Formulasi Sediaan Tablet Effervescent dari Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Bundung (Actionoscirpus grossus) sebagai Antioksidan

Bundung (Actinoscirpus grossus) is a plant that contains an antioxidant compound proven in previous studies, which has a moderate antioxidant or IC50 by 128 ppm. Antioxidant compounds can reduce the negative impact of oxidants, including metal binding enzymes and proteins. Antioxidant compounds act by donating one electron to the oxidant compound to inhibit oxidants activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate the Bundung plant extract into effervescent tablets, obtain effervescent samples that are physically stable, and can be used as antioxidants to inhibit free radicals in the body. The research method was experimental by using scoring parameters to determine the most optimal formulation. Physical evaluation includes organoleptic, weight uniformity, friability, hardness, and dissolving time. The results showed that the optimum formula was the formula I with a concentration of 68 mg of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Tablet effervescent is a brown color and characteristic odor of Bundung plant extract. Effervescent tablets have an weight uniformity (0.314 grams), friability (0.05%), hardness (7.75 ± 0.43 kg). Variations in citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentration can affect uniformity, friability, hardness, and dissolving time. Room conditions cause this during the production process of effervescent tablets.

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Optimasi Formula Tablet Effervescent Dispersi Padat Meloksikam Menggunakan Desain Faktorial

Pustaka Kesehatan ◽

10.19184/pk.v6i2.7571 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 225

Author(s):

Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala Sari ◽

Tiara Berlianti ◽

Eka Deddy Irawan

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Drug Release ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Solid Dispersion ◽

Software Design ◽

Geriatric Patients ◽

Two Factors ◽

Optimum Formula ◽

Effervescent Tablet

An effervescent tablet of meloxicam solid dispersion has been developed for geriatric patients who have difficulty swallowing. The objective of this research was to know the optimum concentration of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate which produce the best effervescent tablet. A 2² factorial design was applied to investigate the effect of two factors: concentration of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (effervescent materials) on hardness, dissolve time, and %drug released t30. Citric acid (6-18 mg) was used as acid source and sodium bicarbonate (18-105 mg) was used as base source. Software Design Expert trial version 10.0.5. was used to determine the optimum formula. The result showed that all formula satisfied the limit of hardness 2-4 kg/cm2 and friability <1%, but only formula (1), b, and ab that satisfied the limit of dissolve time <300 sec and %drug release t30 >70%. Formula A showed dissolve time 436 sec and %drug release t30 less than 70%. Desirability value of 0.917, which indicated the optimum formula, was obtained from the use of citric acid 6 mg and sodium bicarbonate 105 mg. Keywords: meloxicam, effervescent tablet, solid dispersion, factorial design

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The effect of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate concentration on the quality of effervescent of red ginger extract

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/383/1/012022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 383 ◽

pp. 012022

Author(s):

Giyatmi ◽

D K Lingga

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Bicarbonate Concentration ◽

Ginger Extract ◽

Red Ginger

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YOUTH CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A MINOR CRIMINAL

Sociopolitical sciences ◽

10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-3-177-180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 177-180

Author(s):

VERA SHUNYAEVA ◽

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Negative Impact ◽

System Research ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

General Scientific ◽

Definition Of ◽

A Minor ◽

Method Analysis

The article is devoted to the research of the youth criminal subculture and its impact on the personality of under-aged. In the course of analysis of this negative impact, a definition of the criminal subculture of under-aged was proposed. The main principles of such a criminal subculture as AUE (the acronym, transcribed from Russian: АУЕ or А.У.Е., comes from «Арестантский уклад един» / “Prisoners Unity (Solidarity)” are defined. The reasons contributing to the development of this negative phenomenon and the typical fea- tures of a minor sharing the ideology of the AUE were identified. The methods for counteracting the AUE were proposed. The method- ological basis of the research is formed by general scientific methods: dialectical, system research method, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, etc., as well as such private scientific methods as comparative legal, formal legal, structural and functional, statistical ones. The authors relied on the results of research by Russian and foreign legal scholars, sociologists, psychologists.

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Pengaruh Kepercayaan Terhadap Loyalitas Konsumen Yang Memunculkan Distrust

SISI LAIN REALITA ◽

10.25299/sisilainrealita.2018.vol3(2).3721 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 100-112

Author(s):

Septian Wahyudi

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Consumer Confidence ◽

Consumer Loyalty ◽

The One ◽

Loyal Customers

The company certainly wants to increase its sales and increase the number of its customers so that all efforts and methods are carried out, including in building consumer confidence, thus making these consumers become loyal customers or commonly referred to as customers. But on the one hand the trust built by the company actually has a negative impact, namely the emergence of distrust because the frequency of the company offers a variety of products that are sometimes not needed by consumers, this paper is made to answer these phenomena and problems in a concise manner.This research method is by analyzing criticism of several studies about trust that affect consumer loyalty which results in the absence of influence between trust in consumer loyalty.

