scholarly journals Mobile Veterinary Clinic: an innovative approach to promote calf health

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khair ◽  
E. H. Chowdhury ◽  
A. K. M. A. Rahman ◽  
M. T. Islam ◽  
M. M. Alam
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Veterinary Clinic ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Project Coordinator ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Calf Mortality

Background: Calf morbidity and mortality are of great concern for dairyman all over the world including Bangladesh. A mobile Veterinary Clinic (MVC) was established to identify the diseases associated with morbidity and mortality and provide veterinary services at farmers’ door step to promote calf health. Methods: A MVC was established and run from October 2011 to October 2014 to promote calf health. A total of 500 farmers from small and large holder private farms having at least two crossbred cattle were selected. A motorcycle and a mobile phone were provided to each research assistant (RA). The farmers were linked with RAs through mobile number. The ULO/VS were linked with the RA of the respective upazila for immediate treatment of the affected animal(s). The farms were under routine surveillance of the RA. In case of sickness or mortality, RA immediately contacted with ULO/VS and project coordinator/principal investigator at Bangladesh Agricultural University. Necessary advices were given by ULO/VS/consultants to solve the problem as required. Health cards were distributed to the selected farmers for recording the health status of cattle. Diseases were confirmed by clinical and laboratory methods. Farmers were trained on better calf health management. Early disease diagnosis and treatment, routine de-worming and vaccination of cows and calves were performed regularly. Results: Before implementing MVC services, the overall mortality at herd level was 11.5% which was 8.2% and 14.7% in Muktagacha and Shahjadpur respectively. The overall morbidity was 48.5% which was higher in Shahjadpur (57.94%) than Muktagacha (33.81%). The most common causes of calf mortality were pneumonia (66.2%), unknown (17.4%), adverse drug effect (5.3%), FMD (2.6%) and sudden death (2.4%). Due to MVC at farmers’ door step, the overall herd level mortality reduced significantly from 11.5 to 2.9% which were 8.2 to 2.3% in Muktagacha and 14.7 to 3.6% in Shahjadpur. Conclusion: Measures to control pneumonia and FMD in calves should be undertaken. The unknown etiology of mortality should be explored. Cautions should be taken before administering drugs in calves. As MVC was successful in reducing calf mortality, we recommend replicating in other parts of the country.

Use of TEM in Plant Disease Diagnosis: A Xylem-Limited Bacterium Associated with Diseased ‘Toronto’ Creeping Bentgrass

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 414-415
Author(s):  
Karen K. Baker ◽  
David L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Plant Disease Diagnosis

Plant disease diagnosis is most often accomplished by examination of symptoms and observation or isolation of causal organisms. Occasionally, diseases of unknown etiology occur and are difficult or impossible to accurately diagnose by the usual means. In 1980, such a disease was observed on Agrostis palustris Huds. c.v. Toronto (creeping bentgrass) putting greens at the Butler National Golf Course in Oak Brook, IL.The wilting symptoms of the disease and the irregular nature of its spread through affected areas suggested that an infectious agent was involved. However, normal isolation procedures did not yield any organism known to infect turf grass. TEM was employed in order to aid in the possible diagnosis of the disease.Crown, root and leaf tissue of both infected and symptomless plants were fixed in cold 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in a 1:1 mixture of Spurrs and epon-araldite epoxy resins.

scholarly journals Characterization of Clade 7.2 H5 Avian Influenza Viruses That Continue To Circulate in Chickens in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (21) ◽  
pp. 9797-9805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Liu ◽  
Xianying Zeng ◽  
Pucheng Chen ◽  
Guohua Deng ◽  
Yanbing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Routine Surveillance

