scholarly journals Reproductive management of the goat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. González-Maldonado ◽  
Erika A. Martínez-Moreno ◽  
Javier F. Domínguez-Caballero ◽  
C.A. Herrera-Corredor ◽  
J. Gallegos-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Animal Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Natural Means

Objective: To share technical aspects with specialists in animal reproduction and producers that could help to improve the reproductive capacity of caprine livestock. Design/Methodology/Approach: Scientific evidence and experience in the reproductive management of goats are the basis that sustains the information presented in this article. Results: The goat is widely distributed in Mexico; it is a species with seasonal reproductive activity, but of easy manipulation with hormonal and natural means. Presently there is a large variety of biotechnologies that can be applied in the production units, to potentiate the reproductive activity of the goat. Study Limitations/Implications: The lack of knowledge and the lack of consulting and technical training limit the productive and reproductive potential of goat breeding in Mexico. Findings/Conclusions: Knowledge of the reproductive physiology of the goat and understanding of the means available to manipulate it guarantees its reproduction at the time and in the conditions desired by the producer and the market

scholarly journals Reproductive activity of dairy cattle in the postpartum anestrus period

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. González-Maldonado ◽  
P. Pérez Hernández ◽  
J. Salazar Ortiz ◽  
C. Cortez Romero ◽  
J. Gallegos-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Exogenous Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
The Individual

Objective: To review the metabolic and hormonal processes that regulate reproductive activity in dairy cattleduring the postpartum anestrus period.Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of scientific documents and systematization of information relatedto the reproductive physiology and management of dairy cattle in postpartum anestrus.Results: Postpartum anestrus is an event that occurs naturally and is necessary for restoration of the homeostasisof the cow’s body following calving. However, failure to reestablish this homeostasis actually increases itsduration and negatively affects the subsequent reproductive performance of the individual cow.Limitations on study/implications: Reproductive management decisions must be based on scientificknowledge.Findings/conclusions: Management of dairy cattle in the postpartum anestrus period should focus onreestablishment of the state of homeostasis and the subsequent reproductive activity, with nutritional andhormonal strategies implemented to induce cyclicity, ovulation and formation of the first corpus luteum in thatperiod, through application of exogenous hormones after day ten postpartum.

scholarly journals Reproductive management in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. González-Maldonado ◽  
Canuto Muñoz-García ◽  
Ricardo Serna-Lagunes ◽  
J. Salazar Ortiz ◽  
J. Gallegos-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Production System ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Seasonal Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Scientific Papers

Objective: To review information related with the reproductive physiology and management of white-tailed deer for reproductive specialists and producers. Design/methodology/approach: The information presented in this document relies on the review of scientific papers and on experience gained in white-tail deer production systems. Results: White-tailed deer is a species with seasonal reproduction and one of the most important hunting species in Mexico. Currently, all reproductive biotechnologies applied to small ruminants can be used in white-tailed deer. Limitations of the study/implications: Information regard the physiology and reproductive management of white-tailed deer is limited, probably due to conditions specific to its production system. Findings/conclusions: Research and publication of information regard the physiology and reproductive management of white-tailed deer is needed.

scholarly journals Reproductive management of the ram (Ovis orientalis aries)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Cruz-Espinoza ◽  
Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez ◽  
Tamara Alejandra Mendieta-Galán ◽  
Christofer I. Márquez- Hernández ◽  
Juan Salazar-Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Genetic Potential

Objective: To describe briefly the physiology, the anatomy and the reproductive management of the ram. Design/Methodology/Approach: Review of the anatomy, physiology and general considerations for an adequate reproductive management of the ram. Results: The ram presents a less seasonal reproductive activity than the female and its reproductive behavior is easier to observe. However, it is in the fall, the reproductive season of seasonal sheep, when their behavior is much more complex and complete. It begins with smelling the external genitals of the female, goes through the flehmen response and ends with mating, intromission and ejaculation. It is necessary to consider the anatomical and physiological aspects of the ram and its meticulous management to avoid reproductive failures in the flock. Frequently, the rams are less important for the flock’s handler during the season of reproductive rest. Monitoring their diet and parasite and disease control is necessary to keep them apt for reproduction. The evaluation of the reproductive aptitude of the ram before mating is convenient and can be planned as part of its management; and once mating begins, considering the adequate proportion of rams/females, in addition to monitoring their performance during this event. Study Limitations/Implications: To consider that the ram shows a good capacity for mating, capacity for service, libido, quality of semen, since it is responsible for a proportion of lamb production. Findings/Conclusions: Reproduction in sheep is regulated by the photoperiod, genetic potential, nutritional status, health status and other factors, which are important both in the ram and in the female. Some sheep breeds have potential of prolificacy; a good reproductive management of the ram can influence these factors and increase the reproduction rate in the flocks.