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Adrenergic and Cholinergic Uterine Innervation and the Impact on Reproduction in Aged Women

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200128092256 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 358-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ioannis P. Kosmas ◽

Antonio Malvasi ◽

Daniele Vergara ◽

Ospan A. Mynbaev ◽

Radmila Sparic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

The Body ◽

Autonomous Nervous System ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Assisted Reproductive Technique ◽

Aged Patients ◽

Post Menopause ◽

The Impact

: In recent years, the development of Assisted Reproductive Technique, the egg and embryo donation changed substantially the role of the uterus in recent years. It provided a higher chance for a pregnancy even in women over 45 years or post-menopause. In fact, the number of aged patients and in peri/post-menopause in pregnancy is nowadays increasing, but it increases obstetrical and neonatal related problems. The human uterus is richly innervated and modified especially during pregnancy and labor, and it is endowed with different sensory, parasympathetic, sympathetic and peptidergic neurofibers. They are differently distributed in uterine fundus, body and cervix, and they are mainly observed in the stroma and around arterial vessel walls in the myometrial and endometrial layers. Many neurotransmitters playing important roles in reproductive physiology are released after stimulation by adrenergic or cholinergic nerve fibers (the so called sympathetic/parasympathetic co-transmission). Immunohistochemical study demonstrated the localization and quantitative distribution of neurofibers in the fundus, the body and cervix of young women of childbearing age. : Adrenergic and cholinergic effects of the autonomous nervous system are the most implicated in the uterine functionality. In such aged women, the Adrenergic and AChE neurofibers distribution in the fundus, body and cervix is progressively reduced by increasing age. Adrenergic and AChE neurotransmitters were closely associated with the uterine arteries and myometrial smooth muscles, and they reduced markedly by ageing. The Adrenergic and AChE neurofibers decreasing has a dramatical and negative impact on uterine physiology, as the reduction of pregnancy chance and uterine growth, and the increase of abortion risk and prematurity.

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Reliability and Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate: Buffering and 2000-m Rowing Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.7.2.152 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 152-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Amelia J. Carr ◽

Gary J. Slater ◽

Christopher J. Gore ◽

Brian Dawson ◽

Louise M. Burke

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Pairwise Comparisons ◽

Bicarbonate Concentration ◽

Mean Power ◽

Typical Error ◽

Rowing Performance ◽

Rowing Ergometer ◽

Double Blinded

Purpose:The aim of this study was to determine the effect and reliability of acute and chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion for 2000-m rowing ergometer performance (watts) and blood bicarbonate concentration [HCO3−].Methods:In a crossover study, 7 well-trained rowers performed paired 2000-m rowing ergometer trials under 3 double-blinded conditions: (1) 0.3 grams per kilogram of body mass (g/kg BM) acute bicarbonate; (2) 0.5 g/kg BM daily chronic bicarbonate for 3 d; and (3) calcium carbonate placebo, in semi-counterbalanced order. For 2000-m performance and [HCO3−], we examined differences in effects between conditions via pairwise comparisons, with differences interpreted in relation to the likelihood of exceeding smallest worthwhile change thresholds for each variable. We also calculated the within-subject variation (percent typical error).Results:There were only trivial differences in 2000-m performance between placebo (277 ± 60 W), acute bicarbonate (280 ± 65 W) and chronic bicarbonate (282 ± 65 W); however, [HCO3−] was substantially greater after acute bicarbonate, than with chronic loading and placebo. Typical error for 2000-m mean power was 2.1% (90% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.0%) for acute bicarbonate, 3.6% (2.5 to 7.0%) for chronic bicarbonate, and 1.6% (1.1 to 3.0%) for placebo. Postsupplementation [HCO3−] typical error was 7.3% (5.0 to 14.5%) for acute bicarbonate, 2.9% (2.0 to 5.7%) for chronic bicarbonate and 6.0% (1.4 to 11.9%) for placebo.Conclusion:Performance in 2000-m rowing ergometer trials may not substantially improve after acute or chronic bicarbonate loading. However, performances will be reliable with both acute and chronic bicarbonate loading protocols.

