scholarly journals Unusual developmental morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs in Utricularia dichotoma—leaf, shoot and root dynamics

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus S. Reut ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Carnivorous Species ◽  
Dynamic Morphology ◽  
Submerged Conditions

Abstract The terrestrial carnivorous species Utricularia dichotoma is known for a great phenotypic plasticity and unusual vegetative organs. Our investigation on 22 sources/populations revealed that after initiation of a leaf and two bladders on a stolon, a bud was formed in the proximal axil of the leaf, developing into a rosette with up to seven organs. The first two primordia of the bud grew into almost every possible combination of organs, but often into two anchor stolons. The patterns were generally not population specific. The interchangeability of organs increased with increasing rank in the succession of organs on stolon nodes. A high potential of switching developmental programs may be successful in a fluctuating environment. In this respect, we were able to show that bladders developed from anchor stolons experimentally when raising the water table. Anatomical structures were simple, lacunate and largely homogenous throughout all organs. They showed similarities with many hydrophytes, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to (temporarily) submerged conditions. The principal component analysis was used in the context of dynamic morphology to illustrate correlations between organ types in the morphospace of U. dichotoma, revealing an organ specific patchwork of developmental processes for typical leaves and shoots, and less pronounced for a typical root. The concept and methods we applied may prove beneficial for future studies on the evolution of Lentibulariaceae, and on developmental morphology and genetics of unusual structures in plants.

Coronary heart disease risk associated with the dyslipidaemia of chronic kidney disease

Heart ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (17) ◽  
pp. 1455-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio A Lamprea-Montealegre ◽  
Robyn L McClelland ◽  
Morgan Grams ◽  
Pamela Ouyang ◽  
Moyses Szklo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Heart Disease Risk

ObjectiveThis study sought to characterise the main dyslipidaemic phenotypes present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their association with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.MethodsAnalyses included 6612 individuals in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis free of CHD at baseline. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 15 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (stages 3–4). Principal component analyses were used to characterise the main dyslipidaemic phenotypes of CKD accounting for the correlation among different lipoproteins and lipoprotein particles. CHD was defined as incident myocardial infarction, angina followed by revascularisation, resuscitated cardiac arrest or CHD death.ResultsCHD developed in 303 individuals (5%) with eGFR ≥60 and in 72 individuals (12%) with CKD (p for difference <0.001). A dyslipidaemic phenotype (principal component 1 (PC1)) consisting of elevations in triglycerides, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (VLDL particles), small LDL particles and reductions in HDL particles, was more common in those with CKD, compared with those without CKD (p for difference <0.001). This phenotype was also more strongly associated with CHD in those with CKD: adjusted HRs (95% CIs) per SD increase in PC1 1.13 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.27; P=0.05) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.94; P<0.001) in eGFR ≥60 and CKD, respectively (P for interaction=0.05).ConclusionIn individuals with mainly stage 3 CKD, a dominant lipid phenotype consisting of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and other closely correlated lipoproteins is strongly associated with CHD risk. Future studies should investigate whether modification of the components of this phenotype leads to a reduction in the CHD burden in individuals with CKD.

scholarly journals Letting the ‘cat’ out of the bag: pouch young development of the extinct Tasmanian tiger revealed by X-ray computed tomography

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel H. Newton ◽  
Frantisek Spoutil ◽  
Jan Prochazka ◽  
Jay R. Black ◽  
Kathryn Medlock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Appendicular Skeleton ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Digital Resource ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Australian Marsupial ◽  
Age Estimates

The Tasmanian tiger or thylacine ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) was an iconic Australian marsupial predator that was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s. Despite sharing striking similarities with canids, they failed to evolve many of the specialized anatomical features that characterize carnivorous placental mammals. These evolutionary limitations are thought to arise from functional constraints associated with the marsupial mode of reproduction, in which otherwise highly altricial young use their well-developed forelimbs to climb to the pouch and mouth to suckle. Here we present the first three-dimensional digital developmental series of the thylacine throughout its pouch life using X-ray computed tomography on all known ethanol-preserved specimens. Based on detailed skeletal measurements, we refine the species growth curve to improve age estimates for the individuals. Comparison of allometric growth trends in the appendicular skeleton (fore- and hindlimbs) with that of other placental and marsupial mammals revealed that despite their unique adult morphologies, thylacines retained a generalized early marsupial ontogeny. Our approach also revealed mislabelled specimens that possessed large epipubic bones (vestigial in thylacine) and differing vertebral numbers. All of our generated CT models are publicly available, preserving their developmental morphology and providing a novel digital resource for future studies of this unique marsupial.

