scholarly journals Effects of cadmium on the anatomical structures of vegetative organs of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Jahan Liza ◽  
Kishwar Jahan Shethi ◽  
Parveen Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Area ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Root Cortex ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Vascular Area ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Endodermal Layer

The effects of cadmium on the anatomical structures of different vegetative parts, namely root, stem and leaf of chickpea, Cicer arientinum L. was studied. Four different concentrations of CdCl2 e.g. 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μM were considered as treatments alongside non treated samples (control). In case of root anatomy decrease of root diameter, root cortex area, thick walled endodermal layer and reduced number of metaxylem vessels were observed compared to control. Similarly, stem diameter, cortical area, size and number of xylem vessels were decreased in Cd treated stem. However, large and increased number of trichomes had been found in Cd treated stem samples with deposition of phenolic compounds in vessels with increasing concentration of Cd. Considerable less toxic effects were observed in leaf anatomy except decrease in leaf thickness, reduced vascular area and closure of stomata in comparison to control sample. All such plant anatomical alterations indicated adverse effects as well as tolerance of chickpea up to certain concentrations of heavy metal to cope up with the changing environment. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(1): 45-52, 2020 (January)

scholarly journals Unusual developmental morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs in Utricularia dichotoma—leaf, shoot and root dynamics

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus S. Reut ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Dynamic Morphology ◽  
Submerged Conditions

Abstract The terrestrial carnivorous species Utricularia dichotoma is known for a great phenotypic plasticity and unusual vegetative organs. Our investigation on 22 sources/populations revealed that after initiation of a leaf and two bladders on a stolon, a bud was formed in the proximal axil of the leaf, developing into a rosette with up to seven organs. The first two primordia of the bud grew into almost every possible combination of organs, but often into two anchor stolons. The patterns were generally not population specific. The interchangeability of organs increased with increasing rank in the succession of organs on stolon nodes. A high potential of switching developmental programs may be successful in a fluctuating environment. In this respect, we were able to show that bladders developed from anchor stolons experimentally when raising the water table. Anatomical structures were simple, lacunate and largely homogenous throughout all organs. They showed similarities with many hydrophytes, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to (temporarily) submerged conditions. The principal component analysis was used in the context of dynamic morphology to illustrate correlations between organ types in the morphospace of U. dichotoma, revealing an organ specific patchwork of developmental processes for typical leaves and shoots, and less pronounced for a typical root. The concept and methods we applied may prove beneficial for future studies on the evolution of Lentibulariaceae, and on developmental morphology and genetics of unusual structures in plants.

scholarly journals The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area?

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 1438-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian M. Frank ◽  
Mark W. Greenlee
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Vestibular Cortex ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
The Core ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
And Function

Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds to both vestibular and visual stimuli. Recent results suggest that the region that has been referred to as PIVC in previous studies consists of multiple areas with different anatomical correlates and different functional specializations. Specifically, a vestibular but not visual area is located in the parietal operculum, close to the posterior insula, and likely corresponds to the nonhuman primate PIVC, while a visual-vestibular area is located in the retroinsular cortex and is referred to, for historical reasons, as the posterior insular cortex area (PIC). In this article, we review the anatomy, connectivity, and function of PIVC and PIC and propose that the core of the human vestibular cortex consists of at least two separate areas, which we refer to together as PIVC+. We also review the organization in the nonhuman primate brain and show that there are parallels to the proposed organization in humans.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM STRESS ON MICRO-ANATOMICAL PROFILE OF CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
Nur Fitrianto ◽  
Siti Samiyarsih ◽  
Dede Winda Nur Fauziah ◽  
Sri Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Root Diameter ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Chromium Stress ◽  
Cuticle Thickness ◽  
Stomatal Number

Chromium contamination can affect morphological, physiological, and anatomical changes, especially in chili vegetative organs. This research aims to understand micro-anatomical structure of the vegetative organs of chili subjected to chromium stress. The aim of the research is to know whether there is a micro-anatomical character difference between contaminated and uncontaminated chromium. The experimental methods using a completely randomized design (CRD). The independent variable is five levels of chromium concentration, i.e., 0; 50; 100; 200; and 300 ppm. The method of preparing anatomical preparations of the stem using a non-embedding and embedding method. The parameters observed in root and stem are organ diameter, xylem, thick of epidermis, and cortex. In contrast, leaf organ parameter includes thick cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, stomata size (length and width), and stomatal number. The research results showed that organ anatomical structure, i.e., root, stem, and leaf in chromium stress condition did not change. Chromium deposition causes a decrease in root diameter, xylem, thick cortex roots, stem diameter, xylem, the thickness of the epidermis and cortex, leaf epidermal thickness, mesophyll, size of stomata width and number. In contrast, the chromium stress causes an increase in the thickness of the root epidermis (43,18%), cuticle thickness (36,36%), and leaf stomata length (33,33%) of chili as chromium concentrations increase. The anatomical structure of chili leaves changes after being contaminated chromium stress. 

