Il metodo tassometrico: uno strumento statistico per lo studio della struttura latente di un costrutto

2012 ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Andrea Epifani
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Nello Studio ◽  
Dsm Iv

Il problema della struttura latente dei costrutti è centrale in psicologia clinica e in psichiatria. Spesso queste discipline si avvalgono di etichette diagnostiche create arbitrariamente, le quali vengono considerate a priori come indicative di reali differenze qualitative tra i soggetti. Il DSM-IV-TR rappresenta un esempio di questa tendenza. Tuttavia la struttura latente di un costrutto dovrebbe essere esaminata empiricamente, tramite strumenti statistici che siano in grado di valutare se un campione di soggetti, esaminati in base a un determinato costrutto, mostra differenze quantitative (continue) oppure qualitative (categoriali) tra i soggetti. Nel primo caso il campione avrà un'unica classe latente dimensionale; nel secondo avrà almeno due classi latenti, una definita taxonica, l'altra complemento. Una delle metodologie più affidabili per testare la struttura latente è il metodo tassometrico, il quale comprende una serie di tecniche che si basano sull'analisi della relazione tra gli indicatori di un costrutto, esaminandone il comportamento matematico. L'ispezione delle curve generate dalle tecniche tassometriche permette di trarre conclusioni circa la struttura latente, che può essere categoriale oppure dimensionale. Il metodo tassometrico ha ricevuto diverse validazioni ed è stato ampiamente utilizzato negli ultimi anni, proponendosi come una metodologia potente e affidabile nello studio della struttura latente.

on the Differential Diagnosis of Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Conceptual and Clinical Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
P. Michalopoulou ◽  
P. Oulis ◽  
G. Konstantakopoulos ◽  
L. Lykouras
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Repetitive Behaviours ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv

Several shortcomings of the current psychodiagnostic manuals (DSM-IV, ICD-10) with respect to obsessive-compulsive disorder, such as the diagnostic parity of obsessions and compulsions and the deficient conceptualization of compulsions might artificially inflate the clinical prevalence of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in the course of schizophrenic disorders. Still, one cannot exclude on purely a priori grounds the possibility of a genuine coexistence of OC symptoms along with delusions in patients with schizophrenia. the aim of the present study was to provide a contrastive conceptual analysis of typical features of obsessions versus those of delusions and correlatively of compulsions versus delusionally-motivated repetitive behaviours, supplemented by four relevant vignettes as clinical tests of its adequacy. Although preliminary, the results of our conceptual and illustrative analyses suggest that General Psychopathology can afford the conceptual resources for the accurate differential diagnosis obsession/compulsions from delusions/delusionally-motivated repetitive behaviours. in turn, this would provide a more solid clinical ground for the investigation of the epidemiology and the pathophysiology of OC symptoms in schizophrenic disorders.

Das Essener Trauma-Inventar für Kinder und Jugendliche (ETI-KJ)

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 323-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefik Tagay ◽  
Sonja Düllmann ◽  
Enno Hermans ◽  
Nevena Repic ◽  
Regina Hiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung ◽  
Kinder Und Jugendliche ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sich Eine ◽  
Akute Belastungsstörung ◽  
Dsm Iv

Fragestellung: Angesichts der klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Bedeutung traumatischer Ereignisse und posttraumatischer Störungen hatte unsere Studie die Entwicklung und Überprüfung des Essener Trauma-Inventars für Kinder und Jugendliche (ETI-KJ) zum Ziel. Das neue Instrument erfasst ein breites Spektrum an potenziell traumatischen Ereignissen und soll ein geeignetes Screeningverfahren zur Identifikation der beiden Traumafolgestörungen Akute Belastungsstörung und Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung nach DSM-IV darstellen. Methodik: Das ETI-KJ wurde an einer Stichprobe von 276 Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren im Hinblick auf seine psychometrischen Kennwerte an klinischen und nicht klinischen Gruppen überprüft. Ergebnisse: Es fanden sich gute bis sehr gute Reliabilitätskennwerte, insbesondere für die Gesamtskala des ETI-KJ ergab sich eine sehr hohe interne Konsistenz. Die a priori angenommene Vier-Faktoren-Struktur (Intrusion, Vermeidung, Hyperarousal, Dissoziation) fand empirische Bestätigung. Hinweise auf eine sehr gute Konstruktvalidität zeigten sich durch signifikante Korrelationen des ETI-KJ mit weiteren Traumaskalen, Maßen der psychischen Befindlichkeit und der Ressourcenausstattung. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit dem ETI-KJ liegt im deutschen Sprachraum erstmals ein ökonomisches, reliables und valides Screeninginstrument zur differenzierten Erfassung traumatischer Ereignisse und posttraumatischer Störungen vor, dessen Einsatz sich sowohl im Forschungs- als auch im klinischen Kontext empfiehlt.

