THE DIFFERENCE OF PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AT URBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN ACEH PROVINCE

Protein is needed by the human body, especially to develop and repair body tissues. The adequacy rate of protein consumption shows the amount of minimal protein needed by each resident in a day to be able to live healthy and active. The Indonesian adequacy rate of protein consumption based on the results of the National Widyakarya Food and Nutrition X set a standard of consumption per capita protein per day which is 57 grams of protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in protein consumption in urban and rural areas in Aceh province. Data used on average consumption of protein in urban and rural areas by food in 2018 in the Aceh province were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Aceh. The data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney Test with the help of SPSS 23 software. Based on the results of descriptive statistics in urban areas in Aceh province, protein consumption according to food was 62.42 grams, while in rural areas it was 57.42 grams. This shows that the protein consumption of the people of Aceh province has fulfilled the protein adequacy rate.Then from the output of SPSS 23 protein consumption in urban and rural areas obtained Mann-Whitney U value = 79,000 with an Asymp Value Sig (2 tailed) = 0.590 so that the Asymp Sig value obtained> 0.05 then H0 is accepted meaning that there is no significant difference between consumption protein in urban and rural areas in Aceh

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Decomposing Urban-rural Differences in Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in India: A Study Based on Lasi Data

10.21203/rs.3.rs-701569/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shekhar Chauhan ◽

Shobhit Srivast ◽

Pradeep Kumar ◽

Ratna Patel

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

The Public ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Ageing Study ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more than two diseases in the same person. With rising longevity, multimorbidity has become a prominent concern among the older population. Evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that older people are at much higher risk of multimorbidity, however, urban-rural differential remained scarce. Therefore, this study examines urban-rural differential in multimorbidity among older adults by decomposing the risk factors of multimorbidity and identifying the covariates that contributed to the change in multimorbidity.Methods: The study utilized information from 31,464 older adults (rural-20,725 and urban-10,739) aged 60 years and above from the recent release of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 data. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate decomposition analysis techniques were used.Results: Overall, significant urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults (difference: 16.3; p<0.001). Moreover, obese/overweight and high-risk waist circumference were found to narrow the difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults between urban and rural areas by 8% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusion: There is a need to substantially increase the public sector investment in healthcare to address the multimorbidity among older adults, more so in urban areas, without compromising the needs of older adults in rural areas.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Hedgerows in Urban Areas

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v33i230141 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Paullyne Charllotte Gonçalves Celestino ◽

Lúcia de Fatima de Carvalho Chaves ◽

André Luiz Alves de Lima Galdino ◽

Jéssica de Oliveira Souza ◽

Uaine Maria Félix Dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Architectural Elements ◽

The People ◽

Ecological Importance ◽

Homogeneous Composition ◽

Composition Structure ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The One

The research aimed to analyze the maintenance, composition, pruning, planting aspects and architectural elements on urban hedgerows. This study was carried out in an area of Imbiribeira, Recife, PE, Brazil, during six months. The survey was conducted in an area of 30 city blocks (37.024 hectares). The application of the questionnaire was directed to people residing, working, or owning real estate that contained hedgerows. Maintenance (person with the responsibility of pruning and maintenance of the hedge and types of maintenance performed on the hedges); Plant species aspects (species used were classified into groups of plant species: arboreal, shrub, herbaceous and climbing plants); Composition (homogeneous or heterogeneous); Pruning (maintenance or topiary); Planting aspects (planting alignment, spacing rhythm and dimensions of the hedge). In the study area, 30 blocks were sampled, where the presence of hedgerows was observed in 18 of them. The people responsible for the maintenance and management of hedgerows were mostly non-professional workers. The practice of watering hedgerows was found in 95.24% of the visited properties. The use fertilizer was found in 28.57% of the cases and only 4.76% of the properties use pesticide products due to phytosanitary problems. Most of the hedgerows had a homogeneous composition. Topiary pruning is the most practiced treatment on the hedgerows, with a frequency of 82.28% in the study area. The quincux planting with no definite spacing rhythm was the most found. The most observed Planting Alignment in the study area was in line. The most observed Spacing Rhythm was the one with no rhythm of planting. Although hedgerows are widely used in urban and rural areas, studies on their maintenance, composition, structure, ecological importance and relevance to biodiversity conservation are scarce.

