scholarly journals Histomorphological study of the lymphoid tissues of broiler chickens

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Akter ◽  
MZI Khan ◽  
MR Jahan ◽  
MR Karim ◽  
MR Islam
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Immunocompetent Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Cecal Tonsil ◽  
Reticular Cells

Topology and histology were performed in the lymphoid tissues (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen and cecal tonsils) of the fifteen 28-days-old "Kasilla" broilers by observation of H & E stained sections in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October to December 2005. In the present study, it was observed that the thymus was enclosed by a thin connective tissue capsule. Numerous fine septa of connective tissue originated from the capsule and divide the organ into incompletely separated lobules. Each lobule organized into a peripheral cortex and a central medulla. The population of the immunocompetent cells (lymphocytes and immunoglobulin containing plasma cells) in the cortex were denser rather than that of medulla of the thymic lobule. The bursa of Fabricius was consisting of long thick mucosal folds (plicae). Numerous follicles filled the lamina propria of each fold and each bursal follicle was composed a peripheral cortex and a central medulla. The population of the immunocompetent cells in the cortex of the bursal follicle were denser rather than that of medulla of the bursal follicle. The spleen was surrounded by a thick splenic capsule and there was a small number of trabeculi. The network of the splenic tissue was consisting of a network of reticular cells and fibers and was arranged into red pulps, which were scatteredly distributed within the white pulps. The white pulp was composed of network of reticular cells and reticular fibers within which the immunocompetent cells were diffusely distributed. It contained sheathed arteries and lymphatic nodules. The red pulp of the spleen was formed from venous sinuses and anastomosing cord of reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and blood cells. Cecal tonsil was composed of four histological layers i.e. tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Their lining epithelium was simple columnar epithelium. More diffuse lymphoid tissue and unorganized lymphatic nodules were present both in the mucosa and submucosa of the cecal tonsil of broiler. The length and breadth of the thymic lobules were 629.30 ± 118.95 µm and 376.03 ± 98.92 µm, bursal follicles 468.83 ± 52.26 µm and 240.70 ± 34.19 µm, white pulp of the spleen 112.62 ± 13.25 µm and 89.42 ± 12.20 µm, lymphatic nodules of the cecal tonsil 255.20 ± 20.46 µm and 186.08 ± 24.90 µm respectively. The result of the present study revealed that the immunocompetent cells were arranged scatteredly or densely and as unorganized or organized lymphatic nodules in the lymphoid tissues and the length and breadth of the thymic lobule, bursal follicle, splenic white pulp and lymphatic nodule of cecal tonsils were varied within the lymphoid tissues and even one another. Key words: Histology, lymphoid tissues, immunocompetent cells, broilersDOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v4i2.1289Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (2): 87–92

scholarly journals HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE MAJOR LYMPHOID TISSUES IN INDIGENOUS DUCKLINGS OF BANGLADESH

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
N Sultana ◽  
MZI Khan ◽  
MA Wares ◽  
MA Masum
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immunocompetent Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Connective Tissue Capsule ◽  
Reticular Fibers ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Mucosal Folds

A histomorphological study was performed in the major lymphoid tissues (thymus, bursa of Fabricus and spleen) of the six 21-day-old indigenous ducklings of Bangladesh by H & E staining method during the period from March to May 2011. In the present study, it was observed that the thymus was enclosed by a thin connective tissue capsule. Numerous fine septa of connective tissue originated from the capsule and divided the organ into incompletely separated lobules. Each lobule organized into a peripheral cortex and a central medulla. The bursa of Fabricus was consisted of mucosal folds (plicae). Numerous follicles filled the lamina propria of each fold and each bursal follicle was composed a peripheral cortex and a central medulla. A layer of undifferentiated epithelial cells occupied the periphery of the medulla, which was separated from the cortex by a capillary layer. The darkly stained cortex was composed of many closely packed small lymphocytes. The paler medulla contained fewer cells of various sizes. The spleen was surrounded by a thick splenic capsule and there were a small number of trabeculae. The white pulp was composed of network of reticular cells and reticular fibers within various size lymphocytes and plasma cells were diffusely distributed. The red pulp of the spleen was formed from venous sinuses and anastomosing cord of reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and blood cells. The length and breadth of the thymic lobules, bursal follicles and white pulp of the spleen were 226.68 and 165.78cm, 204.45 and 138.23cm, and 129.05 and 103.43cm respectively. The result of the present work revealed that the immunocompetent cells were arranged scatteredly or densely as an unorganized lymphatic nodules in the lymphoid tissues. The length and breadth of the thymic lobules were higher followed by bursal follicle and splenic white pulps were varied within the lymphoid tissues and even one another in indigenous ducklings. The results of the present study indicate that the architecture and distribution of lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles of ducklings is very close to the chicken and this study might be helpful to understand the changes in the frequency of the population of immunocompetent cells in drug induced, vitamin and mineral supplemented or hormone treated duck in future.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i1.11212 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9(1): 53-58 