scholarly journals Maximizing the Reliability of Cross-National Measures of Presidential Power

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Doyle ◽  
Robert Elgie
Keyword(s):  
Expectation Maximization ◽  
Expectation Maximization Algorithm ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Presidential Power ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Cross National

This article aims to maximize the reliability of presidential power scores for a larger number of countries and time periods than currently exists for any single measure, and in a way that is replicable and easy to update. It begins by identifying all of the studies that have estimated the effect of a presidential power variable, clarifying what scholars have attempted to capture when they have operationalized the concept of presidential power. It then identifies all the measures of presidential power that have been proposed over the years, noting the problems associated with each. To generate the new set of presidential power scores, the study draws upon the comparative and local knowledge embedded in existing measures of presidential power. Employing principal component analysis, together with the expectation maximization algorithm and maximum likelihood estimation, a set of presidential power scores is generated for a larger set of countries and country time periods than currently exists, reporting 95 per cent confidence intervals and standard errors for the scores. Finally, the implications of the new set of scores for future studies of presidential power is discussed.

scholarly journals Distinct Transcriptional Signatures of Monocytes Treated with α-linolenic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1270-1270
Author(s):  
Samantha Pauls ◽  
Christopher Pascoe ◽  
Lisa Rodway ◽  
Carla Taylor ◽  
Harold Aukema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Engineering Research

Abstract Objectives Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be obtained directly from the diet or produced by elongation and desaturation of α-linolenic acid (ALA). Both are proposed to reduce inflammation associated with obesity, however, fewer studies have investigated ALA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gene expression changes in monocytes induced by each fatty acid and to compare the predicted functional outcomes. Methods RNA was extracted from THP-1 monocytes treated with ALA, DHA or vehicle for 48 h and then transcriptomics profiles were assessed by microarray. Multiple tools were used for data interpretation, including fold change analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Variable Importance Projection (VIP), Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Network Analyst. Results We found that the ALA and DHA treatments produced distinct profiles with many individual genes making small contributions to the separation between groups. Relative to vehicle treatment, many downregulated targets were similarly affected by both ALA and DHA. Several of these downregulated genes are involved in cholesterol synthesis and are regulated by miR-335–5p, a microRNA upregulated by both treatments. Consistently, IPA predicted similar pathways and functions are decreased by ALA and DHA, most notably cholesterol biosynthesis. In contrast, ALA and DHA upregulated unique gene sets and in agreement IPA predicted each treatment would activate distinct pathways and functions. ALA was strongly and uniquely predicted to increase infection responses while only DHA was predicted to increase oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, analysis of the protein-protein interaction network involving the genes modified by each fatty acid treatment allowed us to predict the most functionally important gene targets, which will be tested in future studies. Conclusions These analyses have revealed both unique and overlapping effects of ALA and DHA on the monocyte gene expression profile, providing further evidence that they have distinct bioactivities. Many novel predictions were made and these will form the basis for future studies investigating the effects of ALA and DHA on human physiology. Funding Sources Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN ANALISIS KOMPONEN PRINSIPAL DALAM MEMBENTUK INDEKS PENGETAHUAN TENTANG FILARIASIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-154
Author(s):  
Anton Suryatma ◽  
Tities Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Multicentre Research ◽  
Health Research And Development ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

