scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of Childhood Obesity in Dhaka City

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Shah Md. Mahfuzar Rahman ◽  
I Kabir ◽  
HA M Bhuyan ◽  
DM B Akter ◽  
Shah Monir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

Background: Obesity amongst the children is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate in both developed and developing countries. Obese children are at higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, non-insulin dependent diabetes, respiratory disease etc. Methods: A case-control study, preceded by a cross sectional survey was conducted, aimed to estimate the prevalence rate and to identify the factors associated with the development of childhood obesity in Dhaka city. A multi stage probability proportionate to size (PPS) cluster sampling method was used to obtain the sample. To identify the obese children, a pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on age, weight and height among the randomly selected 5000 children of 2-10 years age group from 12 government primary and 23 private elementary schools, 4 hospitals, 8 health centres and 12 immunisation centres (on National Immunisation Days) from all the 12 thanas (civil administrative sub-districts) of Dhaka city. Survey included a medical history and physical examination to assess the eligibility of the subjects for the study. Results: Of 5000 children, 380 (7.6%) were identified as obese using the criterion of weight for height >120% as a cut-off point. Obesity was positively correlated with the increase of age in both sexes (r = 0.76). Of all obese children, 216 (56.8%) were boys and 164 (43.2%) were girls. Prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among the boys than girls (p=0.007). The study was conducted among the 220 cases of 380 obese children (Wt/Ht> 120%) and 220 randomly selected controls, matching age and sex, using a semi-structured questionnaire for identifying the factors associated with the development of childhood obesity. Information also collected from parents of both cases and controls. Family income (p<0.001) and expenditure on food (p<0.001) were significantly higher among the cases. Data showed that parental obesity was significantly associated with the obesity in children. There was an association between obesity of the children and parents’ educational status (p<0.001). There was no difference in the working hours of parents outside households between the cases and controls. Energy balance was significantly higher among the cases. Dose response of energy balance shows, the estimated relative risk of obesity increases with higher levels of energy balance up to a maximum of odds ratio 3.41 (p<0.001). A significant difference (p<0.001) was found in hours of television-video viewing between the cases and controls. Conclusion: Findings of this study show that the obesity among the children is caused by a positive energy balance over a considerable period, is related to environmental factors including energy intake, energy expenditure and other behavioural aspects. Appropriate interventions like behavioural change regarding energy intake and physical activity are thus recommended to address the childhood obesity- an emerging public health problem in Dhaka city. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 68-80

Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Susan Cherian ◽  
Ashok Sainoji ◽  
Balakrishna Nagalla ◽  
Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To evaluate energy expenditure, energy intake, and nutrient adequacy of Indian junior soccer players. Method: Forty junior national-level soccer players (Under-12 and Under-16 age groups) were assessed for 3-day weighed food records and 3-day energy expenditure. Energy and nutrient intake was analyzed from food records, and energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and activity records. Nutrient adequacy was determined by comparing intake with prevailing recommendations. Results: Players exhibited no significant difference between energy intake (boys = 3062 [340.9] and girls = 2243 [320.3] kcal·d−1) and expenditure (boys = 2875 [717.3] and girls = 2442 [350.3] kcal·d−1). Across age groups, the Under-12 boys showed positive energy balance as against energy deficits in Under-16. Girls showed energy deficits, although not significant. There were 58% of girls showing energy availability <30 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass, of which 37% were Under-16 players. Carbohydrates contributed to >60% of energy expenditure among 95.2% boys and 73.7% girls. Among 52.4% boys and 47.4% girls, <25% of energy expenditure was contributed by fat. More than 95% players consumed <1 g·kg−1 carbohydrates pretraining and 100% of them consumed >1.2 g·kg−1 carbohydrates posttraining. Conclusion: Junior soccer players consumed more than recommended carbohydrates in the diet, although not aligning with the pretraining, during training, and posttraining meal requirements. Considering the energy deficits observed among Under-16 players, a suitable dietary modification is warranted.

scholarly journals The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Clayton ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

Antagonism of opioid receptors reduces body fat in obese rats by decreasing food intake and stimulating lipid utilization

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (6) ◽  
pp. R1399-R1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Statnick ◽  
Frank C. Tinsley ◽  
Brian J. Eastwood ◽  
Todd M. Suter ◽  
Charles H. Mitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Obese Rats