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Anisometropia in the 5th and 6th school years

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa040.060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

A F Nunes ◽

A S Nunes ◽

P Monteiro ◽

C R Martins ◽

H Forte

Keyword(s):

Binocular Vision ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Basic Education ◽

Age Groups ◽

Separate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Screening Programs ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Introduction Anisometropia is characterized by a refractive inter ocular difference greater than 1.00 dioptre (D). It is the main cause of amblyopia and loss of binocular vision. Its prevalence depends on several factors, being different values in different geographical areas of the world and in different age groups. Objectives To estimate the frequency of anisometropia in children of the 2nd cycle of Basic Education. Methodology A total of 519 children attending the 5th and 6th school years, from Covilhã schools, from urban and rural areas, aged between 9 and 14 years (10.8 ± 0.8 years) were enrolled in the study. The refractive error was measured with a paediatric auto refractometer (Plusoptix), without cycloplegic and in binocular conditions. Anisometropia was defined as the inter ocular difference in spherical equivalent or cylindrical, greater than 1.00 D and a separate analysis for values greater than 2.00 D. Results The sample was symmetrically divided into genders (50.9% Male), between school grade (53% 5th year) and higher in urban areas (70.1%). The prevalence of anisometropia with cut-off points of 1.00 D and 2.00 D was 12.3% and 5.0%, respectively. There was a higher prevalence among males, in rural areas and in 6th grade. The Chi-square test (□2) shows that the difference is statistically significant only between years of schooling, with a higher prevalence in the 6th grade (p = 0.001). Conclusion There was a slightly higher prevalence of spherical and cylindrical anisometropia (5% and 12.3%) than is reported in the literature (rates between 4.4% and 9.4%). The 6th school year presented rates significantly higher than the 5th year, which points out that anisometropia increases with age, as was also advocated by other authors. Visual screening programs in adolescence for the detection of anisometropia are fundamental, since their timely correction allows to safeguard the binocular vision.

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Difference in PM2.5 Variations between Urban and Rural Areas over Eastern China from 2001 to 2015

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos9080312 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 312 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Changqing Lin ◽

Alexis Lau ◽

Ying Li ◽

Jimmy Fung ◽

Chengcai Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Eastern China ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Spatial Difference ◽

The Past ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

To more effectively reduce population exposure to PM2.5, control efforts should target densely populated urban areas. In this study, we took advantage of satellite-derived PM2.5 data to assess the difference in PM2.5 variations between urban and rural areas over eastern China during the past three Five-Year Plan (FYP) periods (2001–2015). The results show that urban areas experienced less of a decline in PM2.5 concentration than rural areas did in more than half of the provinces during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010). In contrast, most provinces experienced a greater reduction of PM2.5 concentration in urban areas than in rural areas during the 10th and 12th FYP periods (2001–2005 and 2011–2015, respectively). During the recent 12th FYP period, the rates of decline in PM2.5 concentration in urban areas were more substantial than in rural areas by as much as 1.5 μg·m−3·year−1 in Beijing and 2.0 μg·m−3·year−1 in Tianjin. These results suggest that the spatial difference in PM2.5 change was conducive to a reduction in the population exposure to PM2.5 in most provinces during recent years.

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Differences in maternal mortality between urban and rural areas: Analysis of Maternal Mortality based in Jinan, China in 1995- 2018

10.21203/rs.2.17817/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Lihua Zhang ◽

Tingting Zhen ◽

Qinyou Meng ◽

Shimin Yang ◽

Jiaxue Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Mortality ◽

Maternal Death ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Maternal Deaths ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Although a large number of studies have shown that maternal mortality in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas, few reports discussed about the detailed situation and the behind causes. Here, we summarized the maternal mortality from 1995 to 2018 in Jinan and the reason behind it was deeply discussed. It is expected to reveal the difference and its behind reasons, thus providing a basis for policy makers to develop interventions. Methods: Data about maternal mortality in the selected city from 1995 to 2018 were collected through the local maternal and child health care network. Maternal death age, maternal death delivery location, maternal death location, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries and maternal death causes were analyzed. The composition ratio of above factors were compared in order to indicate the differences between rural areas and urban areas. Results: The study showed that 75.34% of maternal deaths in urban areas occurred in tertiary hospitals, which were 2.13 times higher than that in rural areas(P<0.05). 16.67% of maternal deaths in rural areas delivered in primary hospitals, which were 12.17 times higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05) . The main cause of death in rural areas were attributed to direct obstetrics reasons, which were indirect obstetric reasons for urban areas (P<0.05). There was no difference of maternal deaths in the death age, number of births, and number of pregnancies between rural areas and urban areas.(P>0.05) Conclusion: Policy makers should focus on the construction of medical institutions in rural areas, the improvement of rescue capabilities in rural areas and the convenience of transport in rural areas in order to narrow the gap between rural and urban areas. Key words: Maternal Mortality; Differences between urban and rural areas; China