ABSTRACT Knowledge about filariasis is one of many importance dimensions of succsessing filariasis elimination in Indonesia. This study aims at forming knowledge index about filariasis using principal component analysis. Principal component analysis methods have been used to reduce the researcher subjectivity in making knowledge composit. Data was from multicentre research on filaria 2017 by Indonesian National Institute of Health Research and Development. It was a cross sectional study conducted in 23 districts with 13,266 respondents. Ten questions about the causes and impacts of filariasis were asked with a structured questionnaire. Tetrachoric correlation and principal component analysis were used in data analysis. The knowledge index could explain 45.18% (rho=0.4518) of knowledge variations from the ten questions. This index can potentially be used as an output or a predictor variable in advance analysis. Future studies should take into account all levels and depths of knowledge when forming a knowledge composit. Keywords: knowledge, filaria, filariasis, principal component analysis   ABSTRAK Pengetahuan tentang filariasis merupakan salah satu dimensi penting dalam keberhasilan eliminasi filariasis di Indonesia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk membentuk indeks pengetahuan tentang filariasis menggunakan metode analisis komponen prinsipal. Metode analisis komponen prinsipal digunakan untuk mengurangi subjektifitas peneliti dalam membentuk komposit pengetahuan. Data yang digunakan berasal dari penelitian multisenter filariasis 2017 yang dilakukan oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Penelitian tersebut merupakan penelitian potong lintang di 23 Kabupaten dengan 13.266 responden. Terdapat sepuluh pertanyaan yang ditanyakan melalui kuesioner terstruktur mengenai penyebab dan akibat dari filariasis. Data dianalisis dengan korelasi tetrakorik dan analisis komponen prinsipal. Indeks pengetahuan filariasis yang terbentuk dapat menjelaskan 45,18% (rho=0,4518) variasi pengetahuan dari 10 pertanyaan. Indeks ini dapat digunakan dalam analisis lanjutan sebagai variabel output atau prediktor. Disarankan untuk mempertimbangkan tingkatan dan kedalaman pengetahuan apabila hendak membentuk komposit pengetahuan filariasis. Kata kunci: pengetahuan, filaria, filariasis, analisis komponen prinsipal

scholarly journals An Experimental Method for Stereolithic Mandible Fabrication and Image Preparation

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn Russett ◽  
Paul Major ◽  
Jason Carey ◽  
Roger Toogood ◽  
Pierre Boulanger
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Surgical Guides ◽  
Model Preparation ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Condylar Neck

Reproduction of anatomical structures by rapid prototyping has proven to be a valid adjunct for craniofacial surgery, providing alternative methods to produce prostheses and development of surgical guides. The aim of this study was to introduce a methodology to fabricate asymmetric human mandibles by rapid prototyping to be used in future studies for evaluating mandibular symmetries. Stereolithic models of human mandibles were produced with varying amounts of asymmetry in the condylar neck, ramus and body of the mandible by means of rapid prototyping. A method for production of the synthetic mandibles was defined. Model preparation, landmark description and development of the experimental model were described. A series of synthetic mandibles ranging in asymmetry were accurately produced from a scanned human mandible. A method for creating the asymmetries, fabricating, coating and landmarking the synthetic mandibles was formulated. A description for designing a reproducible experimental model for image acquisition was also outlined. Production of synthetic mandibles by stereolithic modeling is a viable method for creating skeletal experimental models with known amounts of asymmetry.

scholarly journals Identification of pathogen genomic differences that impact human immune response and disease duringCryptococcus neoformansinfection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleeza C. Gerstein ◽  
Katrina M. Jackson ◽  
Tami R. McDonald ◽  
Yina Wang ◽  
Benjamin D. Lueck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune

AbstractPatient outcomes during infection are due to a complex interplay between the quality of medical care, host immunity factors, and the infecting pathogen’s characteristics. To probe the influence of pathogen genotype on human immune response and disease, we examinedCryptococcus neoformansisolates collected during the Cryptococcal Optimal ART Timing (COAT) trial in Uganda. We measured human participants’ immunologic phenotypes, meningitis disease parameters, and survival. We compared this clinical data to whole genome sequences from 38C. neoformansisolates of the most frequently observed sequence type (ST) ST93 in our Ugandan participant population, and an additional 18 strains from 9 other sequence types representing the known genetic diversity within the UgandanCryptococcusclinical isolates. We focused our analyses on 652 polymorphisms that: were variable among the ST93 genomes, were not in centromeres or extreme telomeres, and were predicted to have a fitness effect. Logistic regression and principal component analyses identified 40 candidateCryptococcusgenes and 3 hypothetical RNAs associated with human immunologic response or clinical parameters. We infected mice with 17 available KN99α gene deletion strains for these candidate genes and found that 35% (6/17) directly influenced murine survival. Four of the six gene deletions that impacted murine survival were novel. Such bedside-to-bench translational research provides important candidate genes for future studies on virulence-associated traits in humanCryptococcusinfections.Author SummaryEven with the best available care, mortality rates in cryptococcal meningitis range from 20-60%. Disease is often due to infection by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and involves a complex interaction between the human host and the fungal pathogen. Although previous studies have suggested genetic differences in the pathogen impact human disease, it has proven quite difficult to identify the specific C. neoformans genes that impact the outcome of the human infection. Here, we take advantage of a Ugandan patient cohort infected with closely related C. neoformans strains to examine to role of pathogen genetic variants on several human disease characteristics. Using a pathogen whole genome sequencing approach, we showed that 40 C. neoformans genes are associated with human disease. Surprisingly, many of these genes are specific to Cryptococcus and have unknown functions. We also show deletion of these genes alters disease in a mouse model of infection, confirming their role in disease. These findings are particularly important because they are the first to identify C. neoformans genes associated with human cryptococcal meningitis and lay the foundation for future studies that may lead to new treatment strategies aimed at reducing patient mortality.

scholarly journals Enhancement of growth and increased productivity of fresh herb and aromatic oil in basil plant by foliar application with stigmasterol

1970 ◽  
pp. 07-13
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. El-Tantawy ◽  
Samah N. Azoz
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Characters

The present study was conducted through the two growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 to disclose the impact of foliar application with different concentrations of stigmasterol (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) on vegetative growth characters, yield of fresh herb/plant, anatomical structures of vegetative organs (main stem and leaves) and percentage and constituents of aromatic oil of basil plant. The obtained results indicated that stigmasterol application had a enhancing effect on growth and productivity as well as on the percentage and composition of volatile oil of basil plant and the maximum promotion was detected at 100 ppm stigmasterol. Such treatment induced favorable changes in the anatomical structures of vegetative organs.

scholarly journals Anatomical and morphological features of the needles of Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri D. Don) under the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Plugatar ◽  
T. M. Sakhno
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
The North ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Pinus Coulteri

The article presents the results of studying the anatomical and morphological features of vegetative organs of the North American species Pinus coulteri D. Don when introduced to the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC). The research was carried out in the park communities of the SCC using generally accepted methods. The features of the formation of annual growth of shoots, metric indicators of needles, as well as the specifics of morpho-anatomical structures of needles are determined. It was found that the average length of shoots of model trees of P. coulteri in park communities of the SCC varies from 5.1±0.2 to 5.7±0.3 cm. The length of the annual increase under the conditions of introduction is influenced by the amount of precipitation of the previous year (r = 0.91). The length of needles on the SCC is within these values in the natural area, but the average values are slightly lower. Anatomical features of P. coulteri needles are quite stable under various cultivation conditions. P. coulteri needles are stiff due to the increased number of sclerotized hypodermic cells. In P. coulteri needles, some inclusions with essential oil are noted, the maximum amount of which is in the first layer of the mesophyll.

scholarly journals Analysis of anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of Iva xanthifolia nutt.

2007 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Lana Krstic ◽  
Goran Anackov ◽  
Boza Pal ◽  
Ruzica Igic ◽  
Jadranka Lukovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Mechanical Tissue

Iva xanthifolia is a North American weed species, which was introduced and naturalized in Europe. Anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of this species were investigated, in order to get better knowledge of its biology, which could help in development of strategies for prevention of its spreading. Detailed descriptions of lamina, petiole, stem and inflorescence axis anatomical structures were given, together with micromorphological characteristics of epidermis and indumentum of lamina, petiole, stem, inflorescence axis, involucre and fruit. All vegetative organs had mesomorphic structure, with some xeromorphic adaptations. Mechanical tissue was well developed, which gave those plants additional strength and resistance. Trichomes were the most numerous on lamina and in the region of inflorescence, while rare on petiole and stem epidermis and their distribution varied according to plant organ.

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