Agonists to opioid receptors induce a positive energy balance, whereas antagonists at these receptors reduce food intake and body weight in rodent models of obesity. An analog of 3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine, LY255582, is a potent non-morphinan antagonist for μ-, κ-, and δ-receptors ( K i of 0.4, 2.0, and 5.2 nM, respectively). In the present study, we examined the effects of oral LY255582 treatment on caloric intake, calorie expenditure, and body composition in dietary-induced obese rats. Acute oral treatment of LY255582 produced a dose-dependent decrease in energy intake and respiratory quotient (RQ), which correlated with the occupancy of central opioid receptors. Animals receiving chronic oral treatment with LY255582 for 14 days maintained a negative energy balance that was sustained by increased lipid use. Analysis of body composition revealed a reduction in fat mass accretion, with no change in lean body mass, in animals treated with LY255582. Therefore, chronic treatment with LY255582 reduces adipose tissue mass by reducing energy intake and stimulating lipid use.

scholarly journals Factors influencing obesity among Hungarian school-age children

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Horváth ◽  
A Szabó ◽  
C s Erdős ◽  
G Dobi-Ágoston ◽  
E Paulik
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family

Abstract Background Childhood obesity has increased almost 80% worldwide in the last 30 years. According to WHO COSI data, Hungary is ranked 15th in the prevalence of overweight/obesity in 6-9 years children, with national values (27.4%) higher than the average of the participating countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors contributing to childhood obesity, along some components of the ecological model, and to identify factors promoting or inhibiting lifestyle changes. Methods The survey was conducted in three primary schools of Szeged, involving 9-12 years old children and their parents (N = 459). The questionnaire examined the child's physical activity, dietary habits, mood, postnatal medical history as well as parents' anthropometric, socio-demographic data, attitudes to their child's nutrition, health-related value system, lifestyle knowledge and relevant history of obesity. Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 22.7% in the sample, with higher proportion of boys than girls (59.6% vs. 40.4%). Overweight/obese children were significantly more dissatisfied with their shape than children with normal BMI (39.8% vs. 8.9%, p &lt; 0.001) and fewer of them participated in out-of-school sports activities (69.1% vs. 79.1 %, p &gt; 0.05;). Obese children were significantly more likely to eat even when they were not hungry (37.2% vs. 26.4%, p &lt; 0.05). Frequency of meals with the family was also the lowest among overweight/obese (60.6%), and three times as many of them ate alone in their room than their nutritionally normal fellows. There was no significant difference in the diet preferences and quality of food of the two groups. Conclusions In our study, prevalence of childhood obesity was beyond than global prevalence. Parents' attitudes, and family conventions significantly influenced the success of a child's lifestyle change hence it is high priority to increase the knowledge of the parents. Funding The research is supported by the EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00008. Key messages Childhood obesity is a complex problem, simultaneous, positive modification of the family, community, and social environment is indispensable for effective intervention. Parents’ lifestyle influences the children’s dietary habits, therefore parent’s health education is important in the prevention of childhood obesity.

Obesity: A Game of Inches

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
Rudolph L. Leibel
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Diet History

Obesity, like baseball, is a game of inches. Weight gain cannot occur unless energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Such positive energy balance is a sine qua non for normal growth in the child, and for obesity in the adult. Very small excesses of intake over expenditure can make a big difference if present over a long period of time. Consider the children in the study reported by Klesges et al1 elsewhere in this journal (pages 126-130). At about 4½ years of age, these children were estimated (by diet history) to have been ingesting about 2000 kcal per day. This is almost certainly an overestimate of the actual caloric intake of these children (see below).

Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Reinbach ◽  
A. Smeets ◽  
T. Martinussen ◽  
P. Møller ◽  
M.S. Westerterp-Plantenga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

scholarly journals Energy balance in obesity

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Webber
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Exercise Activity ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

The current epidemic of human obesity implies that whilst energy balance appears to be regulated, the extent of this regulatory process is being overwhelmed in large numbers of the population by environmental changes. Clearly, the shift towards positive energy balance reflects both alterations in energy intake and decreases in physical activity. Increased energy intake and, in particular, the rising proportion of energy from fat is linked with obesity. However, on a population level reduced levels of activity probably play the predominant role. It is apparent that individual susceptibility to weight gain varies enormously. The factors underlying this susceptibility are an area of intense research interest. Variations in BMR from that predicted appear to be linked to the propensity to gain weight. The genes responsible for this variation may include uncoupling proteins-2 and -3, with a number of studies showing a link with obesity. However,in vivostudies of these proteins have not yet demonstrated a physiological role for them that would explain the link with obesity. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis may also protect from weight gain, but the regulation of this type of thermogenesis is unclear, although the sympathetic nervous system may be important. A profusion of hormones, cytokines and neurotransmitters is involved in regulating energy intake, but whilst mutations in leptin and the melanocortin-3 receptor are responsible for rare monogenic forms of obesity, their wider role in common polygenic obesity is not known. Much current work is directed at examining the interplay between genetic background and environmental factors, in particular diet, that both lead to positive energy balance and seem to make it so hard for many obese subjects to lose weight.