Phenomenology of patients with early- and adult-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Albert ◽  
Chiara Picco ◽  
Giuseppe Maina ◽  
Federica Forner ◽  
Eugenio Aguglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Sono State ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Axis Ii ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Sono Stati ◽  
Nello Studio ◽  
Dsm Iv

RIASSUNTOScopo – Valutare eventuali differenze nelle caratteristiche sociodemografiche e cliniche (sintomatologia ossessivo–compulsiva, la comorbidità di Asse I e la comorbidità di Asse II) in soggetti adulti con disturbo ossessivo–compulsivo ad esordio precoce (>18 anni) e in eta adulta (≤18 anni). Disegno – Studio clinico controllato. Setting – Servizio per i disturbi depressivi e d'ansia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino. Metodo – Sono stati inclusi nello studio 149 pazienti adulti con diagnosi di DOC (DSM–IV) e un punteggio Y–BOCS totale <16.1 soggetti sono stati valutati attraverso un'intervista semi–strutturata diretta ad indagare le caratteristiche socio–demografiche é cliniche. La comorbidita longitudinale di Asse I, secondo i criteri del DSM–IV, è stata valutata attraverso un'intervista clinica strutturata diretta secondo le indicazioni di Othmer & Othmer (1994; 1999): particolare attenzione è stata rivolta alia rilevazione dei disturbi dello spettro ossessivo–compulsivo (Hollander et al, 1996; 1997). Per l'analisi della comorbidita con i disturbi di personalitá è stata utilizzata la Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis II Disorders (SCID–II). Risultati – 39 pazienti (26.2%) hanno presentato l'esordio del DOC prima dei 18 anni (early–onset) e 110 pazienti (73.8%) hanno presentato l'esordio del DOC dopo i 18 anni (later–onset). Sono state rilevate differenze significative tra i due gruppi di confronto: i soggetti con esordio precoce presentano una predominanza del sesso maschile, un decorso cronico del disturbo e l'associazione con il disturbo schizotipico di personalità. Conclusioni – Suddividendo il campione secondo l'eta di esordio del disturbo abbiamo rilevato alcune differenze significative nell'espressivita del DOC che indicano una possibile eterogeneita del disturbo, meritevole di ulteriori approfondimenti. In particolare, il rilievo nel gruppo ad esordio precoce di un decorso prevalentemente cronico e soprattutto di una specifica associazione con il disturbo schizotipico di personalita appare significativo ai fini dell'impostazione di specifiche strategic terapeutiche.

Die Erfassung von Ängsten im Urteil von Kindern/Jugendlichen und ihren Eltern

Diagnostica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Dose ◽  
Anja Görtz-Dorten ◽  
Dieter Breuer ◽  
Hildegard Goletz ◽  
Manfred Döpfner
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Promax Rotation

Zusammenfassung. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Analyse der psychometrischen Qualität des Fremd- und des Selbstbeurteilungsbogens zur Erfassung von Angst- und Zwangsstörungen (FBB-ANZ/SBB-ANZ) in zwei klinischen Stichproben (n = 182 bzw. n = 130). Ergänzend wurde die Faktorenstruktur der Bögen in zwei Feldstichproben (n = 724 bzw. n = 281) untersucht. Für die Skalen beider Fragebögen ergaben sich größtenteils zufriedenstellende interne Konsistenzen (.59 ≤ α ≤ .93). Exploratorische Hauptachsenanalysen mit Promax-Rotation ergaben stichprobenübergreifend für beide Fragebögen Faktoren, welche die a priori definierten, ICD-10- und DSM-IV-basierten Subskalen weitgehend abbilden. Zwischen den Subskalen innerhalb der Fragebögen zeigten sich geringe bis moderate Interkorrelationen, die für eine gute Abgrenzbarkeit der Skalen sprechen. Es fanden sich größtenteils moderate Beurteilerübereinstimmungen zwischen den korrespondierenden Skalen des Fremd- und Selbstbeurteilungsbogens. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Fragebögen überwiegend reliable und valide Instrumente darstellen. Weiterer Untersuchungsbedarf besteht insbesondere hinsichtlich der konvergenten und divergenten Validität der Subskalen.