ABSTRACTThe H5N1 avian influenza viruses emerged in Southeast Asia in the late 20th century and have evolved into multiple phylogenetic clades based on their hemagglutinin (HA)-encoding genes. The clade 7.2 viruses were first detected in chickens in northern China in 2006, and vaccines specifically targeted to the clade were developed and have been used in poultry in China since 2006. During routine surveillance and disease diagnosis, we isolated seven H5 viruses between 2011 and 2014 that bear the clade 7.2 HA genes. Here, we performed extensive studies to understand how the clade 7.2 H5 viruses have evolved in chickens in China. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the seven viruses formed two subtypes (four H5N1 viruses and three H5N2 viruses) and four genotypes by deriving genes from other influenza viruses. All of the viruses had antigenically drifted from the clade 7.2 viruses that were isolated in 2006. Pathogenicity studies of four viruses, one from each genotype, revealed that all of the viruses are highly pathogenic in chickens, but none of them could replicate in ducks. The four viruses exclusively bound to avian-type receptors and replicated only in the turbinates and/or lungs of mice; none of them were lethal to mice at a dosage of 10650% egg infective doses (EID50). Our study indicates that although the clade 7.2 viruses have not been eradicated from poultry through vaccination, they have not become more dangerous to other animals (e.g., ducks and mice) and humans.IMPORTANCEAnimal influenza viruses can acquire the ability to infect and kill humans. The H5N1 viruses have been a concern in recent decades because of their clear pandemic potential. We sorted H5N1 influenza viruses into different phylogenetic clades based on their HA genes. The clade 7.2 viruses were detected in chickens in several provinces of northern China in 2006. Vaccines for these viruses were subsequently developed and have been used ever since to control infection of poultry. Here, we analyzed the genetic and biologic properties of seven clade 7.2 viruses that were isolated from chickens between 2011 and 2014. We found that after nearly 9 years of circulation in chickens, the clade 7.2 viruses still exclusively bind to avian-type receptors and are of low pathogenicity to mice, suggesting that these H5 viruses pose a low risk to human public health.

scholarly journals Retrospective Assessment of Donkeys’ Health and Welfare problems in Dale Sadi District Haro Sabbu Veterinary Clinic, Oromia, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firaol Bekele ◽  
Desita Goshu ◽  
Darge Lulu ◽  
Ebisa Wankila
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Veterinary Clinic ◽  
Welfare Issue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chest Wound

Abstract Background: Although donkey contributed vital role in human livelihoods through direct and indirect contributions to financial, human and social capital, emphasis has not been given to study the welfare issue which include health problems and management requirement. A retrospective study and questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the health and the welfare problem of donkeys coming to the Haro Sabbu Veterinary clinic for treatment at the Dale Sadi district, Haro SabbuVeterinary clinic, Oromia, Ethiopia. Data on 448 donkeys from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed from the data record sheet kept by the clinic. Results: The most common case for wound occurrence were back sore 135(30.1%), chest wound 37(8.3%), bite 27(6.0%) and combined wound of both back and bite 14(3.1%). The finding indicated that the occurrence of wound in donkeys having poor 170 (64.4%), medium 41(33.6%) and good 7(11.6%) body condition and this was found to be statistically significantly associated (p=0.000). Among the common health problems and abnormalities encountered in donkeys back sore wound 135(30.1%), lameness 92(20.5%), parasitic infestation 60(13.6%), chest wound 37(8.3) and signs of colic 34 (7.6%) were the major problems encountered in donkeys coming to clinic for treatment with there was no a statistically significant difference among different years. In addition to body condition, the occurrence of wounds was found to be statistically significantly associated with age category and work type. In addition, pack donkeys experienced higher lameness occurrences as compared to cart donkeys and it was statistically significant (P>0.05). In addition to health related problems, the questionnaire survey conducted also revealed welfare problems such as management condition, overloading, working hour, housing problems, and wounds due to harnessing were the major welfare problems of donkeys in the study area.Conclusion: This retrospective study and questionnaire survey revealed the significant health and welfare problems of donkeys that need to be addressed in order to improve welfare status, their health and working efficiency. Therefore, there should be immediate awareness creation for community, government, community, local service providers and policy makers on welfare issue of donkey and health management in the study area in particular and in the country in general.

