scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF THE GENESIS, SOURCES, MANIFESTATIONS AND IMPACT OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS (SALW) IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 195-218
Author(s):  
Babayo Sule ◽  
Ibrahim Kawuley Mikail ◽  
Muhammad Aminu Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Light Weapons

The protracted proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) across the globe to Africa and specifically in Northern Nigeria has led to the explosion of social crises which culminated in insecurity situation in the region for more than a decade now. Armed conflicts emanated from the effects of the spread of SALW across the three geopolitical zones in the North which manifested in the Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast, farmers-herders conflict in the Northcentral, armed banditry in the Northwest and ethnoreligious conflicts in addition to kidnappings in the region. The objective of this study is a critical and thorough investigation of the SALW in exacerbating armed conflicts in general in the Northern part of Nigeria. The problem is the scenario in which the armed conflicts are threatening to entirely destabilised the region and the manner in which the SALW are increasing despite the global efforts to contain their spread for security reasons. This research used a qualitative method of data collection and analysis. Both the primary and secondary sources were used. The primary source was the interview conducted with selected informants in the relevant area of study. The secondary source was the use of available literature on the subject matter of study and the discussions were made using thematic analytical interpretations. The research discovered that the rampant armed conflicts in Northern Nigeria is the reminiscent of the spread of SALW in the region which tantamount to the present critical security situation. Also, weak policy and political institutions contributed to the spread of SALW which means there is a need for a strong policy approach. The work recommends among other numerous suggestions that efforts should be intensified in intelligence gathering to detect the networking of the racketeers in the armed business and contain them appropriately as well as total blockage of the weapons’ route.

scholarly journals TRUCE MISSIONS, NON-VIOLENT CAMPAIGNS AND PEACEFUL RESOLUTIONS OF CONFLICTS: LESSONS FROM THE ACTIVITIES OF PEACE DIRECT CHARITY ORGANISATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Temitope Abiodun ◽  
Marcus Akinlade ◽  
Olanrewaju Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Democratic Peace ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The People ◽  
Charity Commission ◽  
The Waves

Among the major threats halting the wheel of developments in northern Nigeria is the rising spate of insecurity and conflicts that have now assumed various formidable dimensions in all ramifications. The waves of violence and armed conflicts have continued to take toll on the region over the last three decades, claimed over twenty-eight thousand (28,000) lives and got three million (3 million) people displaced. Despite the disheartening statistics, Peace Direct (PD), a charitable organization known for its non-violent and peace building initiatives, and having supported the civil societies in conflict zones for over a decade across the globe, has now come out optimistic that a non-violent and peaceful northern Nigeria is possible. The study examines the various instances and factors giving birth to insecurity and violence in northern Nigeria; and also the activities of Peace Direct Charity Commission (PDCC) towards ensuring truce brokerage missions, non-violent campaigns and peaceful resolutions of conflicts in the region. The study adopts a democratic peace theory to explain the need for war’s absence in peaceful settings as the paper relies on both primary and secondary sources of data with significant reliability index. The study, however, reveals the various factors aiding insecurity and violence in the region to be; a disconnect between the people and government, abject poverty, increased rate of unemployment, weak and poorly funded military establishments, interagency rivalry, low-level of intelligence gathering on the part of security agencies in Nigeria, among others. Therefore, making the region to be non-violent and peaceful; the Nigerian security agencies, social system, public institutions truce brokerage missions, and peace building efforts or initiatives must be adequately strengthened.

scholarly journals Role of Farmer Organizations in the Reinforcement of the Economic Capacities of Farmers in Mezam Division, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
Kenette Fru Mbangari ◽  
Mathias Fru Fonteh ◽  
Guillaume Hensel Fongang Fouepe
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
North West ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Farmer Organizations ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Source Data