scholarly journals Eucaloric Balanced Diet Improved Objective Sleep in Adolescents with Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3550
Author(s):  
Oussama Saidi ◽  
Emmanuelle Rochette ◽  
Giovanna Del Sordo ◽  
Éric Doré ◽  
Étienne Merlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Evening Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

Background: A better understanding of the influence of energy balance on sleep in adolescents, particularly those with obesity, could help develop strategies to optimize sleep in these populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate sleep under ad libitum-vs-controlled diets adjusted to energy requirement (eucaloric) among adolescents with obesity and their normal weight controls. Methods: Twenty-eight male adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years, n = 14 adolescents with obesity (OB: BMI ≥ 90th centile) and n = 14 normal weight age matched controls (NW), completed an experimental protocol comprising ad libitum or eucaloric meals for three days, in random order. During the third night of each condition, they underwent in home polysomnography (PSG). Results: An interaction effect of energy intake (EI) was detected (p < 0.001). EI was higher during ad libitum compared to the eucaloric condition (p < 0.001) and in OB compared to NW (p < 0.001) in the absence of any substantial modification to macronutrient proportions. Analyses of energy intake distribution throughout the day showed a significant interaction with both a condition and group effect during lunch and dinner. Sleep improvements were noted in OB group during the eucaloric condition compared to ad libitum with reduced sleep onset latency and N1 stage. Sleep improvements were correlated to reduced EI, especially during the evening meal. Conclusion: Simply adjusting dietary intake to energy requirement and reducing the energy proportion of the evening meal could have therapeutic effects on sleep in adolescents with obesity. However, positive energy balance alone cannot justify worsened sleep among adolescents with obesity compared to normal weight counterparts.

Physical activity and body functionality: implications for obesity prevention and treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
Fanny Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Impact

Physical activity promotes metabolic adaptations that improve body functionality and contribute to the prevention of some diseases. With respect to energy and fat balance, physical activity facilitates the equilibrium between energy intake and expenditure as well as between fat intake and fat oxidation. When combined with a healthy diet that favors satiety with a reduced energy intake, exercise can induce a substantial mass loss in obese individuals. However, even the impact of an exemplary lifestyle does not seem to have the potential to decrease body mass in obese individuals down to the mass range of lean people. Up to now, we have not been able to induce mass changes exceeding 12%–15% initial body mass in obese male subjects under tolerable exercise and dietary habits, and this moderate success was accompanied by modifications in appetite and energy expenditure susceptible to compromise subsequent mass stability. As described in this paper, many environmental factors can influence energy balance and the ability to lose body fat in response to a healthy diet and (or) physical activity program. Particular attention is given to preliminary data obtained in our laboratory that suggest that knowledge-based work does not favor the same potential mass reducing effects as physical work. In fact, the acute effects of knowledge-based work suggest that this work modality may be rather susceptible to promote a more pronounced positive energy balance compared with what we may expect from a sedentary relaxing activity. This is problematic for obesity prevention in the future since knowledge-based work now represents the main working modality in a context of modernity.

scholarly journals Seafood intake and the development of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn Liaset ◽  
Jannike Øyen ◽  
Hélène Jacques ◽  
Karsten Kristiansen ◽  
Lise Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

AbstractWe provide an overview of studies on seafood intake in relation to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity development is for most individuals the result of years of positive energy balance. Evidence from intervention trials and animal studies suggests that frequent intake of lean seafood, as compared with intake of terrestrial meats, reduces energy intake by 4–9 %, sufficient to prevent a positive energy balance and obesity. At equal energy intake, lean seafood reduces fasting and postprandial risk markers of insulin resistance, and improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant adults. Energy restriction combined with intake of lean and fatty seafood seems to increase weight loss. Marinen-3 PUFA are probably of importance throughn-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids and oxylipins, but other constituents of seafood such as the fish proteinper se, trace elements or vitamins also seem to play a largely neglected role. A high intake of fatty seafood increases circulating levels of the insulin-sensitising hormone adiponectin. As compared with a high meat intake, high intake of seafood has been reported to reduce plasma levels of the hepatic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein level in some, but not all studies. More studies are needed to confirm the dietary effects on energy intake, obesity and insulin resistance. Future studies should be designed to elucidate the potential contribution of trace elements, vitamins and undesirables present in seafood, and we argue that stratification into responders and non-responders in randomised controlled trials may improve the understanding of health effects from intake of seafood.

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