgia of the second ray is a common problem associated with disorders of the first metatarsal. It also occurs after the operative treatment of those disorders. Plantar pressure changes from alteration of the static and dynamic structure of the forefoot may be associated with this condition. This study evaluated changes in plantar forefoot pressure especially under the second metatarsal head after three operative procedures on the first ray. Methods: Each of 12 cadaver foot specimens was cyclically loaded on the servohydraulic MTS Mini Bionix test frame (MTS Systems Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) with traction on the Achilles tendon. Plantar forefoot pressure was measured by the F-scan system (Tekscan, Inc., S. Boston, MA) with the foot intact, after a first metatarsal base dorsal closing-wedge osteotomy with 5-mm base length to simulate dorsal malunion, and after 5-mm and 10-mm metatarsal shortening procedures. Paired Student t-test analysis was used to compare data for the intact foot with data after each intervention. One form of Bonferroni's correction was done to establish a new alpha level to tighten the analysis and to compensate for multiple paired Student t-tests. The significance level was calculated to be 0.016 based on an original alpha level of 0.05. Results: As compared with the intact foot, all three procedures on the first metatarsal resulted in significant decreases in plantar pressure under the first metatarsal head ( p < 0.016). Plantar pressure under the second metatarsal head increased significantly as compared with the intact foot ( p < 0.016) after all three procedures. Pressures under the third-fourth metatarsal heads increased significantly compared with the intact foot after the 5-mm and 10-mm shortenings ( p < 0.016). Plantar pressure under the fifth metatarsal did not change significantly after any of the three procedures. Conclusions: Dorsiflexion osteotomy and shortening of the first metatarsal are associated with significant forefoot plantar pressure changes in a cadaver model.

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Plantar Pressure as a Risk Assessment Tool for Diabetic Foot Ulceration in Egyptian Patients with Diabetes

Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.4137/cmed.s17088 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. CMED.S17088 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Olfat A. Fawzy ◽

Asmaa I. Arafa ◽

Mervat A. El Wakeel ◽

Shaimaa H. Abdul Kareem

Keyword(s):

Pressure Gradient ◽

Plantar Pressure ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Peak Pressure ◽

Foot Deformity ◽

Duration Of Diabetes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Peak Plantar Pressure ◽

History Of

Background Diabetic foot ulceration is a preventable long-term complication of diabetes. In the present study, peak plantar pressures (PPP) and other characteristics were assessed in a group of 100 Egyptian patients with diabetes with or without neuropathy and foot ulcers. The aim was to study the relationship between plantar pressure (PP) and neuropathy with or without ulceration and trying to clarify the utility of pedobarography as an ulceration risk assessment tool in patients with diabetes. Subjects and Methods A total of 100 patients having diabetes were selected. All patients had a comprehensive foot evaluation, including assessment for neuropathy using modified neuropathy disability score (MNDS), for peripheral vascular disease using ankle brachial index, and for dynamic foot pressures using the MAT system (Tekscan). The studied patients were grouped into: (1) diabetic control group (DC), which included 37 patients who had diabetes without neuropathy or ulceration and MNDS ≤ 2; (2) diabetic neuropathy group (DN), which included 33 patients who had diabetes with neuropathy and MNDS >2, without current or a history of ulceration; and (3) diabetic ulcer group (DU), which included 30 patients who had diabetes and current ulceration, seven of those patients also gave a history of ulceration. Results PP parameters were significantly different between the studied groups, namely, forefoot peak plantar pressure (FFPPP), rearfoot peak plantar pressure (RFPPP), forefoot/rearfoot ratio (F/R), forefoot peak pressure gradient (FFPPG) rearfoot peak pressure gradient (RFPPG), and forefoot peak pressure gradient/rearfoot peak pressure gradient (FFPPG/RFPPG) ( P < 0.05). FFPPP and F/R were significantly higher in the DU group compared to the DN and DC groups ( P < 0.05), with no significant difference between DN and DC. FFPPG was significantly higher in the DU and DN groups compared to the DC group ( P < 0.05). RFPPP and FFPPG/RFPPG were significantly higher in the DU and DN groups compared to the DC group ( P < 0.05) with no significant difference between the DN and DU groups ( P > 0.05). FFPPP, F/R ratio, FFPPG, and FFPPG/RFPPG correlated significantly with the severity of neuropathy according to MNDS ( P < 0.05). These same variables as well as MNDS were also significantly higher in patients with foot deformity compared to those without deformity ( P < 0.05). Using the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cut-point of PPP for ulceration risk, as determined by a balance of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy was 335 kPa and was found at the forefoot. Multivariate logistical regression analysis for ulceration risk was statistically significant for duration of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 0.8), smoking (OR = 9.7), foot deformity (OR = 8.7), MNDS (OR = 1.5), 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (2 h-PPG) (OR = 0.9), glycated hemoglobin (HbAz1c) (OR = 2.1), FFPPP (OR = 1.0), and FFPPG (OR = 1.0). Conclusion In conclusion, persons with diabetes having neuropathy and/or ulcers have elevated PPP. Risk of ulceration was highly associated with duration of diabetes, smoking, severity of neuropathy, glcemic control, and high PP variables especially the FFPPP, F/R, and FFPPG. We suggest a cut-point of 355 kPa for FFPPP to denote high risk for ulceration that would be more valid when used in conjunction with other contributory risk factors, namely, duration of diabetes, smoking, glycemic load, foot deformity, and severity of neuropathy.

