scholarly journals Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Bloodstream Infections in Humans: a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
KLAUDIA LISOWSKA-ŁYSIAK ◽  
RYSZARD LAUTERBACH ◽  
JACEK MIĘDZOBRODZKI ◽  
MAJA KOSECKA-STROJEK
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
North American Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Prevalent Species

Staphylococci are among the most frequent human microbiota components associated with the high level of bloodstream infection (BSI) episodes. In predisposed patients, there is a high risk of transformation of BSI episodes to sepsis. Both bacterial and host factors are crucial for the outcomes of BSI and sepsis. The highest rates of BSI episodes were reported in Africa, where these infections were up to twice as high as the European rates. However, there remains a great need to analyze African data for comprehensive quantification of staphylococcal BSI prevalence. The lowest rates of BSI exist in Australia. Asian, European, and North American data showed similar frequency values. Worldwide analysis indicated that both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most frequent BSI agents. In the second group, the most prevalent species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, although CoNS were not identified at the species level in many studies. The lack of a significant worldwide decrease in BSI episodes indicates a great need to implement standardized diagnostic methods and research etiological factors using advanced genetic methods.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci in haematological patients with neutropenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MÜLLER-PREMRU ◽  
P. ČERNELČ
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Haematological Patients

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) is common in haematological patients with febrile neutropenia. As the clinical signs of CRBSI are usually scarce and it is difficult to differentiate from blood culture contamination, we tried to confirm CRBSI by molecular typing of CNS isolated from paired blood cultures (one from a peripheral vein and another from the central venous catheter hub). Blood cultures were positive in 59 (36%) out of 163 patients. CNS were isolated in 24 (40%) patients; in 14 from paired blood cultures (28 isolates) and in 10 from a single blood culture. CNS from paired blood cultures were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined and bacteria were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of bacterial genomic DNA. In 13 patients, the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was identical. The PFGE patterns from paired blood cultures were identical or closely related in 10 patients, thus confirming the presence of CRBSI. In the remaining four patients they were unrelated, and suggested a mixed infection or contamination. Since CNS isolates from three patients had identical PFGE patterns, they were probably nosocomially spread amongst them.

scholarly journals High-Dose Daptomycin Is Effective as an Antibiotic Lock Therapy in a Rabbit Model of Staphylococcus epidermidis Catheter-Related Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Basas ◽  
Marta Palau ◽  
Carlos Ratia ◽  
José L. del Pozo ◽  
María Teresa Martín-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Poor Patient ◽  
Lock Therapy ◽  
Antibiotic Lock ◽  
High Treatment

ABSTRACT Long-term catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) involving coagulase-negative staphylococci are associated with poor patient outcomes, increased hospitalization, and high treatment costs. The use of vancomycin lock therapy has been an important step forward in treatment of these biofilms, although failures occur in 20% of patients. In this study, we report that a high dose of daptomycin lock therapy may offer a therapeutic advantage for these CRBSIs in just 24 h of treatment.

Dynamics of experimentally induced Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis in East Friesian milk ewes

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Winter ◽  
Franz Schilcher ◽  
Klemens Fuchs ◽  
Ian G Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The responses of five lactating East Friesian milk ewes to experimental mammary infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis and of five control ewes were examined over a period of 10 weeks. Infection caused an influx of neutrophils into milk, the numbers of which started to rise 4 h post infection and peaked 24 h after infection. The initial response was accompanied by mild fever and mild leucopaenia in blood (8 h after infection). No other signs of systemic infection were observed. Milk appeared normal at all times, although the milk yield of infected ewes tended to decline. Staphylococci were absent in milk from four ewes at 2 d and at 3 d after infection, but re-emerged intermittently in four of five ewes at subsequent samplings. Cytokines in milk were measured by ELISA. IL-8 was elevated in infected glands at 2 h and peaked at 8 h. In the four ewes intermittently shedding bacteria, IL-8 remained elevated until the final sampling at 10 weeks. IL-1β was transiently elevated at 1 d and 2 d and showed a pronounced peak in one sheep. Milk samples from this ewe were bacteriologically negative, somatic cell count (SCC) was within the normal range and the concentrations of IL-1β, as well as IL-8, were similiar to the control group (n=5) from 1 week after infection until the final sampling. Histological examination revealed leucocytic infiltrates in the four glands remaining infected at the end of the experiment, and a high level of CD5+ lymphocytes in three ewes. The results suggest that the relationship between the initial neutrophil influx and the proinflammatory cytokines may be responsible for determining the course of infection. Subclinical mastitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci leads to minor changes in milk yield and milk constituents.

scholarly journals Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream and prosthetic-device-associated infections: the role of biofilm formation and distribution of adhesin and toxin genes