scholarly journals Bioinformatics: scope and challenges in aquaculture research of Bangladesh- a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
KMS Rana ◽  
K Ahammad ◽  
MA Salam
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
National Level ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set

Bioinformatics is one of the ongoing trends of biological research integrating gene based information and computational technology to produce new knowledge. It works to synthesize complex biological information from multiomics data (results of high throughput technologies) by employing a number of bioinformatics tools (software). User convenience and availability are the determining factors of these tools being widely used in bioinformatics research. BLAST, FASTA (FAST-All), EMBOSS, ClustalW, RasMol and Protein Explorer, Cn3D, Swiss PDB viewer, Hex, Vega, Bioeditor etc. are commonly operated bioinformatics software tools in fisheries and aquaculture research. By default, these software tools mine and analyze a vast biological data set using the available databases. However, aquaculture scientists can use bioinformatics for genomic data manipulation, genome annotation and expression profiling, molecular folding, modeling, and design as well as generating biological network and system biology. Therefore, they can contribute in specified fields of aquaculture such as disease diagnosis and aquatic health management, fish nutritional aspects and culture-able strain development. Although having huge prospects, Bangladesh is still in infancy of applying bioinformatics in aquaculture research with limited resources. Research council at national level should be formed to bring all the enthusiastic scientists and skilled manpower under a single umbrella and facilitate to contribute in a collaborative platform. Besides, fully-fledged bioinformatics degree should be launched at University levels to produce knowledgeable and trained work force for future research. This review was attempted to shed light on bioinformatics, as young integrated field of bio-computational research, and its significance in aquaculture research of Bangladesh. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 137-145, December 2020

scholarly journals The Effect of Intravenous Infusions of Glutamine on Duodenal Cell Autophagy and Apoptosis in Early-Weaned Calves

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xusheng Dong ◽  
Ruina Zhai ◽  
Zhaolin Liu ◽  
Xueyan Lin ◽  
Zhonghua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intravenous Infusions

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of intravenous infusions of L-glutamine (Gln) on the autophagy and apoptosis of duodenum cells in early-weaned calves. Holstein male calves were weaned at day 35 (20 male calves, birth weight 43 ± 1.8 kg; 35 ± 3 d of age) and randomly allocated to four treatments (5 calves/treatment). The treatments were: (1) infusion of NaCl, representing the control group (C); (2) infusion of 10 g/d of Gln solution (L); (3) infusion of 20 g/d of Gln solution (M); and (4) infusion of 40 g/d of Gln solution (H). The solutions were infused for 2 h daily for 3 consecutive days after weaning. All calves were killed on the third day post-weaning. The results showed that the autophagy level of the duodenal cells was increased as the Gln infusions increased from 0 to 20 g/d and dropped with a further increase in dose (40 g/d). We also found that the level of apoptosis was decreased with Gln infusion from 0 to 20 g/d and rose as the dose increased to 40 g/d. This knowledge provides a reference for weaned calf health management.

scholarly journals 35 Economic Considerations of Pre-Weaning Calf Health Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
John M Riley ◽  
Courtney Hurt ◽  
Derrell Peel ◽  
Kellie Raper
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Health Program ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Eradication Costs

Abstract The impacts of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv) and persistently infected (PI) are felt across the cattle industry. This project utilized data and parameters from a meta-analysis of reported results along with partial budgeting procedures to determine economic costs and benefits of herd and calf health management. A base herd of 100 head, consisting of 50 breeding females, 43 calves, and 7 replacement heifers and bulls was implemented. Ninety- six percent of cow-calf operations are uninfected from BVDv. Introduction of an enhanced health program as an uninfected herd resulted in a net loss of $7.64 per bred cow in the first year of the program and a net loss of $6.46 in year two. First-year costs were higher due to initial testing, while second-year costs did not include testing under the assumption that carriers were culled. Infected herds incurred net losses of health program implementation of $96.21 per bred cow for the first year but a gain of the program of $27.96 in year two. First-year losses were larger due to increased testing and eradication costs. Gains in the second year stemmed from increased productivity across the herd. Furthermore, gains were discovered beyond cow-calf operations. Evaluation of down-stream demand for calves (i.e., stocker operations) resulted in gains of $4.39 per stocker for a producer that retains ownership of their calves and $48.89 for producers purchasing calves from cow-calf operators (commercial). Commercial stocker operators benefited from fewer health issues without added cow-calf level costs. These results indicate cow-calf producers would carry the burden of the costs of managing, and attempting to eradicate, BVDv/PI across the industry. These results provide industry stakeholder groups and policymakers benchmarks for incentives to induce health programs, targeted largely at the cow-calf level