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONS OF THE THYMUS SYSTEM AND THE BURSA SYSTEM IN THE CHICKEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max D. Cooper ◽  
Raymond D. A. Peterson ◽  
Mary Ann South ◽  
Robert A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Dependent Development ◽  
Graft Versus Host

The bursa of Fabricius and the thymus are "central lymphoid organs" in the chicken, essential to the ontogenetic development of adaptive immunity in that species. Surgical removal of one or both of these organs in the newly hatched chicken, followed by sublethal X-irradiation the next day, has permitted recognition of two morphologically distinct cell systems in the "peripheral lymphoid tissues" of the spleen, gut, and other organs, and clear definition of the separate functions of each cell system. The thymus-dependent development is represented morphologically by the small lymphocytes of the circulation and the white pulp type of development in the tissues. As in mammals, the thymus-dependent tissues of the chicken are basic to the ontogenesis of cellular immunity: graft versus host reactions, responses of delayed hypersensitivity and homograft rejection; and play a less clearly defined role in the antibody response to at least some antigens. Thymectomized-irradiated chickens are deficient in all these responses, and grow more slowly than any of the other experimental groups. In these animals germinal centers, plasma cells, and capacity for immunoglobulin synthesis remain intact. The bursa-dependent development is represented morphologically by the larger lymphocytes of the germinal centers and the plasma cells, and functionally by the immunoglobulins. Bursectomized-irradiated chickens are agammaglobulinemic and unable to produce detectable antibody despite intense, repeated stimulation with bovine serum albumin and Brucella abortus organisms. The thymus-dependent development in these animals seems to be normal; they have adequate numbers of lymphocytes in the circulation and tissues, are able to reject skin homografts, though more slowly than usual, and to exercise graft versus host reactions. The short life span of these chickens has precluded adequate study of responses of delayed hypersensitivity. There was no evidence of significant impairment of reticuloendothelial function in either the bursectomized-irradiated or the thymectomized-irradiated group, as judged by the clearance of colloidal gold and I131-tagged keyhole limpet hemocyanin.

scholarly journals Tissue distribution of B-lymphocyte subsets (IgA, IgG and IgM) in the mucosa and lymphoid tissues of broilers immunized with Gumboro vaccine

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
MT Hussan ◽  
MZI Khan ◽  
MR Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cecal Tonsil ◽  
Intestinal Gland

The present research was designed to study the histological and immunohistochemical changes of lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsil) and in the ileum (representative mucosal organ) of broiler chickens after immunization with Gumboro vaccine. Two groups (n=24) of Cobb-500 broiler chickens were reared in a same environment A mild vaccine (BUR® 706) followed by a intermediate (Nobilis® Gumboro 228 E) type vaccine was administered for immunization of chickens and samples were collected at 7 days interval for up to 32 days of age. The conventional histological structure of all three organs of the present study was similar to the earlier reports. In addition, in the bursa of Fabricius, the population of lymphocytes and the size of the follicles were found to increase in vaccinated chickens than the control chickens. The Igs positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) were distributed principally beneath the capsule, around the follicles and in the cortex and medulla. The frequencies of IgG- and IgM- positive cells were more than the IgA-positive cells in the bursa of vaccinated group. IgM-positive cells became peak at day 25 and started to decline at day 32 in the bursa of Fabricius of vaccinated groups of chickens. In the cecal tonsils and ileum, the Igs positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) distributed around the intestinal gland and within the lymphatic nodules of the lamina propria, in the core of the villi, and within the epithelium in both the control and vaccinated chickens. Their frequency per 0.1 mm2 area of the lamina propria and in the epithelium was increased abruptly in the vaccinated group than the control broiler chickens. Like bursa, in the cecal tonsil and ileum of vaccinated chickens, the frequencies of IgG- and IgM-positive cells were also more than IgA-positive cells. The present study suggested that, the Igs positive cells were greatly accelerated in the vaccinated chickens than the control chickens and it may be due to immunomodulatory effect of vaccine.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.14154Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (1): 13-19

scholarly journals Pathological, microbiological and immunohistochemical characterization of avian colibacillosis in broiler chickens of Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Augusto Taunde ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
Velosa M. Mathai ◽  
Cintia De Lorenzo ◽  
Benigna D.C.B. Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrates ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal

ABSTRACT: Avian colibacillosis is an acute and globally occurring infectious disease of domestic and wild birds caused by Escherichia coli, and it is associated with considerable economic losses mainly due to the morbidity and mortality associated. The present study aimed to describe the pathological, bacteriological and immunohistochemical aspects of avian colibacillosis in broiler chickens of Mozambique. Forty-nine broiler chicken presented anorexia, decreased weight gain, ataxia, diarrhea, dyspnea, and death in a clinical course of 3-5 days. The birds were raised in five farms (small, medium and large farms) with manual and automatic breeding system, with flocks ranging from 100 to 20,000 birds. At the necropsy, all birds had poor body condition, and the pericardium and the Glisson’s capsule of all avian exhibited different degrees of adherence often associated with severe fibrin deposition. The thoracic and abdominal air sacs were thickened and adhered to the costal wall. Mild, moderate or marked hepatomegaly associated with white pinpoint multifocal areas (100%, 49/49) and mild to moderate splenomegaly in 75.5% (37/49) with a mottled surface were observed. The lungs and kidney were enlarged and reddish. Histologically, a multiorgan fibrinoheterophilic polyserositis was observed in 75.5% of the cases (37/49), which were characterized by inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of degenerative heterophils, macrophages and plasma cells, associated with fibrin deposits and intermixed by coccobacillary bacterial basophilic aggregates. These affected mainly the pericardium (28.6%, 14/49), the pleura (18.4%, 9/49), the Glisson’s capsule (10.2%, 5/49), the ventriculus (10.2, 5/33), and the proventriculus (8.2%, 4/49) serosa. Multifocal to coalescing areas of coagulative necrosis associated with similar inflammatory cells were observed mainly in the spleen (28.6%, 14/49), liver (24.5%, 12/49), and intestines (22.4%, 11/49). A similar infiltrate was also observed affecting the the lungs (16.3%, 8/49), the kidney (16.3%, 8/49) and the myocardium (14.3%, 7/49). Isolation and identification of E. coli was obtained in 12 cases through bacterial culture. Some organs (2 cases of each farms) were selected and submitted to immunohistochemistry anti-E. coli, and a positive stain was observed in all tested cases in liver (3/3), heart (4/4), spleen (1/1), lungs (4/4), intestines (4/4), bursa of Fabricius (1/1), ventriculus (1/1), and proventriculus (1/1) tissue sections. These results demonstrate that E. coli was the cause of mortality in these birds. Therefore, biosecurity and management measures should be employed to prevent and control the disease occurrence in Mozambique’s poultry farming.

The nonhuman primate as a model of developmental immunotoxicity

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Hendrickx ◽  
N Makori ◽  
P Peterson
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Spleen And Lymph Nodes ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Macaques are well suited for preclinical testing of biopharmaceutics due to reproductive and developmental similarities with humans. In order to characterize ontogeny of the immune system in this model, we studied lymphocyte and antigen-presenting cell populations in developing lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaque fetuses during the second and third trimesters [gestation days (GD) 75–145, term 165 days]. Systemic lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen and lymph nodes, and intestinal tissue) were examined for morphology and cell surface markers by immunohisto-chemistry. Lymphocytes were further characterized by flow cytometry for differentiation markers. Splenic tissue from early second trimester fetuses was populated mainly by CD20+ B cells while the thymus contained large numbers of CD3+ T cells. In the late second trimester (day 80), appro-ximately equal populations of B and T cells were present in both tissues and numerous dendritic cells (p55+) were present in the intestinal lamina propria. By the second trimester, the rhesus macaque fetal lymphoid system is well developed. Analysis of lymphoid organs from retinoic acid-treated fetuses indicated that the T-cell (thymus)-dependent compartment of the spleen white pulp in specimens with thymic aplasia showed a reduction in size and proportion of CD3+ T cells compared to controls. Our findings indicate that RA-induced thymic defects result in disrupted development of the splenic T-cell-dependent compartment.

scholarly journals IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHOID TISSUES AND MUCOSA OF BROILERS

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Hussan ◽  
M.Z.I. Khan ◽  
N.S. Lucky
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cervical Subluxation

The experiment was carried out in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. A total 15 (fifteen) day-old "Cobb-500" chickens (broilers) of both sexes were purchased from "Kazi Farm Ltd." Mymensingh. For immunohistochemical staining purpose, the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils and ileum was collected from postnatal broiler chickens after sacrificing by cervical subluxation method. Sample (n=3) was collected every 7 days interval starting from day 3 up to 32 days of age. Immunohistochemical study revealed that in the bursa of Fabricius, the Igs positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) were found principally beneath the capsule, around the follicles and in the cortex and also medulla. In all stages of development (from day 3 to day 32) IgM positive cells were more followed by IgG and IgA positive cells. In the cecal tonsils, Igs positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) were distributed within the lymphatic nodules, lamina propria and in the core of the villi. Early in the postnatal development (at day 3), no IgA positive cells were found in the cecal tonsils and IgM positive cells were more than IgG positive cells. At day 32, IgA positive cells were more than IgG and IgM positive cells. With the advancement of age, the Igs positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) were increased significantly. In the early postnatal development (at day 3) no immunoglobulin positive cells were found in the ileum. From the later stage (at Day 11), Igs positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) were found distributed in the lamina propria, around the intestinal glands and in the core of the villi of ileum. Immunoglobulin positive cells (IgA, IgG and IgM) were increased gradually with increasing age and IgA positive cells were more than IgG and IgM positive cells at day 32.