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Peak Plantar Pressure as a Risk Factor for Lower Extremity Overuse Injury Among Infantry Soldiers

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences ◽

10.2478/prolas-2021-0009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 52-57

Author(s):

Darja Ņesteroviča ◽

Ainārs Stepens ◽

Normunds Vaivads

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Plantar Pressure ◽

Overuse Injury ◽

Screening Tool ◽

Metatarsal Head ◽

Overuse Injuries ◽

Simple Tool ◽

Peak Plantar Pressure ◽

Military Populations ◽

Plantar Pressure Measurement

AbstractThe majority of reported injuries among military populations are injuries due to cumulative repetitive microtrauma — overuse injuries. Plantar pressure measurement is a simple tool to analyse lower limb biomechanics through the assessment of forces applied to the foot. This study aimed to determine the relation between peak plantar pressure and lower extremity overuse. Sixty-six active-duty infantry male soldiers, with mean age 29.7 years (range 22–40 years), and mean service time 5.2 years (range 1–15 years) participated. The highest peak plantar pressure (PPP) at the forefoot occurred at the hallux (cases: 50.82 n/cm2, SD = 38.84; control: 34.39 n/cm2, SD= 28.03) and 3rd metatarsal head (cases: 54.40 n/cm2, SD = 33.83; control: 49.16 n/cm2, SD=28.87). The study demonstrated elevated PPP among cases. Statistically significant results were found at the hallux (χ2(1) = 6.8; p = 0.01), medial heel (χ2(1) = 5.18; p = 0.02) and lateral heel (χ2(1) = 12.12; p < 0.01) regions. The results show that plantar pressure assessment could be used as a useful screening tool for early lower extremity overuse injury detection.

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Validation of Plantar Pressure and Reaction Force Measured by Moticon Pressure Sensor Insoles on a Concept2 Rowing Ergometer

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21072418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2418

Author(s):

Georgina Kate Barratt ◽

Clint Bellenger ◽

Eileen Yule Robertson ◽

Jason Lane ◽

Robert George Crowther

Keyword(s):

Plantar Pressure ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rowing Ergometer ◽

Peak Plantar Pressure ◽

Ergometer Rowing ◽

Multiple Trials ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

User Friendly

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of plantar pressure and reaction force measured using the Moticon and Pedar-x sensor insoles while rowing on a Concept2 ergometer. Nineteen participants performed four 500 m trials of ergometer rowing at 22–24 strokes/min; two trials wearing Moticon insoles and two wearing Pedar-x insoles in a randomised order. Moticon and Pedar-x insoles both showed moderate to strong test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.57–0.92) for mean and peak plantar pressure and reaction force. Paired t-test demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.001) between Moticon and Pedar-x insoles, effect size showed a large bias (ES > 1.13), and Pearson’s correlation (r < 0.37) showed poor agreement for all plantar pressure and reaction force variables. Compared to Pedar-x, the Moticon insoles demonstrated poor validity, however, the Moticon insoles had strong reliability. Due to poor validity, caution should be used when considering Moticon insoles to assess changes in pressure and force reliably over time, across multiple trials or sessions. Moticon’s wireless and user-friendly application would be beneficial for assessing and monitoring biomechanical parameters in rowing if validity between measures of interest and Moticon’s results can be established.