scholarly journals Assessment of Major Causes of Calf Mortality in Urban and Periurban Dairy Production System of Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tsegaw Fentie ◽  
Sintayehu Guta ◽  
Gebreyes Mekonen ◽  
Wudu Temesgen ◽  
Achenef Melaku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Death ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Calf ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
One Year

A cross-sectional calf mortality study was conducted in urban and periurban dairy farms in Addis Ababa, special zones of Oromia and Amhara regions in July and August 2015. The objectives of the study were to estimate the annual mortality and to assess the major causes of calf mortality in the dairy farms. One-year retrospective data on calf mortality were collected from 330 farms by face-to-face interview using the pretested and structured questionnaire format and direct observation of farm practices. A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify the predictor variables associated with early calf mortality. Data were analysed using Statistical Package, Stata SE for Windows, version 12.0. The annual mean calf mortality from birth-to-weaning was reported as 18.5% (95% CI: 12.6, 24.3%). The prenatal loss due to fetal death and stillbirth was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.7, 13.6%). The overall annual loss due to fetal death and calf preweaning mortality was 26.7% (95% CI: 21.2, 32.2%). Age-specific mortality declined with increased age, and the highest mortality was recorded during the first month of life extending up to the third month of age. Disease was the most important causes of calf mortality (73.2%). Among the diseases, diarrhea (63%) and respiratory disorders (17%) were the important causes of calf mortality. Malpractices in calf management were identified, including restricted colostrum and milk feeding, poor care and supplemental feeding, and poor health management. Interventions in dairy cattle health and farm husbandry are recommended to control calf mortality.

Morbidity and mortality of infective endocarditis in a hospital system in New York City serving a diverse urban population

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1118-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Alkhawam ◽  
Robert Sogomonian ◽  
Feras Zaiem ◽  
Neil Vyas ◽  
Mohammed El-Hunjul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
York City ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Control Group

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe illness associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate morbidity and mortality of IE in a hospital serving the most diverse area in New York City. An analysis of 209 patients admitted to the hospital from 2000 to 2012 who were found to have IE based on modified Duke criteria. Among the 209 patients with IE, 188 (88.8%) had native heart valves and 21 (11.2%) had prosthetic valves. Of the patients with native heart valves, 3.7% had coronary artery bypass graft, 4.3% were active drug users, 6.3% had permanent pacemakers, 12.2% had a history of IE, 25.7% were diabetic, 17% had end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 9% had congestive heart failure, 8% had abnormal heart valves, and 13.8% had an unknown etiology. Mortality rates of the patients with prosthetic heart valves were 27.7% compared to 8.11% in patients with native heart valves (OR 3, p<0.0001). Since we identified diabetes mellitus and ESRD to be significant risk factors in our population, we isolated and compared characteristics of patients with and without IE. IE among patients with diabetes mellitus was 23% compared with 13.8% in the control group (p=0.016). Cases of IE in patients with ESRD were 15.3%, compared with 4% in the control group (p<0.0001). We identified an overall mortality rate of 20.1% in patients with IE, a readmission rate within 30 days of discharge of 21.5%, and an average age of 59 years. Among 209 patients, 107 were males and 102 females. The most common organisms identified were Staphylococcus aureus (43.7%), viridans streptococci (17%) followed by Enterococcus (14.7%). Despite appropriate treatment, high rates of morbidity and mortality remained, with a higher impact in patients greater than 50 years of age. Such discoveries raise the importance of controlling and monitoring risk factors for IE.

