Antibiotic Activity of Actinomycetes Isolated from Young Tectona Grandis (L.) Wood and Pith

Actinomycetes are a source for novel bioactive compounds and justify obtaining new species from various sources. Hardwoods such as Tectona grandis (L.) have not been studied for actinomycete isolation. We aim to isolate endophytic actinomycetes from young Tectona grandis wood and pith and screen for antibiotic activity. Five young wood were cut and surface sterilized using ethanol and hypochlorous acid. The wood and pith of each sample are placed in eight plates of Humic acid-vitamin B (HV), Tap water Yeast extract (TWYE), and Yeast Extract Casein Digest (YECD) medium and incubated at 27°C for four weeks. Actinomycetes were isolated from such medium, observed every week, and transferred to an International Streptomyces Project-2 (ISP-2) medium for identification and antibiotic production tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, and Escherichia coli using the Kirby-Bauer method. Seven actinomycetes were isolated from the wood, primarily from YECD and TWYE media, with varying morphological characteristics. One isolate having maroon-colored aerial and vegetative mycelium with grey spores showed moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus and H. pylori (13.49±1.03 mm and 14.9±0.7 mm, respectively), while two other actinomycetes showed weak activity against these bacteria. However, none of the actinomycetes show any activity against E. coli. Tectona grandis (L.) is a potential source for novel actinomycetes with an antibiotic activity which warrants further exploration

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E. coli Enterotoxin LtB Enhances Vaccine-Induced Anti-H. pylori Protection by Promoting Leukocyte Migration into Gastric Mucus via Inflammatory Lesions

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8090982 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 982

Author(s):

Xiaoyan Peng ◽

Rongguang Zhang ◽

Chen Wang ◽

Feiyan Yu ◽

Mingyang Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellular Immunity ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Gastric Injury ◽

Oral Vaccines ◽

Gastric Mucus ◽

E Coli ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Considerable Impact ◽

H Pylori

Current studies indicate that the anti-H. pylori protective efficacy of oral vaccines to a large extent depends on using mucosal adjuvants like E. coli heat-lable enterotoxin B unit (LtB). However, the mechanism by which Th17/Th1-driven cellular immunity kills H. pylori and the role of LtB remains unclear. Here, two L. lactis strains, expressing H. pylori NapA and LtB, respectively, were orally administrated to mice. As observed, the administration of LtB significantly enhanced the fecal SIgA level and decreased gastric H. pylori colonization, but also markedly aggravated gastric inflammatory injury. Both NapA group and NapA+LtB group had elevated splenocyte production of IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 and INF-γ. Notably, gastric leukocytes’ migration or leakage into the mucus was observed more frequently in NapA+LtB group than in NapA group. This report is the first that discusses how LtB enhances vaccine-induced anti-H. pylori efficacy by aggravating gastric injury and leukocytes’ movement into the mucus layer. Significantly, it brings up a novel explanation for the mechanism underlying mucosal cellular immunity destroying the non-invasive pathogens. More importantly, the findings suggest the necessity to further evaluate LtB’s potential hazards to humans before extending its applications. Thus, this report can provide considerable impact on the fields of mucosal immunology and vaccinology.

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Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk Pectin Intended as a Versatile Pharmaceutical Excipient and Nutraceutical

Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1155/2016/7608693 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ofosua Adi-Dako ◽

Kwabena Ofori-Kwakye ◽

Samuel Frimpong Manso ◽

Mariam EL Boakye-Gyasi ◽

Clement Sasu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Media ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Elemental Content ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Pharmaceutical Excipient ◽

E Coli ◽

Swelling Capacity ◽

Weak Activity ◽

Cocoa Pod Husk

The physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of cocoa pod husk (CPH) pectin intended as a versatile pharmaceutical excipient and nutraceutical were studied. Properties investigated include pH, moisture content, ash values, swelling index, viscosity, degree of esterification (DE), flow properties, SEM, FTIR, NMR, and elemental content. Antimicrobial screening and determination of MICs against test microorganisms were undertaken using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods, respectively. CPH pectin had a DE of 26.8% and exhibited good physicochemical properties. Pectin had good microbiological quality and exhibited pseudoplastic, shear thinning behaviour, and high swelling capacity in aqueous media. The DE, FTIR, and NMR results were similar to those of previous studies and supported highly acetylated low methoxy pectin. CPH pectin was found to be a rich source of minerals and has potential as a nutraceutical. Pectin showed dose-dependent moderate activity against gram positive and gram negative microorganisms but weak activity against Listeria spp. and A. niger. The MICs of pectin ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/mL, with the highest activity against E. coli and S. aureus (MIC: 0.5–1.0 mg/mL) and the lowest activity against A. niger (MIC: 2.0–4.0 mg/mL). The study has demonstrated that CPH pectin possesses the requisite properties for use as a nutraceutical and functional pharmaceutical excipient.

