scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF UDDER DESCRIPTIVE LINEAR TRAITS ON COWS LIFETIME OF UKRAINIAN DAIRY BREEDS

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Leontiy Khmelnychyi ◽  
Victoria Vechorka
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Lower Score ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Long Lifetime ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Studies have been performed to determine the relationship between assessment of linear udder traits and lifetime of cows. Experiments were carried out in the herd of breeding farm AF "Mayak" Zolotonosha district of Cherkasy region on the number of cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White (URW) and Black-and-White (UBW) dairy breeds. Estimation of cows firstborn by conformation type was carried out according to the method of linear classification. It was found that cows with higher estimates for condition of udder morphological traits have a longer lifetime compared to animals rated lower score. The difference between cows, rated at one and nine score for trait of the front udder part attachment, was very significant and amounted 939 (URW) and 710 (UBW) days. The difference between the lowest and highest estimates on the basis of height rear udder parts attachment was 687 (URW) and 878 (UBW) days. Animals with an assessment for udder central ligament development below the average (1.4 score) were used from 1675 to 1832 (URW) and from 1535 to 1810 (UBW) days according to estimated breeds. Cows with an assessment of nine score differed by higher lifetime - 2377 days, exceeding cows with the lowest score at 702 days (URW) and 2322 days with reliable excess on 785 days (UBW). The difference between the average lifetime of cows estimated at nine score and with assessment of one score for udder depth was 618 days in cows URW and in UBW - 762 days. It has been proven that cows were used longer in the herd with estimates for front teats position from five to nine score, and a significant decrease in lifetime of cows began with an estimate for this trait from three to one score. Thus, assessment of cows Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White dairy breeds by the method of linear classification confirmed that the desired development of udder morphological traits was the key to long lifetime cows in modern technological conditions of milk production.

scholarly journals DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY AND EXTERIOR TYPE OF FIRST-CALVE COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED DEPENDING ON UDDER-MASO-METRIC INDEX

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
M. S. Pelehatyi ◽  
O. А. Kochuk-Iashchenko
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Score System ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Dairy Breed

The theory and practice of breeding show that optimal results can be achieved by a complete evaluation of the genotype. The leading method of such an estimation is an index expression, which accumulates in one indicator the optimal ratio of breeding signs. In this aspect, it is important to use the breeding indices, which are estimated by the exteriors of animals, since breeding only on the indicators of milk productivity, namely on the level of fertility, contributes to the degradation of reproductive ability and, generally speaking, to the early extinction of the herd of animals. This determines the relevance of our work. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of selection first-born cows by the udder-mass-metric index in the herd of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed.The research was carried out on 198 first-born cows Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed PAC "Yerchi". We used the basis of breeding records and the results of their own research.The differentiation of cows by the size of the wizard-mass-metric index was carried out according to the methodology of O. P. Polkovnikova wiith co-authors. Groups are conventionally called early, optimal and late.The results of our research showed that the first-born cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, separated by the size of this index, significantly differ in their complexes features of the 100-score system of linear classification of the exterior type. The studied animals of the three groups for all the complexes of the 100-score system received rather high ratings: from 78.8 to 81.9 points, which corresponds to the classes "good" and "good with the plus" in accordance with international requirements.In general, there is a clear tendency that with an increase in the value of the udder-mass-metric index there is an increase in the overwhelming majority of complex features of linear classification, except for the complex features of the exterior, which characterizes the development of the body and gives an idea of the size of animals. Better were animals of groups II.With the increase in the size of the udder-mass-metric index in cows, the level of assessments of the main descriptive traits is also significantly increased. The best indicators of the descriptive features of the linear classification of the exterior were the group of animals of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, which, according to the value of the udder-maso-metric index, are classified as high-value groups of magnitude 16.9 or more. units, the worst – animals of the first group (11.7 and less than units of scientists). The difference between animals of the best and worst groups in 50% of cases was reliable (P < 0.05–0.001).The dynamics of dairy productivity in a certain way "copies" the dynamics of group and descriptive signs of the exterior type of animals. That is, with the increase of the size of the udder-mass-metric index there is a linear increase in quantitative characteristics of milk productivity.The animals of the group III showed the best results in PAC “Yerchyky”. From them received 305 days of the first lactation of 6036 kg with fat content of 3.63% and the amount of milk fat and protein, respectively, 218 and 185.0 kg. The lowest counts are first-born cows of group I (5390, 3.57, 193.5 and 166.3 respectively). Animals of group II occupy an intermediate position. The difference between the groups of animals for milk productivity, differentiated by the size of the exterior index in 40% of cases was reliable.The distribution of animals by the size of the extermination index (UMMI) completely copies their location according to the overall assessment of the exterior type and the 305 days lactation, which again confirms the existence of a direct correlation between these features. That is, differentiation and selection of animals by the size of the udder-mass-metric index can be an effective method for improving the milk production and exterivation of animals in the milk breed herd of PAC “Yarchiki”.With the help of the exterior index, we can predict milk productivity, that is, with the increase in the value of UMMI per unit milk productivity, namely, milk for 305 days of lactation, increases by 323 kg.Increasing the value of the udder-mass-metric index is accompanied by an increase in the consolidation factor for all the blocks of attributes. That is, the selection with the maximum value of the index of group III will help to increase the typification of animals by the exterior type and productivity.We also studied the influence of the exterior index on the manifestation of exterior and productivity. The results of this analysis showed that the share of this index in the overall variability of the signs varies within the range of 1.87–16.88 among the signs of the 100-score linear classification system and 0.31–7.92 among the signs of milk productivity, but it should be noted, that in 70 and 80% of cases the force of influence was reliable, respectively (P < 0,05–0,001). On average, the impact strength of the 9-point linear classification system was 2.94%.