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Effect of a-Week Summer Camp on the Hopelessness and Self-Esteem of the University Students Attending Sport Sciences Faculty

International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports ◽

10.26524/ijpefs1845 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 42-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Korkmaz YİĞİTER ◽

Hakan TOSUN

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Summer Camp ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Female Students ◽

T Test ◽

Significance Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

The University

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of participation in a 1-week summer camp on thehopelessness and self-esteem of the university students attending Sport Sciences Faculty. Participants were 36university students assigned to experiment group using a random procedure. Coopersmith Self-esteem and Beck Hopelessness Scales were completed at the beginning and end of the summer camp by designed the university. The obtained data were analysed in the SPSS 18.0 program and the significance level was taken as 0.05. The descriptive statistics, independent simple t test, paired simple t test and Pearson correlation were used for analyse the data in the study. According to the results of the research, no significant difference was observed in the comparison of the hopelessness and self-esteem levels between pre and post-test. In addition, there was a significant difference in the hopelessness level of male and female students but any significant difference was not observed in terms of self-esteem. There was a significant relationship between hopelessness and self-esteem pre and post-test. These result shows that a 1-week summer camp cannot change the hopelessness or self-esteem level. However, as the self-esteem rises, the rate of despair decreases whereas as the despair rises, the selfesteem decreases.

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Rice tablet (Aluminum Phosphide) poisoning

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 5041

Author(s):

Farkhondeh Jamshidi ◽

Ahmad Ghorbani ◽

Sina Darvishi*

Keyword(s):

Medical Records ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Patient Records ◽

Demographic Information ◽

Aluminum Phosphide ◽

Men And Women ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning ◽

Commit Suicide

The abuse of some pesticides especially to suicide is one of the current problems of pesticides. Aluminum phosphide induced poisoning usually happens to suicide and sometimes it is due to accidental occupational exposure and in a few cases it has some criminal intensions. This study is conducted to evaluate patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide. In the present study the medical records of cases of poisoning with rice tablets (aluminum phosphide) hospitalized in Ahvaz Razi hospital is studied. Accordingly, a checklist is prepared that included demographic information of patients (age, gender) and information on patient records (information on poisoning) are completed using the patients’ medical records. The analysis of data is done by SPSS V22. 18 patients poisoned with rice tablet (aluminum phosphide) are studied. Results of the study show that 11 patients are male and seven are female. The mean patient age is 27.06 ±8.04 years that is 28 ±9 and 25 ±6.02 in men and women respectively. Statistical tests show no statistically significant difference in mean age in both genders (P> 0.05). Among patients, 11 subjects took aluminum phosphide to attempt suicide and 3 cases took it unintentionally and of course the reason is not mentioned in four cases. Among the patients who tried to commit suicide by taking aluminum phosphide, 6 cases are male and 5 cases are female that no statistically significant difference is observed between the genders in this respect (P> 0.05). In addition to the study of the complications caused by this poisoning and its mortality, it is recommended to responsible authorities to provide the necessary educations and treatments to prevent this type of poisoning.

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Should fertile women quit drinking alcohol to produce better quality oocytes?

Zygote ◽

10.1017/s0967199420000696 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Burcu Ozbakir ◽

Pinar Tulay

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Young Women ◽

Antral Follicle ◽

Antral Follicle Count ◽

Control Group ◽

Social Drinkers ◽

Antral Follicles ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Significant Difference

Summary Alcohol consumption has long been shown to affect both fetal health and pregnancy. In this study, antral follicle count, maturation level of oocytes including morphological assessment and number of metaphase I (MI), metaphase II (MII) and germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes obtained from young women (age < 30 years old) with or without alcohol consumption were investigated. In total, 20 healthy women who were social drinkers and 36 healthy women who do not consume alcohol were involved in this study. Women in both study and control groups were undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation. The antral follicle count and the number and quality of the oocytes retrieved were evaluated and recorded. In total, 635 antral follicles, 1098 follicles and 1014 oocytes with 820 MII, 72 MI and 78 GV stage oocytes were collected from the social drinkers. In the control group, 628 antral follicles, 1136 follicles and 1085 oocytes with 838 MII, 93 MI and 102 GV stage oocytes were evaluated. The results of this study showed that the antral follicle count was very similar in both groups. The number of oocytes and MII stage oocytes was slightly higher in the control group, although it was not a significant difference. This study showed that although the consumption of alcohol may have adverse effects post-implantation, it may not have a solid effect during oogenesis in young women. The results of this study are especially important in clinical settings as some women who are social drinkers undergo in vitro fertilization treatments.

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