scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Academic Freedom within Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in India and the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Saini
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Penal Code

Despite having one of the largest and fastest-growing post-secondary sectors in the world, there has been increasing protest against the lack of academic freedom within HEIs in India in the past decade. This research study carries out a comparative analysis of academic freedom within HEIs in India and the U.S., with a specific focus on how the notion is formulated within key policy documents and the provisions to safeguard it. Preliminary data from the systematic review revealed that while policy documents within both the countries frame the notion along similar lines, various sections within the Indian Penal Code are used to criminalize useful dissent and freedom of expression within HEIs. The study recommends that in order to safeguard academic freedom in India, certain specific sections within the Indian Penal Code (Section 124A, Section-153A, Section-292, Section-295A) should be either repealed or reformulated so that they are not amenable to misuse by the government.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Cyber Stalking Legislations in UK, US and India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Arunbaby Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Connectivity ◽  
Late Entry ◽  
The World ◽  
Indian Penal Code ◽  
Made In ◽  
Fast Internet

The Internet, with its vast connectivity and ample resources, provides an easy platform for committing crimes. Cyber stalking is one such offence, which has grown in the last two decades with the advent of cheap and fast internet connectivity. The Internet provides various means by which cyber stalking can occur. The lack of boundaries on the internet creates more risk for the users and as more and more people start using internet, the scope and complexity of this problem will only increase. More and more states are passing exclusive statutes for tackling Cyber Stalking, believing that their offline stalking statutes are not enough to handle different aspects of this issue. This paper analyses the different legislations passed across the world to tackle cyber stalking. With stalking itself being a comparatively fresh offence in India, it has been a late entry into the field of cyber stalking, with the first provision being made in 2013, in the form of Section 354 D of the Indian Penal Code. The article examines the shortfalls of this provision and the ways in which they can be tackled.

The Brand New Version of Article 301 of Turkish Penal Code and the Future of Freedom of Expression Cases in Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2237-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bülent Algan
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
List Type ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC), much debated at both national and international levels, has recently been subject to an amendment aimed at clarifying its meaning and averting more distressing cases related to freedom of expression. It should be noted that the former article 301 was an amended version of article 159 of the former TPC of 1926. As Türkan Sancar rightly states in her comprehensive book on both articles 159 and 301, article 159 is an article which has been revised many times. It was amended seven times after coming into effect in 1926 (in 1936, 1938, 1946, 1961, twice in 2002, and 2003). The new TPC was introduced as a package of penal-law reform prior to the opening of negotiations for Turkish membership of the European Union, and came into effect on 1 June 2005. Article 301 stated the following:1.A person who publicly denigrates Turkishness, the Republic or the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, shall be sentenced a penalty of imprisonment for a term of six months to three years.2.A person who publicly denigrates the Government of the Republic of Turkey, the judicial bodies of the State, the military or security organizations, shall be sentenced to a penalty of imprisonment for a term of six months to two years.3.Where denigrating of Turkishness is committed by a Turkish citizen in another country, the penalty to be imposed shall be increased by one third.4.Expressions of thought intended to criticize shall not constitute a crime.

scholarly journals India's homosexual discrimination and health consequences

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy ◽  
J Hsu Minna
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
British Colony ◽  
Modern Fiction ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Penal Code

A large number of countries worldwide have legalized homosexual rights. But for 147 years, since when India was a British colony, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code defines homosexuality as a crime, punishable by imprisonment. This outdated law violates the fundamental rights of homosexuals in India. Despite the fact that literature drawn from Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and modern fiction testify to the presence of same-sex love in various forms, homosexuality is still considered a taboo subject in India, by both the society and the government. In the present article, the continuation of the outdated colonial-era homosexuality law and its impact on the underprivileged homosexual society in India is discussed, as well as consequences to this group's health in relation to HIV infection.

A Critical Appraisal of Crime Over Social Networking Sites in the Context of India

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Unanza Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Visual Content ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Penal Code

An inescapable part of our everyday lives, visual communication is a key driver of engagement on social media. These are redesigned their news feed to allow greater emphasis on visual content, resulting in greater interaction. This chapter discusses the current scenario of cyber and social media crime in India and how the government has incorporated the necessities to fight against it. It will also include the types of social media crime enumerating the provisions of Information Technology Act, Indian Penal Code. Through this chapter, the author discusses the various types of cybercrimes, which are cyber defamation, cyber pornography, cyber stalking, fraudulent transaction and misrepresentation, hacking. The author laid emphasis on what legislations are in action to deal with such crimes and how strictly the offenders are punished. The author also discusses the competency of the present legislation and how the loopholes, if any, can be filled to make the virtual world a better place for everyone.