Charming but Villain

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Lale Kabadayı
Keyword(s):  
Black And White ◽  
White Film ◽  
Turkish Cinema ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

In the history of cinema, bad girl/boy characters are less common than other villain characters. However, these characters have a lot of influence on the audience. The Bad Seed movies, which are important book adaptations, are remarkable for the evil done by a charming, pretty little girl. The audience watched the story of this eight-year-old-girl for the first time with the adaptation made in 1956. The book was adapted as a television movie in the US both in 1985 and 2018. However, it was made in Turkey, too. This adaptation was shot in 1963 by director Nevzat Pesen. This black-and-white film is considered one of the best thriller-horror films of Turkish Cinema. In this study, the relationship of the little girl with evil will be examined in terms of differences in US and Turkish adaptations. Thus, the difference between the two cultures regarding the relationship between child and villainy will be evaluated from the point of cinema.

scholarly journals EXTERIOR FEATURES OF COWS FIRSTBORN OF SUMY INTRABREED TYPE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE, ESTIMATED BY THE METHOD OF LINEAR CLASSIFICATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
A. V. Loboda ◽  
D. A. Bardash
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Body Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection

To study the traits of exterior type of firstborn cows of Sumy intrabreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White milk breed, a research was carried out in the breeding flock in Sumy region. The first-calf cows were estimated by the method of linear classification according to the age of 2–4 months after calving in two systems – 9-score, with a linear description of 18 conformation traits, and a 100-point classification system, taking into account four sets of breeding traits that characterize: dairy type, body development, condition of legs and feet, and udder morphological qualities. Results of linear estimation cows firstborn in the experimental herd on a 100-point scale indicated that traits within the group average final score was in the range of "good plus." Cows-firstborn were characterized by good development of group traits defining their dairy type (82.9 score), body trait development (84.1 score), condition of legs and feet (82.3 score), udder (82.6 score) and final type score (82.9 score). The development level of 18 conformation traits of cows showed their significant variability inside a controlled herd. In general, estimated animals in the breeding flock of PE "Burynske" of Pidlisnivskoy branch were characterized by well-defined height, body depth, angularity, rump angle, rump width, fore udder attachment, central ligament and udder depth. The results of linear classification showed that body structure of the first-born cows of Sumy intrabreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed at the present stage of selection had a rather good characteristic of descriptive traits that determined their dairy type. According to results of research, first-born cows with estimation "very good" exceeded peers with score "good plus" by milk yield with highly reliable difference of 583 kg (P < 0.001), and with score "good" – at 1884 kg, the difference was also highly reliable at Р ˂ 0,001 With unreliable reducing the fat content in milk from cows with score "good plus" and "good", milk fat gain at firstborn with the assessment "very good" was compared in animals with score "good plus" 20.8, and "good" – at 68.8 kg (R ˂ 0,001). Use in dairy cattle selection process of linear classification method was very effective objective definition of pedigree cows exterior features and a link between the group of linear traits and milk yield – guarantee the efficiency of selection of animals by type.

scholarly journals Evaluation of associations of the polymorphism in the placentaspecific promoter 1.1 of the <i>CYP19</i> gene in Black-and-White and Jersey cattle with milk production traits (short communication)

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jędrzejczak ◽  
I. Szatkowska ◽  
S. Zych ◽  
W. Grzesiak ◽  
E. Czerniawska-Piątkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
P450 Gene ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Pvuii Polymorphism ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The relationship between the SNP of the cytochrome P450 gene (CYP19-PvuII) and milk production traits of Black-and-White and Jersey cattle were analysed. A total of 437 cows were included in the study. A PCR-RFLP was used to genotype. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles for the Black-and-White cows were as follows: 0.8985 – AA, 0.0977 – AB, 0.0038 – BB, and 0.9474 – CYP19A, 0.0526 – CYP19B. In the Jersey, all cows were genotyped as CYP19AA (no polymorphism). There weren’t any associations between CYP19-PvuII polymorphism and milk production traits of the investigated cows.