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Visit to the Emergency Room: A Time Analysis of 119 Ambulances, Private Cars, and Taxis

Fire Science and Engineering ◽

10.7731/kifse.184f9eb0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 81-88

Author(s):

Kyunghee Kang

Keyword(s):

Emergency Room ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Panel Study ◽

Social Characteristics ◽

Annual Data ◽

Transportation Time ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This study analyzed the transportation time of 119 ambulances, private cars, and taxis to arrive at the emergency room, and estimated the factors influencing the time using individual and household characteristics and emergency statistics from the 2018 annual data of the Korea Health Panel Study (Version 1.7). Out of 2,032 cases that were analyzed, 427 cases (21.0%) were brought by 119 ambulances; 1,276 (62.8%) by private cars; and 329 cases (16.2%) by taxis. On average, the 119 ambulances took 23.14 minutes, private cars took 25.06 minutes, and taxis took 19.01 minutes to reach the emergency room. The overall average was 23.68 minutes. Moreover, the difference between urban and rural areas was a statistically significant factor influencing the time for all three methods of transport. It took approximately 7-10 minutes longer in rural areas than in urban areas. In addition, the lower the income, the longer it took in the case of private cars. If the transportation time for ambulance services is efficiently managed in terms of economic and social characteristics or regional factors, the quality of the ambulance service is expected to improve significantly.

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PERBEDAAN TINGKAT DEPRESI ANTARA LANSIA DI PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN

KOSALA : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan ◽

10.37831/jik.v4i2.96 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Tunjung Sri Yulianti ◽

Anggit Ike Prascika

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Geriatric Depression Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

The Elderly ◽

Economic Changes ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Village

AbstractElderly will fail maintaining a balance of physiological conditions, thereby increasingvulnerability to depression. Factors that influence is the socio-economic changes, socialvalues, awareness among individuals and others. More urban environment isindividualistic and socioeconomic pressures are higher, while rural areas have theeducational background lower. The results showed not a few elderly people who returnedto the village because they felt pressured by the situation in the city, the elderly should bealone in the house and no neighbors who could be invited to communicate, so it isdifficult to be happy. But there are also elderly who live in the village reveal feelingdepressed and showed signs of depression. Purpose of the study to determine the levelof depression in the elderly in urban, rural and differences in the level of depressionamong the elderly who live in rural and urban areas.Subjects were elderly who live in the village of Palur Sukoharjo and Kampung SewuSurakarta. Methods of analytical study comparative research design. Measuringinstrument used is the Geriatric Depression Scale. Test data normality using theKolmogorov-Smirnov Test. Statistical test with independent t test.The results of the study obtained significancy value of t-test (two-tailed) 0.001.Conclusion of research is significant difference in rates of depression among the elderlyin urban and rural areas, the elderly in urban areas have higher levels of depression thanelderly people in rural areasKeywords: Elderly Depression Level, Rural, Urban

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Identifying Key Factors in Determining Disparities in Energy Consumption in China: A Household Level Analysis

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14217149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (21) ◽

pp. 7149

Author(s):

Ling Yang ◽

Kai Zhao ◽

Yankai Zhao ◽

Mengyuan Zhong

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Green Energy ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Household Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

With the rapid progress of socio-economic development and urbanization in China, a wide variety of literature has focused on the phenomenon of energy-consumption disparity, which in turn could be related to numerous fundamental energy dilemmas that China must deal with now or soon, including energy use inefficiency, regional energy shortage, insufficient use of green energy, etc. However, in most cases, only a tendency scenario is discussed, while identifying which factors are more likely to affect the improvement of energy supply/use has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore differences in energy consumption in specific, household-level aspects. Based on the information provided by Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS2015), the Gini coefficient and the Lorentz asymmetry coefficient are used to measure the difference among various categories of energy type and end use within and between different geographical sub-groups. The findings show that: (1) household energy-consumption behaviors exhibit a complicated effect on the overall level of energy-consumption difference; (2) from the supply side, energy users show the most significant difference in biomass energy consumption, while from the demand side, the contribution of space heating to the difference in total energy consumption is the highest; (3) a great urban–rural difference in energy consumption is generally observed with its difference within rural areas being much greater than in urban areas; (4) the eastern, middle and western regions weight differently in explaining the overall difference of energy consumption. These findings provide meaningful materials and references for policymakers in China to understand the overall situation of individual energy consumption to a great extent, and to locate key points to reform the current energy policy framework.