Rise of Facebook in the USA and WeChat in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
Naziat Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Approach

The owners of Facebook and WeChat repeatedly promote their media as the preferred platform for people to connect. Improving social relationships was marketed as the reason for their innovation. But users' urge to unite on these OSN services alone cannot explain the success of these media in the US and China. There is a different or rather new business approach underpinning these OSN services that contribute to their success. The author argues that there is an implication of owners' profit-based interest in ensuring the popularity of their online platforms. Audience commodity analysis as discussed by Dallas W. Smythe and Christian Fuchs is employed in the contexts of the US and China to comprehend the complex factors related to online social media owners' interest and their negotiation with the government in online media's prosperity. Through archival research including examination of newspapers, policy documents from OSN-based companies, and survey results from 2015 to mid-2018, this chapter demonstrates the political economy of Facebook and WeChat.

scholarly journals Toward one world or many? A comparative analysis of OECD and UNESCO global education policy documents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Vaccari ◽  
Meg P. Gardinier
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Global Education ◽  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Global Competence ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Global Vision ◽  
Key Policy

Education policymaking has gone global. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development aims to galvanize efforts to promote sustainable development, decrease global inequalities, and realize universal quality education. Supporting these efforts, two leading international organizations, UNESCO and the OECD, have set out normative frameworks for their vision of global education. This paper examines the policy discourses of these organizations in light of SDG 4–Education. Specifically, through a comparative analysis of selected terms and underlying concepts in key policy documents, the paper distinguishes between UNESCO's notion of global citizenship and the OECD's framework for global competence . Ultimately, the authors discuss whether the organizations' agendas are aimed at a common global vision, or, alternatively, towards two distinct and divergent conceptualizations of an imagined future.

scholarly journals People’s Power Policy in Legal Construction in Treason Criminal Law as Indonesian Penal Code Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
Nur Aripkah ◽  
Eko Soponyono ◽  
Aistha Wisnu Putra
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Legal Construction ◽  
The Government ◽  
Code Reform

Last year, People’s power was sounded during the presidential election period. It is still reaped the pros and cons in various circles, some called it as part of the treason, and some categorized it as a form of freedom of expression. The purpose of this article to see if the legal construction of treason criminal law is regulated under the current Penal Code, people’s power can be categorized as treason and how people’s power policies should be in the future under the legal construction of treason under criminal law.  the normative point of view with the statutory approach, conceptual approach, and case approach, analyzing the concept of people’s power is not appropriate to calls as a criminal act of treason because it does not meet the juridical construction of treason under the Article 104, Article 106, and 107 of the penal code(KUHP). Likewise, in Article 191 Indonesian Penal Code Bill (RKUHP), Article 192, Article 193, and 194 RKUHP. People’s power policy in the legal construction of treason criminal law as an effort to reform the Penal Code needs to be reformulated in particular articles, later in Article 194 ofthe penal code(KUHP). The legal construction of treason criminal law then emphasized in words against the government without using the weapons.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

Organic Consumer Behavior- Special reference to cereal /cereal products in the southern part of Tamilnadu.

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-767
Author(s):  
J. ELANCHEZHIAN ◽  
Dr. K. KALAICHELVI
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government

Consumers’ interest in organic products is increasing globally. As IFOAM 2016 report, only 1.2 % of the land has been utilized in organic agriculture method. The overall organic market has achieved 89.7 billion $ in 2016 in that, & 48.4 a billion in sales accounted for the USA and German alone. Total registered organic producer in the worldwide is 2.7 million in that India is the leading country which has 835,200 organic producers. But many of them are a small farmer, and they had shared 1.49 million hectares only. The Government of India (GOI) and the state governments have taken several steps to improve the regulatory mechanism and frame several schemes to incentivize organic farming. 2017 December, Food Standards and Safety Authority of India (FSSAI) have recognized both the certification systems (NPOP and PGS-India) valid for organic food products. From these steps, GOI has tried to create confidence in the organic products, so that, domestic consumers and export countries can trust Indian organic products. But still, the organic sector in India suffered from some unique characteristic that is the absence of proper branding, package, consumer awareness, purchasing power, and supply chain issues (Agarwal, 2018).

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