scholarly journals <i>GHRH/Hae</i>III gene polymorphism and its associations with milk production traits in Polish Black-and-White cattle (short communication)

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dybus ◽  
W. Grzesiak
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between the polymorphism of the GHRH and milk production traits of Polish Black-and-White. A total of 881 cows were included in the study. A PCR-RFLP method was used to genotyping. The frequencies of the genotypes and alleles were as follows: 0.0545 for AA, 0.3133 for AB and 0.6322 for BB, and 0.2111 for GHRHA and 0.7889 – GHRHB. There were no significant associations between GHRH/HaeIII polymorphism and milk production traits of the analysed cows.

scholarly journals Udder Measurements and Their Relationship with Milk Yield in Pelibuey Ewes

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin Arcos-Álvarez ◽  
Jorge Canul-Solís ◽  
Ricardo García-Herrera ◽  
Luis Sarmiento-Franco ◽  
Ángel Piñeiro-Vazquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Pelibuey Sheep ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Milk

The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between udder measurements and milk yield (MY) in dairy Pelibuey ewes. Udder measurements were taken twice a week for eight weeks before (initial) and after (final) milking, including udder depth (UD), udder circumference (UC), udder width (UW), teat length (TL) and teat diameter (TD) in 38 multiparous ewes. Additionally, udder volume (UV) and the difference (VDF) between initial UV (UVi) and final (UVf) was calculated as VDF = UVi − UVf. The MY varied from 0.10 kg/d to 1.04 kg/d, with a mean of 0.39 kg/d, ± 0.18 kg/d. Initial UC (UCi) ranged from 25.80 cm to 53.30 cm, and VDF varied from 1 cm3 to 2418 cm3. The TL and TD were not correlated with MY (p > 0.05), while UCi, UVi and VDF were positively correlated with MY (p < 0.0001; r = from 0.66 to 0.74). For the prediction of MY, the obtained equations had an r2 ranging from 0.54 to 0.63. The UCi, UDf, UWi and UWf were included in these models (p < 0.05). It is concluded that there was an acceptable correlation (r = 0.60) between the measurements of the udder, the volume of the udder and the daily milk yield in Pelibuey sheep. When direct measurements of milk production cannot be performed in practice, the measurement of udders and their volume could be a viable alternative to estimate milk yield production as an indirect method.

scholarly journals Lifetime production of high-yielding dairy cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Novakovic ◽  
D. Ostojic-Andric ◽  
V. Pantelic ◽  
R. Beskorovajni ◽  
N. Popovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Impact

Lifetime milk production is a key success factor in fulfilling the production potential of high-yielding cows. Lifetime milk production traits are pronouncedly variable. The life expectancy and the length of productive life of dairy cows are repeatedly limiting factors for improving lifetime milk production. Lifetime milk production is greatly depended on age at first calving and the number of lactations during productive life. Previous researches have implied there are real chances for improving the lifetime milk production of high-yielding cows. The goal of this research was to investigate the significance of key systematic factors on the lifetime production of high-yielding Black-and-White cows. The animals included in the sample had different share of Holstein genes. The researchers determined systematic factors that caused some significant phenotypic variations of the investigated trait. The average lifetime milk production was 25,002.66?7,755.39 kg. When observed by cow genotypes, the mean values of the lifetime milk production varied from 27,061.37 kg (<58% HF) and 24,761.26 kg (58-73% HF) to 23,185.36 kg (>73% HF). The differences in lifetime milk production determined among the animals were due to a highly significant (p?0.01) impact of the bulls ? the sires of the cows and the year of culling; the impact of the class of HF genes was significant (p?0.05), whereas the impact of the reason for culling was non-significant (p>0.05).

scholarly journals Cognitive relationship between vehicle color and the type of accidents leading to death and injury in driver

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Moradi Bontoot ◽  
GH Halvani ◽  
N Abarghouei ◽  
S Jambarsang ◽  
H Fallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Of Protection

Introduction: Annually, many people die or suffer from irreparable injuries in road accidents worldwide. One of the causes of accidents is drivers, cognitive factors and the vehicle color is one of the factors that affect the cognitive performance of the drivers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between vehicle color and type of accidents leading to death and injury. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 300 randomly selected cases of accidents in Kerman. Information including the manner of accident, name and color of vehicle, location, cause, time, area of protection, weekday, season and type of accident were collected from traffic police and traffic department statistics and analyzed by using SPSS software. Results: The results of the study showed that most of the accidents occurred during daylight hours. Motorcycle, black and white vehicles had the highest and yellow and beige vehicles had the least frequency. There was no significant difference between vehicle color (dark and light) and other variables with the type of accidents leading to the driver's death and injury. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, no significant relationship was observed between vehicle color (dark and light) and the type of accidents leading to death and injury on. One of the reasons seems to be the difference between the methods of statistical analysis. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between the type of accidents and vehicle color.

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

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