This study was carried out from February 2018 to June 2019 in Mezam Division-Cameroon, under the auspices of the Program for the Improvement of Competiveness of Family Agro-pastoral Farms (PCP-ACEFA) and the North West Farmers’ Organization (NOWEFOR). The objective of the study was to assess the role of FOs in the reinforcement of the economic capacities of farmers in the region. Secondary sources data were reviewed while primary source data were gotten directly from farmrs in the field. Two hundred and eighty (280) farmers’ members of these FOs were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and 7 leaders were interviewed using an interview guide. In addition, direct observations were made. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS. The findings show that, 18.57% of the respondents who possessed agricultural equipments in their farms  from the support of SOS Faim/EC, 17.14%  as a result of MINADER  support, 20% as a result of ACEFA support and 44.28% coming from the farmers own capital. Beneficiaries of the aid hired 30% of workerss compared to 12.8% the non beneficiaries. The contribution of FOs in the development of the economic capacities of farmers was overall positive as 48.57% of the beneficiary farmers had a higher income than non beneficiaries. The beneficiaries’ respective mean annual gross margin for market gardening (263, 863), poultry (375,343) and piggery (64,615) are statistically higher than that of non beneficiaries. Conclusively FOs are pivotal for famers in the development process and the strengthening of the economic capacities of farmers.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT TO MAGGIE'S BEHAVIOR IN CRANE'S "MAGGIE: A GIRL OF THE STREET"

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
Prawidya Y. Sigar ◽  
Olga Rorintulus ◽  
Imelda S. lolowang
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Love Relationship ◽  
Family Condition

The purpose of this research Is to reveal the infiuence of the environment to Maggie's behavior In Crane's “Maggie: A Giri of the Streets”. In conducting this research, the writer uses qualitative research In which the data are in the form of words rather than numbers. In analyzing data, the writer uses objective and psychological approach. The data collected in this research from two sources, primary and secondary sources. Primary source is Crane's “Maggie: A Girl of the Streets” and secondary source are the other books and data from internet that related to this research. The result of the research shows that Maggie has a miserable life that caused by her bad environment. It caused by her family condition, her Job, her neighborhood, her love relationship with Pete, and all the problems that she has to face in everyday of her life. She has to survive by anything ways in order to get a better life. But the conditions make her depressed. At the end of the story, Maggie chooses a wrong decision. She kilis her self.

The Analysis of Structural–Acoustic Coupling of an Irregular Enclosure Under the Excitation of Point Force and PVDF

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luo Chao ◽  
Rao Zhushi ◽  
Zhao Mei
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Point Force ◽  
Control Voltage ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Linear Distribution ◽  
Acoustic Coupling ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Irregular Enclosure

The physical model of this paper is an irregular enclosure with double flexible plates. The primary source is the vibration of Plate A excited by a point force. The secondary source is the vibration of Plate B excited by a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) actuator. First, the interaction of the PVDF actuator and a thin plate is analyzed and the distribution of strain and stress is gained. Based on the hypothesis of linear distribution of strain on two sections of the plate–film system, a formula is deduced to calculate the rate of the strain distribution. Then an experiment is proposed to test the sound pressure response in an irregular enclosure under the excitation of the PVDF actuator. Second, the theoretical formulas of the mode contributions of the two plates and the cavity are deduced. Then the formulas are converted into compact matrix equations. Thus the expression of sound response of one point in the enclosure is gained under the excitation of both the primary and the secondary sources. Based on these results, the sound pressure square is taken as the control aim function. At last the optimized curves of control voltage and control phase are achieved.

scholarly journals Pemikiran Pendidikan Karakter Ibn Miskawaih (Telaah Filosofis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-247
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ihwani ◽  
Muhammad Noupal ◽  
Ari Sandi
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Unit Processing