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 1500-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Giormezis ◽  
Fevronia Kolonitsiou ◽  
Antigoni Foka ◽  
Eleanna Drougka ◽  
Apostolos Liakopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Prosthetic Device ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
High Level

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), especially Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients and those with indwelling medical devices. In this study, CNS recovered from patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) or prosthetic-device-associated infections (PDAIs) were compared in terms of biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, clonal distribution, and carriage of adhesin and toxin genes. A total of 226 CNS isolates (168 S. epidermidis and 58 S. haemolyticus) recovered from hospital inpatients with BSIs (100 isolates) or PDAIs (126 isolates) were tested for biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility, and mecA, ica operon, adhesin (aap, bap, fnbA, atlE, fbe) and toxin (tst, sea, sec) genes. The selected CNS were classified into pulsotypes by PFGE and assigned to sequence types by multilocus sequence typing. In total, 106/226 isolates (46.9 %) produced biofilm, whereas 150 (66.4 %) carried the ica operon. Most isolates carried mecA and were multidrug resistant (90.7 %). CNS recovered from BSIs were significantly more likely to produce biofilm (P = 0.003), be resistant to antimicrobials and carry mecA (P<0.001), as compared with isolates derived from PDAIs. CNS from PDAIs were more likely to carry the aap and bap genes (P = 0.006 and P = 0.045, respectively). No significant differences in the carriage of toxin genes were identified (P>0.05). Although PFGE revealed genetic diversity, especially among S. epidermidis, analysis of representative strains from the main PFGE types by multilocus sequence typing revealed three major clones (ST2, ST5 and ST16). A clonal relationship was found with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility and ica and aap gene carriage, reinforcing the premise of clonal expansion in hospital settings. The results of this study suggest that the pathogenesis of BSIs is associated with biofilm formation and high-level antimicrobial resistance, whereas PDAIs are related to the adhesion capabilities of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus strains.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of infections related to intravascular catheterization.

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Goldmann ◽  
G B Pier
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Infusion Therapy ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
The Past ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Technological Improvements

Over the past few decades, there have been major technological improvements in the manufacture of intravenous solutions and the manufacture and design of catheter materials. However, the risk of infection in patients receiving infusion therapy remains substantial, in part because of host factors (for example, increased use of immunosuppressive therapy, more aggressive surgery and life support, and improved survival at the extremes of life) and in part because of the availability of catheters that can be left in place for very long periods. Microbial components of normal skin flora, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci, have emerged as the predominant pathogens in catheter-associated infections. Therefore, efforts to prevent skin microorganisms from entering the catheter wound (such as tunnelling of catheters and use of catheter cuffs and local antimicrobial agents) are logical and relatively effective. The specific properties of microorganisms that transform normally harmless commensals such as coagulase-negative staphylococci into formidable pathogens in the presence of a plastic foreign body are being explored. For example, Staphylococcus epidermidis elaborates a polysaccharide adhesin that also functions as a capsule and is a target for opsonic killing. However, the interactions between microorganism and catheter that lead to adherence, persistence, infection, and dissemination appear to be multifactorial.

scholarly journals Serological typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci using monoclonal antibodies

1991 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gabelish ◽  
C. Harbour ◽  
M. A. Beard-Pegler ◽  
E. Stubbs ◽  
R. Steffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Typing Scheme ◽  
Serological Typing ◽  
Type Strains

SUMMARYThis investigation was to determine whether monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) could be used to differentiate coagulase-negative staphylococci (C-NS) at species and strain level. Mabs were produced to fourStaphylococcus epidermidisstrains, twoS. haemolyticusstrains, oneS. saprophyticusstrain and oneS. warneristrain. A panel of nine antibodies was tested for species and strain specificity against five type strains and 65 clinical isolates of C-NS by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Species specificity was found with Mab D150 produced to oneS. haemolyticusstrain. Using Mab D150 and Mab D198 in conjunction, identification of 90% ofS. haemolyticusisolates to species level was achieved.S. saprophyticusMab K84 reacted with most other strains of C-NS tested but only threeS. haemolyticusstrains (16%). This finding provides further evidence thatS. haemolyticuspossesses different surface determinants to other C-NS which could form the basis of a typing scheme forS. haemolyticususing Mabs D150, D198 and K84.

scholarly journals Frequency of Blood Culture Isolates and their Antibiogram in a Teaching Hospital