scholarly journals Reviewing Effective Factors of Alimentary Deficiency in Animals Reproductive Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
Pavlo Skliarov ◽  
Serhiy Fedorenko ◽  
Svitlana Naumenko ◽  
Oleksandr Onyshchenko ◽  
Alina Pasternak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Animal Reproduction ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Impacts

Animal reproduction is one of the main factors limiting the efficiency of livestock production. Its optimal level is possibly achieved when certain conditions are created for animals. As reproduction is a complex reflex process depending on neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms, the character and strength of stimuli, which, in turn, is due to a number of factors. Under normal conditions, the body of animals is affected by many different factors, which are appropriately transformed and specified by positive or negative reactions. Inhibitory factors include air pool, saturated with harmful substances and gases, ionizing radiation, poor water quality along with altered redox properties, hypokinesia combined with poor unbalanced feeding, systematic chronic stress, presence of toxic substances in feed, and the deficiency of vitamins and other bioantioxidants in feed or their excessive spending. Of the wide range of genetic and paratypic factors of negative impacts on reproductive capacity, the most common one is alimentary, which causes impaired reproductive function due to deficiencies in the rules, regulations, and feeding regime of animals. In particular, the alimentary can be associated with both general malnutrition (starvation) and overfeeding (obesity). However, the alimentary form of infertility mostly occurs due to low-quality diets when the diet lacks vital components (mainly vitamins, macro-, and micronutrients) or the quantitative ratios of the ingredients are violated. This is possible even if the total nutritional value of the diet meets the established requirements for the physiological needs of the body. Vitamins, micro-, and macronutrients are ecologically deficient factors of disturbance of animal reproductive function, the influence of which is observed on all processes of reproduction, from fertilization to the postpartum period and the preservation of young animals. The pathogenesis of their insufficiency is associated with the violation of steroido-, gameto-, and embryogenesis and the emergence of ante-, intra-, neo- and postnatal pathologies, respectively. Therefore, treatments and prevention measures should be aimed at providing animals with biologically complete balanced feeding and replenishment of the body with vitamins and minerals. However, all these issues remain incompletely studied and need further research.

scholarly journals Suckling, male effect and kisspeptin in the reproductive management of ewes in postpartum anestrus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Hernández-Hernández ◽  
Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez ◽  
Carlos M. Becerril-Pérez ◽  
Arturo Pro-Martínez ◽  
Ponciano Pérez-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Endogenous Opioid Peptides ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Male Effect

Objective: To describe the management strategies of controlled suckling and the male effect to reduce postpartum anestrus, and to show the participation of kisspeptin to regulate the effect of both factors. Design/Methodology/Approach: A review of scientific publications was conducted, in order to show the importance of suckling and the male effect as strategies to reduce postpartum anestrus in the ewe, as well as the relation of kisspeptin with both factors. Results: Seasonal anestrus can be avoided with the use of breeds adapted to the local environment, such as Pelibuey. Postpartum anestrus occurs mainly as a result of suckling, since the latter inhibits the pulsating secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH). The exact path of this inhibition is unknown, although it seems that endogenous opioid peptides and kisspeptin are intermediaries. Controlled suckling and the male effect are management strategies that improve the reproductive behavior of postpartum ewes. Kisspeptin regulates the influence of the male effect through the secretion of GnRH/LH. Study Limitations/Implications: To understand the impacts of suckling and the male effect on the duration of postpartum anestrus, as well as the participation of kisspeptin in the regulation of both effects, will allow designing management strategies to improve the reproductive efficiency of the ewes. Findings/Conclusions: Controlled suckling and the male effect reduce postpartum anestrus and improve the reproductive behavior of the ewes; advancing knowledge of the kisspeptin effect could improve the effectiveness of both techniques.