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Escherichia coli Contamination of Vegetables Grown in Soils Fertilized with Noncomposted Bovine Manure: Garden-Scale Studies

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.70.11.6420-6427.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 6420-6427 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Steven C. Ingham ◽

Jill A. Losinski ◽

Matthew P. Andrews ◽

Jane E. Breuer ◽

Jeffry R. Breuer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Tap Water ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Silty Clay Loam ◽

Manure Application ◽

E Coli ◽

Fertilized Soil ◽

Low Levels ◽

National Organic Program

ABSTRACT In this study we tested the validity of the National Organic Program (NOP) requirement for a ≥120-day interval between application of noncomposted manure and harvesting of vegetables grown in manure-fertilized soil. Noncomposted bovine manure was applied to 9.3-m2 plots at three Wisconsin sites (loamy sand, silt loam, and silty clay loam) prior to spring and summer planting of carrots, radishes, and lettuce. Soil and washed (30 s under running tap water) vegetables were analyzed for indigenous Escherichia coli. Within 90 days, the level of E. coli in manure-fertilized soil generally decreased by about 3 log CFU/g from initial levels of 4.2 to 4.4 log CFU/g. Low levels of E. coli generally persisted in manure-fertilized soil for more than 100 days and were detected in enriched soil from all three sites 132 to 168 days after manure application. For carrots and lettuce, at least one enrichment-negative sample was obtained ≤100 days after manure application for 63 and 88% of the treatments, respectively. The current ≥120-day limit provided an even greater likelihood of not detecting E. coli on carrots (≥1 enrichment-negative result for 100% of the treatments). The rapid maturation of radishes prevented conclusive evaluation of a 100- or 120-day application-to-harvest interval. The absolute absence of E. coli from vegetables harvested from manure-fertilized Wisconsin soils may not be ensured solely by adherence to the NOP ≥120-day limit. Unless pathogens are far better at colonizing vegetables than indigenous E. coli strains are, it appears that the risk of contamination for vegetables grown in Wisconsin soils would be elevated only slightly by reducing the NOP requirement to ≥100 days.

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A Comparison of Hand Washing Techniques To Remove Escherichia coli and Caliciviruses under Natural or Artificial Fingernails

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-66.12.2296 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 66 (12) ◽

pp. 2296-2301 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

CHIA-MIN LIN ◽

FONE-MAO WU ◽

HOI-KYUNG KIM ◽

MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽

BARRY S. MICHAELS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Tap Water ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Microbial Populations ◽

Liquid Soap ◽

E Coli ◽

Hand Sanitizer ◽

Before And After ◽

Escherichia Coli Jm109 ◽

Viral Indicators

Compared with other parts of the hand, the area beneath fingernails harbors the most microorganisms and is most difficult to clean. Artificial fingernails, which are usually long and polished, reportedly harbor higher microbial populations than natural nails. Hence, the efficacy of different hand washing methods for removing microbes from natural and artificial fingernails was evaluated. Strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli JM109 and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9 were used as bacterial and viral indicators, respectively. Volunteers with artificial or natural nails were artificially contaminated with ground beef containing E. coli JM109 or artificial feces containing FCV. Volunteers washed their hands with tap water, regular liquid soap, antibacterial liquid soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer gel, regular liquid soap followed by alcohol gel, or regular liquid soap plus a nailbrush. The greatest reduction of inoculated microbial populations was obtained by washing with liquid soap plus a nailbrush, and the least reduction was obtained by rubbing hands with alcohol gel. Lower but not significantly different (P > 0.05) reductions of E. coli and FCV counts were obtained from beneath artificial than from natural fingernails. However, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher E. coli and FCV counts were recovered from hands with artificial nails than from natural nails before and after hand washing. In addition, microbial cell numbers were correlated with fingernail length, with greater numbers beneath fingernails with longer nails. These results indicate that best practices for fingernail sanitation of food handlers are to maintain short fingernails and scrub fingernails with soap and a nailbrush when washing hands.

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Effects of Water Source, Dilution, Storage, and Bacterial and Fecal Loads on the Efficacy of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water for the Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-67.7.1377 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 67 (7) ◽

pp. 1377-1383 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. M. L. STEVENSON ◽