scholarly journals Enhancement of growth and increased productivity of fresh herb and aromatic oil in basil plant by foliar application with stigmasterol

1970 ◽  
pp. 07-13
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. El-Tantawy ◽  
Samah N. Azoz
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Characters

The present study was conducted through the two growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 to disclose the impact of foliar application with different concentrations of stigmasterol (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) on vegetative growth characters, yield of fresh herb/plant, anatomical structures of vegetative organs (main stem and leaves) and percentage and constituents of aromatic oil of basil plant. The obtained results indicated that stigmasterol application had a enhancing effect on growth and productivity as well as on the percentage and composition of volatile oil of basil plant and the maximum promotion was detected at 100 ppm stigmasterol. Such treatment induced favorable changes in the anatomical structures of vegetative organs.

scholarly journals Anatomical and morphological features of the needles of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri D. Don) under the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Plugatar ◽  
T. M. Sakhno
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
The North ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Pinus Coulteri

The article presents the results of studying the anatomical and morphological features of vegetative organs of the North American species Pinus coulteri D. Don when introduced to the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC). The research was carried out in the park communities of the SCC using generally accepted methods. The features of the formation of annual growth of shoots, metric indicators of needles, as well as the specifics of morpho-anatomical structures of needles are determined. It was found that the average length of shoots of model trees of P. coulteri in park communities of the SCC varies from 5.1±0.2 to 5.7±0.3 cm. The length of the annual increase under the conditions of introduction is influenced by the amount of precipitation of the previous year (r = 0.91). The length of needles on the SCC is within these values in the natural area, but the average values are slightly lower. Anatomical features of P. coulteri needles are quite stable under various cultivation conditions. P. coulteri needles are stiff due to the increased number of sclerotized hypodermic cells. In P. coulteri needles, some inclusions with essential oil are noted, the maximum amount of which is in the first layer of the mesophyll.

scholarly journals Analysis of anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of Iva xanthifolia nutt.

2007 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Lana Krstic ◽  
Goran Anackov ◽  
Boza Pal ◽  
Ruzica Igic ◽  
Jadranka Lukovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Mechanical Tissue

Iva xanthifolia is a North American weed species, which was introduced and naturalized in Europe. Anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of this species were investigated, in order to get better knowledge of its biology, which could help in development of strategies for prevention of its spreading. Detailed descriptions of lamina, petiole, stem and inflorescence axis anatomical structures were given, together with micromorphological characteristics of epidermis and indumentum of lamina, petiole, stem, inflorescence axis, involucre and fruit. All vegetative organs had mesomorphic structure, with some xeromorphic adaptations. Mechanical tissue was well developed, which gave those plants additional strength and resistance. Trichomes were the most numerous on lamina and in the region of inflorescence, while rare on petiole and stem epidermis and their distribution varied according to plant organ.

Plasticity and domestication of root anatomy in maize-teosinte derived population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Chen ◽  
Junli Sun ◽  
Dongdong Li ◽  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Kunhui He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Maize Domestication

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) underwent profound changes during domestication in root anatomy for environmental adaptation. However, the genetic mechanism of maize root anatomy domestication and plasticity remains unclear. In this study, a high-resolution mapping was performed for nine root anatomical traits using a maize-teosinte population (mexicana × Mo17) across three environments. Large genetic variations were detected for different root anatomical traits. The cortex area, stele area, aerenchyma area, xylem vessels number and cortical cell number had large variations across three environments, indicating high plasticity. Sixteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, including seven QTL with QTL × Environment interaction (EIQTL) for high plastic traits and nine QTL without QTL × Environment interaction (SQTL). Most of the root loci were consistent with shoot QTL depicting domestication signals. Combining transcriptome and genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that ZmPILS4 serve as a candidate gene underlying a major QTL of xylem traits. The near-isogenic lines (NILs) with lower expression of ZmPILS4 had 18-24% more IAA concentration in the root tip and 8-15% more xylem vessels. Significant domestication signal in promoter region suggested that ZmPILS4 was involved in maize domestication and adaptation. These results divulged the potential genetic basis of root anatomy plasticity and domestication.