scholarly journals Immunohistological localization of alpha 1-microglobulin in normal rat tissues.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bouic ◽  
C Vincent ◽  
J P Revillard
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Secretory Component ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Cytoplasmic Staining

The tissue distribution of rat alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1-m) was studied by indirect immunofluorescence in various rat tissues using a polyvalent rabbit antiserum to the purified antigen and a monoclonal antibody (H23) to the human homologue, in parallel with a polyclonal anti-rat IgA antiserum. It was found that all tissues stained by anti-IgA were also alpha 1-m positive; these tissues included tissues of the stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, pancreas, trachea, esophagus and jejunum. However, the observation that IgA plasma cells as well as secretory cells, while positively stained by anti-IgA, are alpha 1-m negative suggests that the association between IgA and alpha 1-m occurs at a postsecretory stage, after the IgA molecules have been transported across the epithelial cells. Additionally, hepatocytes were intensely stained by anti-alpha 1-m antibodies, indicating that the liver, as already suggested by metabolic studies on isolated guinea-pig liver explants, may be responsible for the synthesis of this protein. Among lymphoid tissues, an intense and homogeneous staining was observed in the thymus and the white pulp of the spleen. Sections of lymph nodes, however, showed differential staining; apart from a few isolated dendritic cells in the mantle region of the lymphoid follicles, the germinal centers and medullary cords showed no staining with anti-alpha 1-m antibodies. The paracortical cells, macrophages in the subcapsular sinus, and interfollicular lymphocytes showed intense cytoplasmic staining with anti-alpha 1-m antibodies. In other tissues, macrophages, monocytes, tissue histiocytes, and dendritic cells were alpha 1-m positive. Although they confirm the presence of alpha 1-m in the lymphoid tissues, as already reported in man, these results show that the protein is also present in hepatocytes and in exocrine fluids containing IgA. Since alpha 1-m, like secretory component, can bind to IgA to form stable complexes, these two heavily glycosylated proteins may have similar biologic properties.

scholarly journals The Effect of Zingiber officinale on the Spleen Tissue and Antibody Titer of Broiler Chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 046-050
Author(s):  
Alireza Taghdisi ◽  
Sajjad Hejazi
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Spleen Tissue ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction Increasing the immune system's function of fighting infectious diseases is very important in the poultry industry. Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. The use of ginger in the diet of poultry increases serum levels of superoxide dismutase enzymes and glutathione peroxidase, which are considered to be important antioxidant enzymes. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ginger on the spleen tissue of broiler chickens. Material and Methods The specimens comprised 2 groups of 20 Ross breed broiler chicks, for 42 days and were then, examined and tested. The diet was supplemented with 1 g/kg of ginger powder from the beginning of the rearing period. Blood samples of the chicks were randomly collected to measure the levels of hemagglutination (HI). The removed spleens were fixed with 10% formalin buffer. The specimens were cut in 5-micron diameters and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results and Conclusion There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of HI blood titers between the chicks in the growth period and final period groups (p < 0.05). The white-pulp tissue samples were more clearly seen in the treatment group than in the control group, and also, it was observed that the wall of the central artery of the white pulp was thicker in the ginger-treated group as compared with the control group. The nutritional value of ginger may vary. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of this plant final on weight gain; the serum factors associated with the metabolic chart, and the response of the immune system to this plant.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF EPITHELIAL REMNANT AND WHOLE ORGAN GRAFTS OF THYMUS ON THE RECOVERY OF THYMECTOMIZED IRRADIATED MICE

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther F. Hays
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Microscopic Morphology ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Cellular Components

Work has been presented which suggests that thymus epithelial reticular cells are not effective in restoring the microscopic morphology of lymphoid tissues and their immunologic capacities. They function in recruiting precursors of thymus lymphocytes from the host animals to produce an organ which, after it becomes architecturally normal, can reconstitute the defective host. Intact thymus grafts in situ from 10–14 days, but not for shorter periods of time, have been shown to result in a return toward normal of these two parameters. Evidence is offered to show that few dividing cellular components in the lymphoid tissue originate from the thymus remnant grafts, and that a minor cellular component is contributed by the intact grafts. These data support the concept that the structural and functional development of the lymphatic tissue in thymectomized animals is dependent on thymus lymphoid cells and/or their products, and that the epithelial-reticular cells do not have a direct action in peripheral lymphoid reconstitution.

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