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (193) ◽  
pp. 692-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subha Shrestha ◽  
Ritu Amatya ◽  
Raj Kumari Shrestha ◽  
Rajiv Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns should guide the choice of empiric antimicrobial regimens for patients with bacteremia.Methods:  Blood sample received from the patient attending Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital from March 2013 – August, 2013 were subjected to for culture. Isolate identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by standard microbiological methodResults:  Out of the total 2,766 blood samples, 13.3% showed bacterial growth. The percentage of neonatal septicemia was 13.3%. Staphylococcus aureus (28%) was the most common isolates followed by Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi (22%), Coagulase negative Staphylococci (9.5%), Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi ((7.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.6%). 26.3% of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin resistant. Most of the gram positive organisms were susceptible to amikacin and vancomycin and showed high level resistance to cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. Out of 109 isolates of typhoid bacilli, 95.3% were resistant to nalidixic acid ,79% to ciprofloxacin and 60.5% to ofloxacin. More than 50% of the isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli showed resistance to  cephalosporins and cotrimoxazole. Acinetobacter spp showed high resistance (more than 60%) to ceftriaxone and ofloxacin. More than 20% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to ciprofloxacin and amikacin.Conclusions:  Ongoing surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility remains essential, and will enhance efforts to identify resistance and attempt to limit its spread.Keywords: antibiotic; bacteria; blood stream infections.

scholarly journals Healthcare-Associated Laboratory-Confirmed Bloodstream Infections—Species Diversity and Resistance Mechanisms, a Four-Year Retrospective Laboratory-Based Study in the South of Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2785
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chmielarczyk ◽  
Monika Pomorska-Wesołowska ◽  
Dorota Romaniszyn ◽  
Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
The South ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Introduction: Regardless of the country, advancements in medical care and infection prevention and control of bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an enormous burden of modern medicine. Objectives: The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiology and drug-resistance of laboratory-confirmed BSI (LC-BSIs) among adult patients of 16 hospitals in the south of Poland. Patients and methods: Data on 4218 LC-BSIs were collected between 2016–2019. The identification of the strains was performed using MALDI-TOF. Resistance mechanisms were investigated according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, EUCAST recommendations. Results: Blood cultures were collected from 8899 patients, and LC-BSIs were confirmed in 47.4%. The prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria was 70.9%, Gram-negative 27.8% and yeast 1.4%. The most frequently isolated genus was Staphylococcus (50% of all LC-BSIs), with a domination of coagulase-negative staphylococci, while Escherichia coli (13.7%) was the most frequent Gram-negative bacterium. Over 4 years, 108 (2.6%) bacteria were isolated only once, including species from the human microbiota as well as environmental and zoonotic microorganisms. The highest methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence was in intensive care units (ICUs) (55.6%) but S. aureus with resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins B (MLSB) in surgery was 66.7%. The highest prevalence of E. faecalis with a high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) mechanism was in ICUs, (84.6%), while E. faecium-HLAR in surgery was 83.3%. All cocci were fully glycopeptide-sensitive. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were detected only in non-fermentative bacilli group, with prevalence 70% and more. Conclusions: The BSI microbiology in Polish hospitals was similar to those reported in other studies, but the prevalence of MRSA and enterococci-HLAR was higher than expected, as was the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant non-fermentative bacilli. Modern diagnostic techniques, such as MALDI-TOF, guarantee reliable diagnosis.

scholarly journals Speciation and Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Ocular Infections

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
John E. Romanowski ◽  
Shannon V. Nayyar ◽  
Eric G. Romanowski ◽  
Vishal Jhanji ◽  
Robert M. Q. Shanks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empiric Therapy ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Biochemical System ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibilities ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Intravitreal Treatment ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are frequently occurring ocular opportunistic pathogens that are not easily identifiable to the species level. The goal of this study was to speciate CoNS and document antibiotic susceptibilities from cases of endophthalmitis (n = 50), keratitis (n = 50), and conjunctivitis/blepharitis (n = 50) for empiric therapy. All 150 isolates of CoNS were speciated using (1) API Staph (biochemical system), (2) Biolog GEN III Microplates (phenotypic substrate system), and (3) DNA sequencing of the sodA gene. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibilities for topical and intravitreal treatment were determined based on serum standards. CoNS identification to the species level by all three methods indicated that S. epidermidis was the predominant species of CoNS isolated from cases of endophthalmitis (84–90%), keratitis (80–86%), and conjunctivitis/blepharitis (62–68%). Identifications indicated different distributions of CoNS species among endophthalmitis (6), keratitis (10), and conjunctivitis/blepharitis (13). Antibiotic susceptibility profiles support empiric treatment of endophthalmitis with vancomycin, and keratitis treatment with cefazolin or vancomycin. There was no clear antibiotic choice for conjunctivitis/blepharitis. S. epidermidis was the most frequently found CoNS ocular pathogen, and infection by other CoNS appears to be less specific and random. Antibiotic resistance does not appear to be a serious problem associated with CoNS.

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