scholarly journals Economic strategies of plant absorptive roots vary with root diameter

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Kong ◽  
J. J. Wang ◽  
P. Kardol ◽  
H. F. Wu ◽  
H. Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Root Cortex ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Absorptive Roots ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
N Fractions

Abstract. Plant roots typically vary along a dominant ecological axis, the root economics spectrum, depicting a tradeoff between resource acquisition and conservation. For absorptive roots, which are mainly responsible for resource acquisition, we hypothesized that root economic strategies differ with increasing root diameter. To test this hypothesis, we used seven plant species (a fern, a conifer, and five angiosperms from south China) for which we separated absorptive roots into two categories: thin roots (thickness of root cortex plus epidermis < 247 µm) and thick roots. For each category, we analyzed a range of root traits related to resource acquisition and conservation, including root tissue density, different carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) fractions (i.e., extractive, acid-soluble, and acid-insoluble fractions) as well as root anatomical traits. The results showed significant relationships among root traits indicating an acquisition-conservation tradeoff for thin absorptive roots while no such trait relationships were found for thick absorptive roots. Similar results were found when reanalyzing data of a previous study including 96 plant species. The contrasting economic strategies between thin and thick absorptive roots, as revealed here, may provide a new perspective on our understanding of the root economics spectrum.

scholarly journals Drought and salinity affect leaf and root anatomical structures in three maize genotypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Injamum Ul Hoque ◽  
Md Nesar Uddin ◽  
Md Solaiman Ali Fakir ◽  
Md Rasel
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Salt And Drought Stress ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions ◽  
Salt And Drought Stresses

Salt and drought stresses are being quite similar considered as two major constraints in maize production. To explore the anatomical bases of resistance to salt and drought stresses, 14 days old seedlings of three maize hybrid genotypes were subjected to salt (100 mM NaCl) and drought stress (equiosmotic PEG-6000) under hydroponic conditions. The experiment was laid out following a completely randomized design having four replicates. Root protoxylem and metaxylem thickness and root diameter were found to be unaffected in both of the drought resistant genotypes in response to salt and drought stresses whereas root protoxylem thickness increased (33.8 and 112.8% by salt and drought stress, respectively) in sensitive genotype (BARI hybrid maize-7). Bundle sheath thickness was found to increase in response to stresses (58.4 and 59.3% by salt and drought stress, respectively) in BARI hybrid maize-12. BARI hybrid maize-12 showed unaffected response in leaf epidermal thickness, phloem area, xylem area and total leaf thickness under both salt and drought stressesJ. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 47-55, April 2018

scholarly journals Increased Mobility of the Atrial Septum in Aortic Root Dilation: An Observational Study on Transesophageal Echocardiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altair Heidemann ◽  
Lorença Dall'Oglio ◽  
Eduardo Gehling Bertoldi ◽  
Murilo Foppa
Keyword(s):  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Aortic Root ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Atrial Septum ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Atrial Septal Aneurysm ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Background: There is a growing interest in the relationship between atrial septal anatomy and cardioembolic stroke. Anecdotal reports suggest that the enlargement of the aortic root could interfere with atrial septal mobility (ASM). We sought to investigate the association between ASM and aortic root dilation.Methods and Findings: From all consecutive clinically requested transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) studies performed during the study period in a single institution, we were able to review and evaluate the ASM and anteroposterior length, aortic root diameter, and the prevalence of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) and of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in 336 studies. Additional variables, such as left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial diameter, diastolic dysfunction, age, sex, weight, height, previous stroke, atrial fibrillation, and TEE indication, were extracted from patient medical records and echocardiographic clinical reports. In 336 patients, we found a mean ASM of 3.4 mm, ranging from 0 to 21 mm; 15% had ASA and 14% had PFO. There was a 1.0 mm increase in ASM for every 10-mm increase in aortic root diameter adjusted for age, sex, weight, height, ejection fraction, and left atrial size (B = 0.1; P = 0.04). Aortic diameter was not associated with a smaller septal length (B = 0.03; P = 0.7).Conclusion: An increased motion of the atrial septum can occur in association with aortic dilation. These findings deserve attention for the relevance of aortic root anatomy in future studies involving atrial septal characteristics and embolic stroke risk.

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