This study aims to analyze the concept of character education according to Ibn Miskawaih in a philosophical perspective with a focus on studies from the side of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The research method used is the library research method. Sources of literature in this study consist of primary sources and secondary sources. The primary source of literature is the book of tahzib al-Akhlak, and the secondary source is references related to character education such as other books from Ibn Miskawaih's essays, journals, or proceedings. Data analysis begins with unit processing, categorization, and ends with data interpretation. The results showed that ontologically, character education is an effort to curb the three forces that exist in the human soul, so that all body activities become good and spontaneous without the need for prior consideration. Epistemologically, the character education method includes willpower, self-introspection, thariqun thabi'iyyah and opposition methods. Axiologically, character education boils down to the middle path (al-wasath), with main virtues such as al-hikmah (wisdom), al-'iffah (maintaining self-purity), as-Saja'ah (courage) and al-'adalah ( justice).

scholarly journals SURVEY FOR IDENTIFYING NON-ECO FRIENDLY PRINTING ACTIVITIES IN VARIOUS STAGES OF PRINTING WORKFLOW

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nandini ◽  
P. Hema ◽  
T. Miruthubashini ◽  
R. Viveka
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Quantitative Identification ◽  
Printing Processes

This paper presents the study of parameters affecting the environment by the non-eco-friendly activities in the printing industry. The survey identifies the non-eco-friendly activities in various stages of printing processes and also identifies the VOC Emissions, Carbon footprint, and Wastage of Calendar & Newspaper Printing. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources to fulfill the aim of the survey. The primary source of data was collected from the companies and the Secondary source of data was referred from a journal, published articles including the internet. The presented concept, Methodology, and results represent the contribution to sustainable development management. The paper analyzes the results of the quantitative identification of hazardous substances emitted in the printing industry. The main focus of this survey is to find out the non-ecofriendly activities and provide suggestions to make the environment better.

Sources of political parties’ campaign expenditure in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Examining the 2015 General Election

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-389
Author(s):  
Babayo Sule ◽  
Bakri Mat ◽  
Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani ◽  
Saalah Yakubu Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
General Election ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
Campaign Expenditure ◽  
The Subject

A periodic election is a fundamental pillar and backbone of any democratic regime, and for a proper election to take place there must be some activities, most especially by parties and contestants to vote for them most especially competing to secure the electorates. These activities require huge expenditure from the parties and their financiers through campaigns, media advertisements and other related activities. The problem is that parties and their candidates are allowed, in Nigeria constitutionally and by the Electoral Act 2010, to source their campaign finance privately, which has led to illegal financing. The objective of this paper is to examine the sources of parties’ campaign expenditure in the Fourth Republic, taking the 2015 General Election as the case study. The research used a qualitative method of data collection and analysis where both primary and secondary sources were used. The primary source was an in-depth personal interview with some selected informants/participants from the categories of stakeholders in the electoral process, parties, and agencies responsible for regulating their activities. The secondary source was the use of available documents such as books, journals and Internet sources on the subject matter of the study. The data obtained were analysed and interpreted using thematic analytical interpretations from the informants’ views and the existing data in the field. The research discovered that there are basically six major sources of campaign expenditure for parties and that some of the sources are illegal and the spending has violated the regulations. The research recommends thorough supervision and monitoring of the sources of parties’ campaign expenditure and the spending process.

scholarly journals Status Hukum Pernikahan Yang Dilaksanakan Oleh Wali Hakim Luar Negeri (Studi Kasus di Mahkamah Syariah Negeri Kelantan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Soraya Devy ◽  
Mohammad Syakirin Bin Zahari
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Court Judge ◽  
Islamic Family Law ◽  
Interview Studies