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Metabolic Acidosis in Patients with CKD: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

Kidney Diseases ◽

10.1159/000516371 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Marcin Adamczak ◽

Stanisław Surma

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Venous Blood ◽

The Body ◽

Hydrogen Ions ◽

Ckd Progression ◽

New Drug ◽

Treatment And Prevention

Background: Metabolic acidosis in CKD is diagnosed in patients with plasma or venous blood bicarbonate concentration lower than 22 mmol/L. Metabolic acidosis occurs in about 20% of patients with CKD. Metabolic acidosis may lead to dysfunction of many systems and organs as well as CKD progression. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used for pharmacological treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Veverimer is a new drug dedicated to treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Orally given veverimer binds hydrogen ions in the intestines and subsequently is excreted from the body with feces. Clinical studies have shown that veverimer is effective in increasing serum bicarbonate concentrations in CKD patients with metabolic acidosis. Here, we present review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients. Summary: Metabolic acidosis is common in patients with CKD and contributes to CKD progression and many complications, which worsen the prognosis in these patients. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used in metabolic acidosis treatment. The role of the new drug veverimer in the metabolic acidosis therapy needs further studies. Key Message: The aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients.

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Successful Management of Refractory Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis with Amiloride

Case Reports in Nephrology ◽

10.1155/2017/8596169 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Patrick Oguejiofor ◽

Robert Chow ◽

Kenneth Yim ◽

Bernard G. Jaar

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Sjögren’S Syndrome ◽

Muscle Pain ◽

Sjögren's Syndrome ◽

Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽

Sjogren's Syndrome ◽

Potassium Citrate ◽

Sjögren‘S Syndrome

A 28-year-old female with history of hypothyroidism, Sjögren’s Syndrome, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) presented with complaints of severe generalized weakness, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory test showed hypokalemia at 1.6 mmol/l, nonanion metabolic acidosis with HCO3 of 11 mmol/l, random urine pH of 7.0, and urine anion gap of 8 mmol/l. CT scan of the abdomen revealed bilateral nephrocalcinosis. A diagnosis of type 1 RTA likely secondary to Sjögren’s Syndrome was made. She was started on citric acid potassium citrate with escalating dosages to a maximum dose of 60 mEq daily and potassium chloride over 5 years without significant improvement in serum K+ and HCO3 levels. She had multiple emergency room visits for persistent muscle pain, generalized weakness, and cardiac arrhythmias. Citric acid potassium citrate was then replaced with sodium bicarbonate at 15.5 mEq every 6 hours which was continued for 2 years without significant improvement in her symptoms and electrolytes. Amiloride 5 mg daily was added to her regimen as a potassium sparing treatment with dramatic improvement in her symptoms and electrolyte levels (as shown in the figures). Amiloride was increased to 10 mg daily and potassium supplementation was discontinued without affecting her electrolytes. Her sodium bicarbonate was weaned to 7.7 mEq daily.

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Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy in Patients with Metabolic Acidosis

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/627673 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

María M. Adeva-Andany ◽

Carlos Fernández-Fernández ◽

David Mouriño-Bayolo ◽

Elvira Castro-Quintela ◽

Alberto Domínguez-Montero

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Qtc Interval ◽

Bicarbonate Therapy ◽

Proximal Tubular ◽

Acute Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Renal Proximal Tubular

Metabolic acidosis occurs when a relative accumulation of plasma anions in excess of cations reduces plasma pH. Replacement of sodium bicarbonate to patients with sodium bicarbonate loss due to diarrhea or renal proximal tubular acidosis is useful, but there is no definite evidence that sodium bicarbonate administration to patients with acute metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, septic shock, intraoperative metabolic acidosis, or cardiac arrest, is beneficial regarding clinical outcomes or mortality rate. Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease usually show metabolic acidosis due to increased unmeasured anions and hyperchloremia. It has been suggested that metabolic acidosis might have a negative impact on progression of kidney dysfunction and that sodium bicarbonate administration might attenuate this effect, but further evaluation is required to validate such a renoprotective strategy. Sodium bicarbonate is the predominant buffer used in dialysis fluids and patients on maintenance dialysis are subjected to a load of sodium bicarbonate during the sessions, suffering a transient metabolic alkalosis of variable severity. Side effects associated with sodium bicarbonate therapy include hypercapnia, hypokalemia, ionized hypocalcemia, and QTc interval prolongation. The potential impact of regular sodium bicarbonate therapy on worsening vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease has been insufficiently investigated.

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