BIOCHEMICAL VALUES OF METABOLISM IN DAIRY GOATS WITH DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.Б. ЛЕЙБОВА ◽  
М.В. ПОЗОВНИКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Biochemical Profile ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Blood Samples

Проведена оценка биохимического профиля клинически здоровых коз за 2 мес до начала периода размножения в связи с их последующей репродуктивной способностью. Объектом исследования были козы зааненской породы в 1-ю лактацию. Возраст первого окота у животных составлял 400—460 сут. Отбор проб крови осуществляли в июне, через 2,5—3 мес после окота. По окончании случного сезона и сезона окотов коз разделили на 2 группы: I (n=14) — особи с завершенным репродуктивным циклом, II (n=6) — животные, не принесшие потомства. Концентрация общего холестерина в крови за 2 мес до начала периода размножения была в 1,2 раза выше (P<0,05) у коз с завершенным впоследствии репродуктивным циклом по сравнению с животными, оставшимися бесплодными. Корреляционный анализ показал, что некоторые метаболические связи, указывающие на особенности белково-углеводного обмена, имели различия по силе и направленности у особей сравниваемых групп. У животных с низкой фертильностью обнаружена положительная корреляционная связь между содержанием в крови общего белка и активностью аланинаминотрансферазы (P<0,05), а также концентрацией глюкозы и активностью щелочной фосфатазы (P<0,05). У особей, принесших потомство, подобных взаимосвязей не обнаружено. В предыдущем репродуктивном цикле показатели воспроизводительной способности у коз двух групп были сходными. Удой за первые 100 суток текущей лактации, содержание белка и жира в молоке также не имели достоверных различий. Концентрация холестерина в крови молочных коз до наступления периода размножения может служить одним из маркеров их последующей способности к воспроизводству. The biochemical profile of clinically healthy goats was assessed 2 months before the beginning of the breeding period in connection with their subsequent reproductive capacity. The object of the study were goats of the Saanen breed in the first lactation. The age of the first lambing in animals was 400—460 days. Blood samples were taken in June, 2.5—3 months after lambing. At the end of the breeding and lambing season, the goats were divided into 2 groups: I (n = 14) — individuals with a complete reproductive cycle, II (n = 6) — animals that did not bear offspring. The concentration of total cholesterol in the blood for 2 months of the pre-breeding season was 1.2 times higher (P<0.05) in goats with a subsequently completed reproductive cycle compared with animals that remained infertile. Correlation analysis showed that some metabolic links, indicating the peculiarities of protein-carbohydrate metabolism, had differences in strength and direction in individuals of the compared groups. In animals with low fertility, a positive correlation was found between the total protein content in the blood and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (P<0.05), as well as the concentration of glucose and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (P<0.05). In individuals that brought offspring, such relationships were not found. In the previous reproductive cycle, the indicators of reproductive capacity in goats of the two groups were similar. Milk yield for the first 100 days of the current lactation, protein and fat content in milk also did not have significant differences. The concentration of cholesterol in the blood of dairy goats before the onset of the breeding period can serve as one of the markers of their subsequent ability to reproduce.

scholarly journals Reproductive Potential of Yeast Cells Depends on Overall Action of Interconnected Changes in Central Carbon Metabolism, Cellular Biosynthetic Capacity, and Proteostasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7313
Author(s):  
Roman Maslanka ◽  
Renata Zadrag-Tecza
Keyword(s):  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Central Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Hexokinase 2 ◽  
Central Carbon

