scholarly journals Preparation of regenerated cellulose from rice straw lignocellulosic waste and its use for reinforced paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 439-451
Author(s):  
IZHAR ALAM ◽  
JITENDRA KUMAR ◽  
CHHAYA SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Thawing Process

Rice straw waste is a lignocellulosic waste produced by farmers in large quantities. In this study, regenerated cellulose (RC) from rice straw was prepared by dissolving rice straw holocellulose (HC) in NaOH/Urea/Thiourea/Water solution by the freeze-thawing process. The crystallinity index of RC was calculated at 31%, which is out of the crystallinity range of 39%–69% that has been previously suggested. The study indicated that the RC is amorphous with a low degree of polymerization (638) and higher hydroxyl group content as compared to HC. The fiber length of RC was found to be 26.7% shorter; however, the width of RC was 21.2% higher as compared to HC. Reduced kinked fiber content was observed in the fraction of RC (18.3%) as compared with HC (39.1%), and a higher curl index of fiber was observed more so in HC (10.5%) than RC (5.6%). Because of the regeneration process, the fiber length was reduced and a fines element content of about 96% was observed in RC compared to the initial fines content of HC (56.9%). Irrespective of the high fines element content of RC, the composite paper of rice straw bleached pulp and RC fibers was developed with an increase in the tensile index from 41.4 N.m/g to 71.2 N.m/g and an increase in the burst index from 4.7 kPa.m2/g to 5.3 kPa.m2/g with the addition of 5% and 15% RC, respectively. However, enhanced tear index of paper was observed up to 5% and then it declined upon further addition of RC. The study revealed that regenerated cellulose can be used as a strength additive to overcome the shortcomings of low mechanical properties in paper products.

Effect of antisolvents on the structure of regenerated cellulose: development of an efficient regeneration process

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 881-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuihua Dong ◽  
Yahui Meng ◽  
Binshou Wang ◽  
Wenyuan Zhu ◽  
Zhiqiang Pang
Keyword(s):  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Effective Dispersion ◽  
Bond Network ◽  
Cellulose Regeneration ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractIn this study, the effect of antisolvents on the structure of regenerated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from the extraction of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) was investigated; further, the usage of the aqueous N,N-dimethylmethanamide (DMF) solution was proposed as an effective antisolvent for cellulose regeneration. The results denoted that regeneration after dissolution resulted in a looser cellulose texture with a high specific surface area, low degree of polymerization (DP), low crystallinity index (CrI), and decreased thermostability, which are favorable for its downstream processing. Among the studied antisolvents, the DMF solution was superior in cellulose regeneration from BmimCl, as demonstrated by the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis. The improved ability of the DMF solution with respect to cellulose regeneration can be attributed to the effective dispersion of H-bonds and the inductive hydrophobic orientation of cellulose chains; correspondingly, a looser H-bond network was observed in the regenerated cellulose. The DMF solution as an antisolvent offers an effective cellulose regeneration method and an optimal structure for subsequent processing and applications.

Comparative Study on Structural Performance of Several New Regenerated Cellulose Fibers

2012 ◽  
Vol 573-574 ◽  
pp. 174-180
Author(s):  
Rong Zhou ◽  
Chun Guang Li ◽  
Ming Xia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Bast Fiber ◽  
Bamboo Pulp ◽  
Lyocell Fiber ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Sectional Shape

Regenerated cellulose fiber is the most widely-used and most variety of cellulose fiber. Five categories and ten kinds of fibers such as lyocell fiber, viscose fiber, modal fiber, bamboo pulp fiber, and sheng-bast fiber were chosen as the research object. The sectional shape, crystallinity and degree of polymerization of fibers were tested and analysis, to explore the nature of the reasons for the formation of fiber performance difference, and to verify through experiments.

scholarly journals A comparative fiber morphological analysis of major agricultural residues (used or investigated) as feedstock in the pulp and paper industry

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7935-7952
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Tsalagkas ◽  
Zoltán Börcsök ◽  
Zoltán Pásztory ◽  
Vladimir Gryc ◽  
Levente Csóka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient

The suitabilities of major agricultural residues were assessed as papermaking feedstocks. All the examined agricultural residues were assumed as potential candidates for substituting hardwood fibers in mixed pulp blends from a fiber morphological perspective. Wheat, barley, rice, rapeseed, maize, sunflower, sugarcane bagasse, coconut husk, and two genotypes of miscanthus grass underwent identical maceration. The fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness, and lumen diameter were measured to calculate the slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio. The average fiber length ranged from 0.50 mm ± 0.32 mm (MG-S-02-V) to 1.15 mm mm ± 0.58 mm (sugarcane bagasse). The fiber width ranged from 10.77 μm ± 3.28 μm (rice straw) to 22.99 mm ± 5.20 mm (sunflower stalk). The lumen diameter ranged from 4.52 μm ± 2.52 μm (rice straw) to 13.23 μm ± 4.87 μm (sunflower stalk). The cell wall thickness ranged from 3.02 μm ± 0.95 μm (rice straw) to 4.80 μm ± 1.48 μm (sunflower stalk). The slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio values ranged between 28.08 to 58.11, 37.97 to 60.8, and 0.62 to 1.68, respectively. Wheat, maize, rapeseed, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were found to be appropriate residue sources for papermaking feedstocks.

scholarly journals Study on the Dissolution Mechanism of Cellulose by ChCl-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Jinyan Lang ◽  
Ping Lan ◽  
Hongyan Yang ◽  
Junliang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Dissolution Mechanism ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Donor

Four deep eutectic solvents (DESs), namely, glycerol/chlorocholine (glycerol/ChCl), urea/ChCl, citric acid/ChCl, and oxalic acid/ChCl, were synthesized and their performance in the dissolution of cellulose was studied. The results showed that the melting point of the DESs varied with the proportion of the hydrogen bond donor material. The viscosity of the DESs changed considerably with the change in temperature; as the temperature increased, the viscosity decreased and the electrical conductivity increased. Oxalic acid/ChCl exhibited the best dissolution effects on cellulose. The microscopic morphology of cellulose was observed with a microscope. The solvent system effectively dissolved the cellulose, and the dissolution method of the oxalic acid/ChCl solvent on cellulose was preliminarily analyzed. The ChCl solvent formed new hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose through its oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group and its nitrogen atom in the amino group. That is to say, after the deep eutectic melt formed an internal hydrogen bond, a large number of remaining ions formed a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose, resulting in a great dissolution of the cellulose. Although the cellulose and regenerated cellulose had similar structures, the crystal form of cellulose changed from type I to type II.

Feasibility Study of Chemical Treatments on Sorghum Fibres for Compatibility Enhancement in Polypropylene Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 929 ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismojo ◽  
Rai Pratama ◽  
Ghiska Ramahdita ◽  
Anne Zulfia Syahrial ◽  
Mochamad Chalid
Keyword(s):  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Ester Group ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Compatibility Study ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Dsc Measurements ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Weak Compatibility ◽  
Pp Composites

Polypropylene (PP) is one of the biggest petro-polymers, which is used in very wide application nowadays. The environment problem due to materials such as plastics having very long time degradability, and critical petroleum sources have promoted some studies to empowerment of natural resources such as natural fibres for substituting or at least modifying petro-polymers. Because of biodegradability obtained from natural source, sorghum fibers are interesting to be used as filler in PP composites, despite of weak compatibility between them. Surface modification on the sorghum fibers through alkalinization prior to acetylation was aimed to improve the fiber compatibility to PP. The treatments were expected to substitute hydroxyl group in the sorghum fibers, into acetic ester group in order to increase their hydrophobicity as the fillers. Moreover, the treatments were able to unbundle single fibers into micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) fibres with increase in crystallinity index. Usage of this MFC fiber as filler in PP leads to improvement of the composite performances such as thermal properties. In this study, Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) were used to evaluate the performances of the Sorghum fibers after the treatments and as the filler in the Sorghum fibers/PP composites. The experimental results showed the MFC fibers as the smallest sizes in 5.0 microns and the highest crystallinity index up to 79.1 %, obtained from alkalinization with 2.5 M NaOH prior to acetylation with 17.4 M CH3COOH and the glacial (CH3CO2)2. Compatibility study of the treated Sorghum fibers on PP shows an improvement indicated by a strong interaction between the fibers and PP on morphology observation, increase in melting point of PP from 163.4°C (using virgin Shorgum fibers) into 163.6°C (using treated Sorghum fibers) in DSC measurements.