It Is Time to Rename the DSM

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Thyer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dysfunctional Behavior ◽  
Mental Disturbance ◽  
Dsm Iv

Although the DSM purports to be a theoretical with respect to the etiology of mental disorders, its fundamental assumption that aberrant patterns of thought, emotion or behavior reflect mental disturbance is itself an unjustifiable a priori position. Within the DSM-IV-TR, the existence of compelling dysfunctional psychosocial etiological influences precludes the diagnosis of conduct disorder. Consistent with this precedent, the following principle needs to be expanded to virtually all the conditions found in the DSM: “Conditions reasonably attributable to psychosocial factors or medical conditions should not be considered mental disorders.” Following this principle could cause the very concept of mental disorder to evaporate, in favor of a nondualist perspective on explaining human behavior in favor of a consistently physicalistic one. This would promote the study of dysfunctional behavior as a legitimate field of natural science and not one of metaphysical enquiry.

Diagnostic trajectory, interplay and convergence/divergence across all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses: 6-year follow-up of the Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS)

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 2523-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kingston ◽  
P. J. Scully ◽  
D. J. Browne ◽  
P. A. Baldwin ◽  
A. Kinsella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
Dsm Iv

BackgroundThe boundaries of psychotic illness and the extent to which operational diagnostic categories are distinct in the long term remain poorly understood. Clarification of these issues requires prospective evaluation of diagnostic trajectory, interplay and convergence/divergence across psychotic illness, without a priori diagnostic or other restrictions.MethodThe Cavan-Monaghan First Episode Psychosis Study (CAMFEPS), conducted using methods to attain the closest approximation to epidemiological completeness, incepts all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses. In this study we applied methodologies to achieve diagnostic reassessments on follow-up, at a mean of 6.4 years after first presentation, for 196 (97%) of the first 202 cases, with quantification of prospective and retrospective consistency.ResultsOver 6 years, the 12 initial psychotic diagnoses were characterized by numerous transitions but only limited convergence towards a smaller number of more stable diagnostic nodes. In particular, for initial brief psychotic disorder (BrP), in 85% of cases this was the harbinger of long-term evolution to serious psychotic illness of diagnostic diversity; for initial major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDDP), in 18% of cases this was associated with mortality of diverse causality; and for initial psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (PNOS), 31% of cases continued to defy DSM-IV criteria.ConclusionsCAMFEPS methodology revealed, on an individual case basis, a diversity of stabilities in, and transitions between, all 12 DSM-IV psychotic diagnoses over 6 years; thus, psychotic illness showed longitudinal disrespect to current nosology and may be better accommodated by a dimensional model. In particular, a first episode of BrP or MDDP may benefit from more vigorous, sustained interventions.

Defining the Personality Disorders: Description of an Australian Database

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Parker ◽  
Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic ◽  
Kay Wilhelm ◽  
Marie-Paule Austin ◽  
Catherine Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Acceptable Reliability ◽  
Sample Recruitment

Objective: We seek to improve the definition and classification of the personality disorders (PDs) and derive a large database for addressing this objective. Method: The paper describes the rationale for the development of a large set of descriptors of the PDs (including all DSM-IV and ICD-10 descriptors, but enriched by an additional 109 items), the design of parallel self-report (SR) and corroborative witness (CW) measures, sample recruitment (of 863 patients with a priori evidence of personality disorder or disturbance) and preliminary descriptive data. Results: Analyses (particularly those comparing ratings on molar PD descriptions with putative PD dimensions) argue for acceptable reliability of the data set, while both the size of the sample and the representation of all PD dimensions of interest argue for the adequacy of the database. Conclusions: We consider in some detail current limitations to the definition and classification of the PDs, and foreshadow the analytic techniques that will be used to address the key objectives of allowing the PDs to be modelled more clearly and, ideally, measured with greater precision and validity.

Ist das Selbsturteil Jugendlicher bei der Diagnostik von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen hilfreich?