S. R. COOK ◽

S. J. BACH ◽

T. A. McALLISTER

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Uv Light ◽

Tap Water ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Water Source ◽

Deionized Water ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

E Coli

To evaluate the potential of using electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water for controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water for livestock, the effects of water source, electrolyte concentration, dilution, storage conditions, and bacterial or fecal load on the oxidative reduction potential (ORP) and bactericidal activity of EO water were investigated. Anode and combined (7:3 anode:cathode, vol/vol) EO waters reduced the pH and increased the ORP of deionized water, whereas cathode EO water increased pH and lowered ORP. Minimum concentrations (vol/vol) of anode and combined EO waters required to kill 104 CFU/ml planktonic suspensions of E. coli O157:H7 strain H4420 were 0.5 and 2.0%, respectively. Cathode EO water did not inhibit H4420 at concentrations up to 16% (vol/vol). Higher concentrations of anode or combined EO water were required to elevate the ORP of irrigation or chlorinated tap water compared with that of deionized water. Addition of feces to EO water products (0.5% anode or 2.0% combined, vol/vol) significantly reduced (P < 0.001) their ORP values to <700 mV in all water types. A relationship between ORP and bactericidal activity of EO water was observed. The dilute EO waters retained the capacity to eliminate a 104 CFU/ml inoculation of E. coli O157:H7 H4420 for at least 70 h regardless of exposure to UV light or storage temperature (4 versus 24°C). At 95 h and beyond, UV exposure reduced ORP, significantly more so (P < 0.05) in open than in closed containers. Bactericidal activity of EO products (anode or combined) was lost in samples in which ORP value had fallen to ≤848 mV. When stored in the dark, the diluted EO waters retained an ORP of >848 mV and bactericidal efficacy for at least 125 h; with refrigeration (4°C), these conditions were retained for at least 180 h. Results suggest that EO water may be an effective means by which to control E. coli O157:H7 in livestock water with low organic matter content.

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Proliferation of Antibiotic-Producing Bacteria and Concomitant Antibiotic Production as the Basis for the Antibiotic Activity of Jordan's Red Soils

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00104-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

pp. 2735-2741 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Joseph O. Falkinham ◽

Thomas E. Wall ◽

Justin R. Tanner ◽

Khaled Tawaha ◽

Feras Q. Alali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Incubation Period ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Antibiotic Production ◽

Antibiotic Activity ◽

Skin Infections ◽

High Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Red Soils

ABSTRACT Anecdotes, both historical and recent, recount the curing of skin infections, including diaper rash, by using red soils from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Following inoculation of red soils isolated from geographically separate areas of Jordan, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus were rapidly killed. Over the 3-week incubation period, the number of specific types of antibiotic-producing bacteria increased, and high antimicrobial activity (MIC, ∼10 μg/ml) was observed in methanol extracts of the inoculated red soils. Antibiotic-producing microorganisms whose numbers increased during incubation included actinomycetes, Lysobacter spp., and Bacillus spp. The actinomycetes produced actinomycin C2 and actinomycin C3. No myxobacteria or lytic bacteriophages with activity against either M. luteus or S. aureus were detected in either soil before or after inoculation and incubation. Although protozoa and amoebae were detected in the soils, the numbers were low and did not increase over the incubation period. These results suggest that the antibiotic activity of Jordan's red soils is due to the proliferation of antibiotic-producing bacteria.

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Development of an Internal Control for Evaluation and Standardization of a Quantitative PCR Assay for Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Water

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00687-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 73 (22) ◽

pp. 7380-7387 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Keya Sen ◽

Nancy A. Schable ◽

Dennis J. Lye

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Quantitative Pcr ◽

Water Samples ◽

Sodium Thiosulfate ◽

Qpcr Assay ◽

E Coli ◽

H Pylori ◽

Labeled Probe ◽

Treated Drinking Water

ABSTRACT Due to metabolic and morphological changes that can prevent Helicobacter pylori cells in water from growing on conventional media, an H. pylori-specific TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed that uses a 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled probe (A. E. McDaniels, L. Wymer, C. Rankin, and R. Haugland, Water Res. 39:4808-4816, 2005). However, proper internal controls are needed to provide an accurate estimate of low numbers of H. pylori in drinking water. In this study, the 135-bp amplicon described by McDaniels et al. was modified at the probe binding region, using PCR mutagenesis. The fragment was incorporated into a single-copy plasmid to serve as a PCR-positive control and cloned into Escherichia coli to serve as a matrix spike. It was shown to have a detection limit of five copies, using a VIC dye-labeled probe. A DNA extraction kit was optimized that allowed sampling of an entire liter of water. Water samples spiked with the recombinant E. coli cells were shown to behave like H. pylori cells in the qPCR assay. The recombinant E. coli cells were optimized to be used at 10 cells/liter of water, where they were shown not to compete with 5 to 3,000 cells of H. pylori in a duplex qPCR assay. Four treated drinking water samples spiked with H. pylori (100 cells) demonstrated similar cycle threshold values if the chlorine disinfectant was first neutralized by sodium thiosulfate.