Effects of Treatments on Cellulosic Biomass Structure in Ethanol Manufacturing: A Literature Review

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Z. J. Pei ◽  
Linda Pei
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Biomass Structure

Ethanol made from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. Enzymatic hydrolysis uses enzymes to convert cellulosic biomass into sugars that are fermented into ethanol. In order to increase sugar yield, various treatments (such as biomass size reduction and pretreatment) are applied to cellulosic biomass before enzymatic hydrolysis. These treatments will alter structure parameters of cellulosic biomass, such as crystallinity index, degree of polymerization, particle size, pore volume, and specific surface area. There are currently no review papers on these structure parameters of cellulosic biomass in ethanol manufacturing. This paper reviews experimental investigations in the literature about effects of various treatments on the structure parameters of cellulosic biomass.

Composites of Poly(lactic Acid) with Rice Straw Fibers Modified by Poly(butyl Acrylate)

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
Li Jun Qin ◽  
Jian Hui Qiu ◽  
Ming Zhu Liu ◽  
Sheng Long Ding ◽  
Liang Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Butyl Acrylate ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Suspension Polymerization ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Biodegradable Composites

The modified rice straw fibers (MRSF) were prepared by suspension polymerization technique of butyl acrylate (BA) monomer and rice straw fibers (RSF) in water solution. FTIR test indicated that PBA was coated and absorbed on RSF.The biodegradable composites were prepared with the MRSF and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by HAAKE rheometer. Mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength of PLA/MRSF composites were (W (%) =7.98%) increased by 6 MPa compared with blank sample. The possible reason was that the good interfacial adhesion between PLA and MRSF, which was demonstrated by SEM.

scholarly journals Regenerated Cellulose/Graphene Composite Fibers with Electroconductive Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulpinski Piotr ◽  
Jeremiasz K. Jeszka ◽  
Malolepszy Artur ◽  
Stobinski Leszek
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Fiber Spinning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electronic Elements

AbstractConductive cellulose fibers may find application in producing antistatic materials and fibrous electronic elements for smart textiles (textronics). In this paper, we present a method of fabrication of cellulose fibers modified with the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO). The fibers were obtained by using N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) as a direct solvent, adding dispersion of GO during the cellulose dissolution process. In the next step, the GO enclosed in the fibers was reduced for ca. half an hour at 90°C with the excess of water solution of hydrazine to obtain fibers containing rGO. The viscosity of the spinning solution increased when GO was added; however, the difference is important at low shearing rates but decreases at high shearing rates, similar to that used in the process of fiber spinning. Cellulose fibers containing 3, 4, 6, and 10% w/w of rGO were obtained. Fiber morphology was studied using electron microscopy. The results of the electrical properties’ measurements showed that the conductivity of modified fibers strongly depends on the concentration of rGO. At 10% rGO conductivity was 9 x 10−3 S/cm. The mechanical properties of the obtained fibers were slightly changed by the presence of GO and rGO. Tenacity and elongation at break decreased with the increase in the content of GO and rGO in the fibers but remain at an acceptable level from the textiles processing point of view.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN YIELD NERACA MASSA HASIL PRETREATMENT TIGA JENIS LIMBAH LIGNOSELULOSA DALAM MEMPRODUKSI POLISAKARIDA MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK KIMIAWI

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Gading Wilda Aniriani ◽  
Nurul Fitria Apriliani
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Lignocellulosic Waste ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Xylan Content