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Different Patterns in Ranking of Risk Factors for the Onset Age of Acute Myocardial Infarction between Urban and Rural Areas in Eastern Taiwan

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115558 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5558

Author(s):

Hsiu-Ju Huang ◽

Chih-Wei Lee ◽

Tse-Hsi Li ◽

Tsung-Cheng Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Onset Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the difference in ranking of risk factors of onset age of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between urban and rural areas in Eastern Taiwan. Data from 2013 initial onset of AMI patients living in the urban areas (n = 1060) and rural areas (n = 953) from January 2000 to December 2015, including onset age, and conventional risk factors including sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index (BMI). The results of multiple linear regressions analysis showed smoking, obesity, and dyslipidemia were early-onset reversible risk factors of AMI in both areas. The ranking of impacts of them on the age from high to low was obesity (β = −6.7), smoking (β = −6.1), and dyslipidemia (β = −4.8) in the urban areas, while it was smoking (β = −8.5), obesity (β= −7.8), and dyslipidemia (β = −5.1) in the rural areas. Furthermore, the average onset ages for the patients who smoke, are obese, and have dyslipidemia simultaneously was significantly earlier than for patients with none of these comorbidities in both urban (13.6 years) and rural (14.9 years) areas. The findings of this study suggest that the different prevention strategies for AMI should be implemented in urban and rural areas.

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SANITASI DAN AIR MINUM DI DAERAH PERKOTAAN DAN PEDESAAN DI PROVINSI BENGKULU (ANALISIS DATA POTENSI DESA 2018)

Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan ◽

10.22435/jek.v3i18.2471 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 159-170

Author(s):

Tri Noviyanti Nurzanah ◽

Zakianis Zakianis ◽

Bambang Wispriyono ◽

Athena Anwar

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Water Source ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Clean Water ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Dug Well

ABSTRACT Bengkulu Province is the fourth-lowest province in Indonesia for sanitation facilities and drinking water availability. The difference in socioeconomic conditions and very low access to sanitation in Bengkulu Province poses a major challenge to ensuring water and sanitation services for all, so as to attempt to control a large number of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of sanitation and drinking water between urban and rural areas in Bengkulu Province. Data analyzed were Village Potential data (PODES) in 2018 and the sample were 148 villages. Research results show that sanitation facilities and the availability of clean water in urban areas are better than in rural areas. In rural areas the majority of sewage is unsanitary or without latrines/open defecation, garbage disposal is carried out by dumping it into the pit of natural soil or being burnt, the sewage is still open, the water source is still a dug well as a source of clean water. In conclusion, there are still gaps in terms of access to sanitation in rural areas and urban safe drinking water. An evaluation is needed to increase community access to sanitation in rural areas and drinking water in cities. Keywords: Saniation, drinking water, urban areas, rural areas ABSTRAK Provinsi Bengkulu merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan sarana sanitasi dan ketersediaan air minum ke empat terendah di Indonesia. Perbedaan kondisi sosial ekonomi dan akses sanitasi yang sangat rendah di Provinsi Bengkulu menimbulkan tantangan besar untuk memastikan layanan air dan sanitasi bagi semua, sehingga membantu mengendalikan sejumlah besar penyakit menular. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran sanitasi dan air minum antara wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan di Provinsi Bengkulu. Data yang dianalisis adalah data Potensi Desa (PODES) tahun 2018 dengan unit analisis desa. Jumlah sampel sebesar 148 desa di daerah perkotaan dan perdesaan di Provinsi Bengkulu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sarana sanitasi dan ketersediaan air bersih di wilayah perkotaan lebih baik daripada di wilayah perdesaan. Di wilayah perdesaan mayoritas pembuangan tinja tidak saniter atau tanpa jamban/buang air besar sembarangan, pembuangan sampah dilakukan sdengan membuang ke dalam lubang tanah atau dibakar, saluran pembuangan air limbah masih terbuka, dan sumber air adalah sumur gali sebagai sumber air bersih. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa masih terdapat kesenjangan dalam hal akses sanitasi dan air minum antara di perdesaan dan perkotaan. Perlu adanya evaluasi peningkatan akses masyarakat terhadap sanitasi di pedesaan dan air minum di perkotaan. Kata kunci: Sanitasi, air minum, perkotaan, pedesaan

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