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Görtz ◽  
Manfred Döpfner ◽  
Andreas Nowak ◽  
Bettina Bonus ◽  
Gerd Lehmkuhl
Keyword(s):  
Psychische Störungen ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Die Informationen von Eltern und Lehrern sind Grundlage für die Diagnostik von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS). Das Selbsturteil Jugendlicher wurde bislang als wenig relevant eingeschätzt, einerseits, weil die Selbstwahrnehmungsfähigkeit von Jugendlichen mit ADHS bezweifelt wurde, andererseits, weil vermutet wurde, daß Jugendliche, die wegen Verhaltensproblemen zur Diagnostik vorgestellt werden, in ihren Selbstberichten zur Dissimulation neigen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht anhand verschiedener Stichproben die internen Konsistenzen der Selbsteinschätzungen Jugendlicher und der Elterneinschätzungen von Symptomen einer ADHS sowie die Übereinstimmung dieser Einschätzungen. Meßinstrumente: Zur Erfassung von Symptomen einer ADHS werden der Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Hyperkinetische Störungen (FBB-HKS) und der Selbstbeurteilungsbogen für Hyperkinetische Störungen (SBB-HKS) aus dem Diagnostik-System für Psychische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter nach ICD-10 und DSM-IV (DISYPS-KJ) eingesetzt. Stichprobe: Die Fragebögen wurden einer Feldstichprobe (n = 166), einer klinischen Stichprobe (n = 15) und einer Unauffälligenstichprobe (n = 14) von Jugendlichen im Alter von 11 bis 18 Jahren bzw. ihren Eltern vorgegeben. Ergebnis: Die a priori-Skalen beider Fragebögen sind intern konsistent, die Skalen innerhalb eines Instrumentes korrelieren im mittleren bis höheren Bereich, zwischen den korrespondierenden Skalen von Eltern- und Selbsturteil lassen sich mittlere bis höhere Korrelationen errechnen. In der Feldstichprobe liegt das Selbsturteil eher über dem Elternurteil; in klinischen Stichproben ist das Gegenteil der Fall. Schlußfolgerung: Der Selbstbeurteilungsbogen und der Fremdbeurteilungsbogen für Hyperkinetische Störungen eignen sich zur Diagnostik von Jugendlichen mit ADHS. Auch das Selbsturteil ist bei der Diagnostik von ADHS hilfreich, es sollte jedoch nicht die einzige Informationsquelle sein.

L'arte dal punto di vista sociologico Una lettura politica de "La disumanizzazione dell'arte"

2009 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Scheherezade Pinilla Canadas
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Nello Studio

- La Disumanizzazione dell'arte si apre con un riferimento all'opera del filosofo Jean-Marie Guyau, L'art au point de vue sociologique, riferimento che diventa polemico dal momento in cui Ortega, al proporre una sua definizione «del punto di vista sociologico», si situa agli antipodi del pensatore francese. Questi afferma la natura sociale dell'arte, mentre Ortega riscontra la feconditÀ della sociologia nello studio dell'arte dal lato dei suoi effetti sociali. In questa discrepanza abbiamo incontrato da un lato un ‘ritorno a Kant', a partire dall'affermazione della sociabilitÀ come condizione dell'arte, e cioč del fatto che il sentimento individuale del bello č condiviso a priori da tutti e, dall'altro, l'acuta analisi dello «zoologo» che scopre nell'arte l'origine, non della comunitÀ universale kantiana, ma della distinzione tra coloro che intendono e coloro che non intendono.

Application of cross correlation to HREM images of surfaces

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 754-755
Author(s):  
D. E. Luzzi ◽  
L. D. Marks ◽  
M. I. Buckett
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
Fourier Filtering ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Data Reduction Technique

As the HREM becomes increasingly used for the study of dynamic localized phenomena, the development of techniques to recover the desired information from a real image is important. Often, the important features are not strongly scattering in comparison to the matrix material in addition to being masked by statistical and amorphous noise. The desired information will usually involve the accurate knowledge of the position and intensity of the contrast. In order to decipher the desired information from a complex image, cross-correlation (xcf) techniques can be utilized. Unlike other image processing methods which rely on data massaging (e.g. high/low pass filtering or Fourier filtering), the cross-correlation method is a rigorous data reduction technique with no a priori assumptions.We have examined basic cross-correlation procedures using images of discrete gaussian peaks and have developed an iterative procedure to greatly enhance the capabilities of these techniques when the contrast from the peaks overlap.

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