scholarly journals Benchmarking calving management practices on western Canada cow–calf operations1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1446-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M Pearson ◽  
Edmond A Pajor ◽  
Nigel A Caulkett ◽  
Michel Levy ◽  
John R Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract: Benchmarking current calving management practices and herd demographics in the western Canadian cow–calf production system helps to fill the gap in knowledge and understanding of how this production system works. Further investigation into the relationships between management decisions and calf health may guide the development of management practices and protocols to improve calf health, especially in compromised calves after a difficult birth. Therefore, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to describe current calving management practices on western Canadian cow–calf ranches and to investigate the association of herd demographics with herd-level incidence of calving assistance, morbidity, mortality, and use of calving and colostrum management practices. Cow–calf producers were surveyed in January 2017 regarding herd inventory and management practices during the 2016 calving season. Ninety-seven of 110 producers enrolled in the western Canadian Cow-Calf Surveillance Network responded. Average herd-level incidence of assisted calvings was 4.9% (13.5% heifers, 3.2% cows), stillbirths was 2.1% (3.3% heifers, 1.9% cows), preweaning mortality was 4.5%, and preweaning treatment for disease was 9.4% (3.0% neonatal calf diarrhea, 3.8% bovine respiratory disease, 2.6% other diseases). Greater than 90% of producers assisted calvings and would intervene with colostrum consumption if the calf did not appear to have nursed from its dam. Late calving herds (i.e., started calving in March or later) had significantly lower average herd-level incidence of assistance, treatment for disease, and mortality (P &lt; 0.05). In earlier calving herds (i.e., started calving in January or February) producers had shorter intervals between checking on dams for signs of calving or intervening to assist with a calving (P &lt; 0.05). In early calving herds, producers were more likely to perform hands-on colostrum management techniques such as placing the cow and calf together or feeding stored, frozen colostrum (P &lt; 0.05). There were no associations between herd size and herd-level incidences or management techniques (P &gt; 0.05). This study suggests that in western Canada earlier calving herds are more intensively managed, whereas later calving herds are more extensively managed. Herd demographics may be important to consider when investigating factors associated with management strategies, health, and productivity in cow–calf herds.

scholarly journals Visualization and application of disease diagnosis codes for population health management using porcine diseases as a model

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872199578
Author(s):  
Giovani Trevisan ◽  
Kent J. Schwartz ◽  
Eric R. Burrough ◽  
Bailey Arruda ◽  
Rachel J. Derscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Code ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Diagnosis Codes ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Diagnostic Report ◽  
Visualization Tools

Accurate and timely results of diagnostic investigations and laboratory testing guide clinical interventions for the continuous improvement of animal health and welfare. Infectious diseases can severely limit the health, welfare, and productivity of populations of animals. Livestock veterinarians submit thousands of samples daily to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for disease diagnosis, pathogen monitoring, and surveillance. Individual diagnostic laboratory reports are immediately useful; however, aggregated historical laboratory data are increasingly valued by clinicians and decision-makers to identify changes in the health status of various animal populations over time and geographical space. The value of this historical information is enhanced by visualization of trends of agent detection, disease diagnosis, or both, which helps focus time and resources on the most significant pathogens and fosters more effective communication between livestock producers, veterinarians, and VDL professionals. Advances in data visualization tools allow quick, efficient, and often real-time scanning and analysis of databases to inform, guide, and modify animal health intervention algorithms. Value is derived at the farm, production system, or regional level. Visualization tools allow client-specific analyses, benchmarking, formulation of research questions, and monitoring the effects of disease management and precision farming practices. We present here the approach taken to visualize trends of disease occurrence using porcine disease diagnostic code data for the period 2010 to 2019. Our semi-automatic standardized creation of a visualization platform allowed the transformation of diagnostic report data into aggregated information to visualize and monitor disease diagnosis.

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