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Multiple strain analysis of Streptomyces species from Philippine marine sediments reveals intraspecies heterogeneity in antibiotic activities

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96886-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chuckcris P. Tenebro ◽

Dana Joanne Von L. Trono ◽

Carmela Vannette B. Vicera ◽

Edna M. Sabido ◽

Jovito A. Ysulat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Marine Sediments ◽

Marine Sediment ◽

Antibiotic Production ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Strain Analysis ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Antibiotic Activity ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

Streptomyces Species

AbstractThe marine ecosystem has become the hotspot for finding antibiotic-producing actinomycetes across the globe. Although marine-derived actinomycetes display strain-level genomic and chemodiversity, it is unclear whether functional traits, i.e., antibiotic activity, vary in near-identical Streptomyces species. Here, we report culture-dependent isolation, antibiotic activity, phylogeny, biodiversity, abundance, and distribution of Streptomyces isolated from marine sediments across the west-central Philippines. Out of 2212 marine sediment-derived actinomycete strains isolated from 11 geographical sites, 92 strains exhibited antibacterial activities against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequence analyses confirmed that antibiotic-producing strains belong to the genus Streptomyces, highlighting Streptomyces parvulus as the most dominant species and three possible new species. Antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strains were highly diverse in Southern Antique, and species diversity increase with marine sediment depth. Multiple strains with near-identical 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences displayed varying strength of antibiotic activities. The genotyping of PKS and NRPS genes revealed that closely related antibiotic-producing strains have similar BGC domains supported by their close phylogenetic proximity. These findings collectively suggest Streptomyces' intraspecies adaptive characteristics in distinct ecological niches that resulted in outcompeting other bacteria through differential antibiotic production.

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Helicobacter pylori infection in Iran: demographic, endoscopic and pathological factors

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01931-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seyedeh Amineh Hojati ◽

Sara Kokabpeyk ◽

Salma Yaghoubi ◽

Farahnaz Joukar ◽

Mehrnaz Asgharnezhad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Peptic Ulcer ◽

Epigastric Pain ◽

Tap Water ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Pathological Findings ◽

Significant Difference ◽

H Pylori

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most important risk factor for gastritis and peptic ulcer. However, factors other than H. pylori are involved in its pathogenesis. In the current study, we aimed to compare the clinical manifestations and endoscopic and histopathological findings of patients with and without H. pylori infection. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 233 patients with dyspepsia, referred for endoscopy, were examined regarding the presence of H. pylori infection. During an endoscopic exam, 5 biopsy specimens were taken from the stomach. The criteria for the presence of H. pylori infection was the presence and identification of bacteria in pathology. Two groups of H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative patients were compared regarding their demographic, endoscopic, and pathological findings. Results Of 233 patients, 154 (66.1%) were non-smokers, 201 (86.3%) were not alcohol users, and 153 (65.7%) used tap water. The most common symptom, reported in 157 (67.4%) patients, was epigastric pain. There was a significant difference between patients with and without H. pylori infection in terms of the educational status, occupational status, family history of gastrointestinal cancer, and some gastrointestinal symptoms. Also, there was a significant relationship between the endoscopic and pathological findings of patients with H. pylori. Conclusions The results of the present study revealed that H. pylori infection was not associated with sex, alcohol consumption, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The role of H. pylori in the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer was clarified. Also, there was a significant difference in the endoscopic and pathological findings of patients with H. pylori.

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HypVW is an HOCl-Sensing Two Component System in Escherichia coli

10.1101/2021.09.09.459708 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sara El Hajj ◽

Camille Henry ◽

Alexandra Vergnes ◽

Laurent Loiseau ◽

Brasseur Gael ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Methionine Sulfoxide ◽

Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

E Coli ◽

Two Component ◽

Redox Switch ◽

Two Component Systems ◽

Methionine Residues

Two component systems (TCS) are signalling pathways that allow bacterial cells to sense, respond and adapt to fluctuating environments. Among the classical TCS of Escherichia coli, YedVW has been recently showed to be involved in the regulation of msrPQ, encoding for the periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase system. In this study, we demonstrate that hypochlorous acid (HOCl) induces the expression of msrPQ in a YedVW dependant manner, whereas H2O2, NO and paraquat (a superoxide generator) do not. Therefore, YedV appears to be an HOCl-sensing histidine kinase. Based on this finding, we proposed to rename this system HypVW. Moreover, using a directed mutagenesis approach, we show that Met residues located in the periplasmic loop of HypV (formerly YedV) are important for its activity. Given that HOCl oxidizes preferentially Met residues, we bring evidences that HypV could be activated via the reversible oxidation of its methionine residues, thus conferring to MsrPQ a role in switching HypVW off. Based on these results, we propose that the activation of HypV by HOCl could occur through a Met redox switch. HypVW appears to be the first characterized TCS able to detect HOCl in E. coli. This study represents an important step in understanding the mechanisms of reactive chlorine species resistance in prokaryotes.

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