PERBANDINGAN YIELD NERACA MASSA HASIL PRETREATMENT TIGA JENIS LIMBAH LIGNOSELULOSA DALAM MEMPRODUKSI POLISAKARIDA MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK KIMIAWI ABSTRAKLimbah lignoselulosa merupakan jenis limbah yang mengandung lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa (xilan). Pada lignoselulosa, senyawa yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah hemiselulosa dan selulosa, sedangkan lignin dihilangkan. Hemiselulosa dan selulosa sebagai polisakarida dapat digunakan sebagai substrat dalam produksi enzim maupun hidrolisis secara kimia, proses tersebut dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gula yang lebih sederhana. Penelitian sebelumnya telah dilakukan ekstraksi xilan dari ampas tebu, hasil samping dari ekstraksi tersebut adalah selulosa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini telah membandingkan hasil ekstraksi xilan dan selulosa dalam satu jenis limbah dan membandingkan hasil keduanya diantara 3 jenis limbah lignoselulosa menggunakan metode yang sama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi polisakarida xilan dan selulosa yang terkandung di dalam limbah ampas tebu, tongkol jagung dan jerami padi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pretreatment secara kimiawi yakni delignifikasi dengan 1 % NaOCl (v/v), ekstraksi xilan dan selulosa dengan metode alkali menggunakan 15 % NaOH pekat dan purifikasi xilan dengan 4% NaOH (v/v). Adapun target yang telah dicapai adalah perolehan polisakarida terbanyak akan digunakan sebagai bahan utama untuk memproduksi enzim. Hasil perolehan yield pada masing-masing neraca massa menunjukkan bahwa, jumlah rendemen xilan terbanyak yaitu jerami sebanyak 110 g dengan penurunan massa dari proses sebelumnya sebesar 61,5%, sedangkan untuk rendemen selulosa diperoleh juga oleh jerami yaitu sebanyak 330 g dengan penurunan massa dari proses sebelumnya sebesar 39,5% . Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa jumlah terbanyak pada rendemen xilan berbanding lurus dengan jumlah selulosa. Kesimpulan tersebut di perkuat dengan hasil pada dua jenis limbah lainnya, yakni berbanding lurus. Perolehan rendemen hasil purifikasi terbanyak yaitu ampas tebu (bagas) sebesar 86 gr dengan persentase penurunan massa hanya sebesar 14%.Kata kunci: Lignoselulosa, Delignifikasi, Ekstraksi, Xilan, Selulosa. COMPARISON OF YIELD BALANCE MASS RESULT OF PRETREATMENTT THREE TYPES OF LIGNOSELULOSA WASTE IN PRODUCING POLYSACCHARIDE USING CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGABSTRACTLignocellulosic waste is a type of waste containing lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose (xylan). In lignocellulose, the compounds that can be utilized are hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas lignin is removed. Hemicellulose and cellulose as polysaccharides can be used as substrates in the production of enzymes and hydrolysis chemically, the process is carried out to obtain simpler sugars. In a previous research, the extraction of xylan from bagasse, a by-product of the extraction, was cellulose. Therefore, this research compared the results of xylan and cellulose extraction in one type of waste and compare the results of the two between 3 types of lignocellulosic waste using the same method. This research aims to extract polysaccharide xylan and cellulose contained in waste bagasse, corn cob and rice straw. The research method used was chemical pretreatment ie delignification with 1% NaOCl (v/v), xylan extraction and cellulose by alkali method using 15% concentrated NaOH and purification of xylan with 4% NaOH (v/v). The target to be achieved is the acquisition of the most polysaccharides will be used as the main ingredient for producing enzymes. The yield of mass balance shows that the highest amount of xylan content is 110 g with the mass decrease from the previous process of 61.5%, while for cellulose rendemen is also obtained by straw as much as 330 g with the decrease of mass from process previously amounted to 39.5%. This shows that the largest amount of xylan content is proportional to the amount of cellulose. The conclusions are reinforced with the results of two other types of waste, which are directly proportional. The highest yield of purification result is bagasse equal to 86 gr with percentage of mass decrease only 14%.Keywords: Lignocellulose, Delignification, Extraction, Xylan, Cellulose.  

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