Status Hukum Pernikahan yang Dilaksanakan oleh Wali Hakim Luar Negeri adalah salah satu permasalahan dari ketentuan hukum Islam bagaimana status hukum pernikahan tersebut dan bagaimana pertimbangan hakim Mahkamah Rendah Syariah Kota Bharu dalam menjatuhkan putusan terhadap status hukum pernikahan yang dilaksanakan oleh wali hakim luar negeri. Di dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dan wawancara. Hasil dari kajian pustaka dan wawancara, penulis mendapat dua sumber yaitu sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Dari sumber primer yaitu putusan hakim yang berkaitan secara langsung bertempat di Mahkamah Rendah Syariah Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Manakala sumber sekunder yaitu sumber yang mampu atau dapat memberikan informasi atau data tambahan yang dapat memperkuat perbahasan data yang diambil penulis dalam skripsi ini adalah dari wawancara, buku-buku standard, kitab-kitab dalil dan hadist, al-Quran dan Enakmen Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam di Malaysia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pandangan hakim dalam memutuskan perkara Status Hukum Pernikahan  dilaksanakan oleh Wali Hakim Luar Negeri antaranya adalah pemohon gagal menggunakan wali hakim yang ditunjukkan oleh DYMM Al-Sultan Kelantan, pemohon gagal mengikuti peraturan-peraturan prosedur pernikahan diluar negeri Enakmen Undang-undang Keluarga Islam antaranya seperti masa pendaftaran pernikahan dijalankan diluar negeri di Malaysia, prosedur wali enggan dan wali hakim, sehingga Mahkamah menolak permohonan pemohon. Oleh karena itu, bagi seorang yang ingin menikah haruslah mengikuti prosedur-prosedur yang ditetapkan oleh undang-undang. Jangan sampai hal pernikahan seperti ini tidak dapat didaftarkan dan status hukum pernikahan itu dianggap tidak sah dan tidak wujud oleh negara dan hukum Islam.The Legal status of the marriage conducted by the Regent of Foreign Affairs is one of the problems of the provisions of Islamic law on how the legal status of the marriage and how the judges of the Syariah low Court judge Kota Bharu to impose a verdict on the legal status of marriage carried out by foreign trustees. In this study, the authors used a method of literature and interview studies. As a result of the review of the literature and interviews, the authors got two sources: primary and secondary sources. From the primary source, the ruling judge is directly related to the Syariah low court of Kota Bharu, Kelantan. While the secondary source is capable or can provide information or additional data that can strengthen the discussion of the data taken by the author in this thesis is from interviews, standard books, Evidence books, and Hadist, al-Quran, and enactment of the Islamic Family Law in Malaysia. The results of this study show that the view of the judge in deciding the marital legal Status is carried out by the Regent of Foreign Affairs, among others, the applicant failed to use the trustee indicated by HRH Al-Sultan of Kelantan, the applicant failed to follow the rules of marriage procedures abroad enactment of the Islamic Family law such as the period of marriage registration conducted abroad in Malaysia Applicant's application. Therefore, one who wants to marry must follow the procedures established by the law. Do not let this kind of marriage be registered and the legal status of the marriage is deemed invalid and not in existence by the state and Islamic law.

Active Control of Radiated Sound from Ducts

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Hall ◽  
W. Brent Ferren ◽  
R. J. Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Sound Power ◽  
Circular Duct ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Radiated Sound ◽  
And Control

The noise radiated by duct and pipe systems is modeled in the laboratory using a circular duct driven by a speaker at one end. Active control is achieved using a control speaker located adjacent to the open end of the duct. The objective of the investigation was to minimize the total sound power radiated by the duct and a single secondary source. However, the adaptive algorithm used by the controller for this investigation seeks to cancel the acoustic pressure only at a single location; that is, the location of the “error” microphone. Analytical studies predict that in order for the total sound power radiated by primary and secondary sources to be minimized, a single secondary source must radiate sound which is of approximately equal magnitude and opposite phase to the noise source and the error microphone must be placed somewhere in the plane of minimum pressure of an ideal acoustic dipole. These analytical results were verified in part, for the case of the secondary source facing the same direction as the primary source in the plane of the pipe outlet. Other cases were studied where the control speaker was located outside the plane of the duct outlet. The performance improved for these alternative orientations for a wide range of error microphone positions. Measured sound power with and without active control is shown for a range of frequencies and error microphone locations for three configurations of the duct and control source.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document