Carbon metabolism is a crucial aspect of cell life. Glucose, as the primary source of energy and carbon skeleton, determines the type of cell metabolism and biosynthetic capabilities, which, through the regulation of cell size, may affect the reproductive capacity of the yeast cell. Calorie restriction is considered as the most effective way to improve cellular physiological capacity, and its molecular mechanisms are complex and include several nutrient signaling pathways. It is widely assumed that the metabolic shift from fermentation to respiration is treated as a substantial driving force for the mechanism of calorie restriction and its influence on reproductive capabilities of cells. In this paper, we propose another approach to this issue based on analysis the connection between energy-producing and biomass formation pathways which are closed in the metabolic triangle, i.e., the respiration-glycolysis-pentose phosphate pathway. The analyses were based on the use of cells lacking hexokinase 2 (∆hxk2) and conditions of different glucose concentration corresponding to the calorie restriction and the calorie excess. Hexokinase 2 is the key enzyme involved in central carbon metabolism and is also treated as a calorie restriction mimetic. The experimental model used allows us to explain both the role of increased respiration as an effect of calorie restriction but also other aspects of carbon metabolism and the related metabolic flux in regulation of reproductive potential of the cells. The obtained results reveal that increased respiration is not a prerequisite for reproductive potential extension but rather an accompanying effect of the positive role of calorie restriction. More important seems to be the changes connected with fluxes in central carbon metabolic pathways resulting in low biosynthetic capabilities and improved proteostasis.

The Biology, Migration, and Growth Rate of the School Shark, Galeorhinus australis (Macleay) (Carcharhanidae) in the South-eastern Australian Waters.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Female Population ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Slow Growing

The school shark fishery in south-eastern Australian waters has operated on a homogeneous stock which has a low reproductive potential. The species is slow-growing; the smallest mature males (120 cm) are over 8 yr of age and the smallest mature females (135 cm) are at least 2 yr older. The gestation period is approximately 6 months and it is estimated that only about half the female population bear young each year. Each gravid female carries 17-41 young with a mean number of 28. The lengths of the normal full-term embryos range from 280 to 350 mm with a mean for both sexes of 300 mm. The larger females tend to have the longest embryos. Slightly more male than female young (54 : 46) are born. Because the inshore populations of juveniles have been dwindling and the size of the older stock is decreasing, it is believed that this slow-growing species is being overfished. Measures aimed at protecting school sharks in their vulnerable stages have been proposed. Any conservation programme will be long-term as this shark has such a low reproductive capacity.

Complexity of scientific evidence in environmental forensic investigations

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Val Spikmans
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Forensic Investigations

Purpose – Environmental forensic investigations rely on the collection, analysis and interpretation of evidence from an environmental scene to assist in identifying the party responsible for the introduction of exogenous material. These investigations also try to elucidate if the environment and/or human health have been affected. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Environmental forensic investigations are considered a sub-category of the forensic sciences. The potential scientific evidence is subjected to the same rigour as for other forensic science disciplines, including quality control, accreditation, chain of custody and evidence integrity. The manner in which evidence is analysed and interpreted is also similar. Even though strong similarities can be drawn between environmental forensic investigations and the general forensic sciences, some important differences need to be understood. Findings – Environmental forensic investigations can be more complex than they first appear and identifying, analysing and interpreting scientific evidence is not always straightforward. It is crucial in the comprehension of the complexities of the environmental forensic discipline to understand the intricacies of the investigations, including the limited sample numbers, complex matrices, wide range of exogenous materials encountered, often large size of the scene, changes to the scene and, above all, the potential for degradation or transformation of evidence. In addition, scientific evidence is frequently used to gather intelligence rather than to provide knowledge that can be brought forward to determine guilt or innocence of an accused party. Originality/value – This paper explores the complexities of the discipline and discusses the difficulties that are encountered during environmental investigations.

scholarly journals The links between hypertrophy, reproductive potential and longevity in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Molon ◽  
Renata Zadrag-Tecza
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Daughter Cells

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has long been used as a model organism for studying the basic mechanisms of aging. However, the main problem with the use of this unicellular fungus is the unit of "longevity". For all organisms, lifespan is expressed in units of time, while in the case of yeast it is defined by the number of daughter cells produced. Additionally, in yeast the phenotypic effects of mutations often show a clear dependence on the genetic background, suggesting the need for an analysis of strains representing different genetic backgrounds. Our results confirm the data presented in earlier papers that the reproductive potential is strongly associated with an increase in cell volume per generation. An excessive cell volume results in the loss of reproductive capacity. These data clearly support the hypertrophy hypothesis. The time of life of all analysed mutants, with the exception of sch9D, is the same as in the case of the wild-type strain. Interestingly, the 121% increase of the fob1D mutant's reproductive potential compared to the sfp1D mutant does not result in prolongation of the mutant's time of life (total lifespan).

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