Assessment of postharvest soil fungal population with special reference to Trichoderma in eggplants

The research work was done to assess the postharvest soil fungal population and to find out the relation between population dynamics of Trichoderma and soil borne disease of 41 eggplant cultivars. Soil samples collected from IPM lab germplasm maintenance field at post-harvest stage were analyzed for microbes in dilution plate technique. Fungal colonies appeared in each plate were counted and made their average. Incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt and Sclerotium collar rot in the plot of 41 eggplant varieties were recorded at flowering-fruiting stage. The highest total soil fungal population was estimated from the plot soil of eggplant var. Singnath S (IPM- 42) that was 40.75×104. The var. Bijoy had the lowest fungal population that was 7.5×104. A comparison between Trichoderma population and other fungal population was made. Different eggplant cultivars had variation in the population of two important soil fungi- Trichoderma and Fusarium. The total populations of Trichoderma and Fusarium in the plot soil of 41 eggplant varieties were 129.75 and 348.75 × 104 per gram of soil, respectively. The average number of colonies of Trichoderma varied with the range (1-8.25) per plate. Fusarium varied with the range from (2-22.50). In 20 important eggplant varieties out of 41, both Fusarium wilt and Sclerotium collar rot incidence ranged between 0.00 to 40.00%. The variety Puta begun had the highest incidence of Fusarium wilt with the highest soil population of Fusarium oxysporum against the absence of Trichoderma harzianum. The disease incidence at flowering-fruiting stage was negatively correlated with the population of Trichoderma. Disease severity decreased with the increase in Trichoderma population. Increase of Trichoderma population, decreased the population of other fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii). These results are clearly indicating that Trichoderma might have the antagonistic potential and might contribute to the reduction of incidence of soil-borne diseases. Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 31-42, 2021

Download Full-text

Incidence of fusarium wilt in major tomato growing areas of Punjab

The Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.21162/pakjas/21.937 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (04) ◽

pp. 1205-1213

Author(s):

Hira Nawaz

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Alternaria Solani ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Fruiting Stage

Tomato crop is affected with several diseases that lead to decreased yield every year. Among those diseases, tomato wilt is the most significant disease caused by soil borne pathogens i.e. Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. In the present study, survey was conducted in tomato growing areas of Punjab. Pathogens associated with plants were Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, parasitic nematodes, Pythium, Verticillium dahliae and mosaic virus. The survey was conducted at three different stages of plant development and disease incidence and severity were correlated with environmental factors. This survey was conducted for consecutive two years (2017-18:2018-19). It was shown that fusarium wilt can infect all growing stages (nursery, flowering and fruiting) of tomato plant. Moreover, high temperature and high humidity favored disease prevalence. Huge damage was witnessed due to high temperature and relative humidity up to a certain limit. Furthermore, it was also observed that alternaria blight, verticillium wilt, nematodes and mosaic virus also attacked at different growth stages to different extents along with fusarium wilt. Plants were more vulnerable at fruiting stage to all diseases. The present study will be helpful for devising a proper management strategy for fusarium wilt disease in tomato crop.

Download Full-text

Biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m87-061 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 349-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

T. C. Paulitz ◽

C. S. Park ◽

R. Baker

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Control Activity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cucumber Roots ◽

Linear Regressions

Nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum were obtained from surface-disinfested, symptomless cucumber roots grown in two raw (nonautoclaved) soils. These isolates were screened for pathogenicity and biological control activity against Fusarium wilt of cucumber in raw soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (F.o.c.). The influence of three isolates effective in inducing suppressiveness and three ineffective isolates on disease incidence over time was tested. The effective isolates reduced the infection rate (R), based on linear regressions of data transformed to loge (1/1 – y). Effective isolate C5 was added to raw soil infested with various inoculum densities of F.o.c. In treatments without C5, the increase in inoculum densities of F.o.c. decreased the incubation period of wilt disease, but there was no significant difference in infection rate among the inoculum density treatments. Isolate C5 reduced the infection rate at all inoculum densities of F.o.c. Various inoculum densities of C5 were added to raw soils infested with 1000 cfu/g of F.o.c. In the first trial, infection rates were reduced only in the treatment with 10 000 cfu/g of C5; in the second trial, infection rates were reduced in treatments with 10 000 and 30 000 cfu/g of C5.

Download Full-text

Suppression of Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2 on Grafted Triploid Watermelon

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-14-0005-re ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (10) ◽

pp. 1326-1332 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Anthony P. Keinath ◽

Richard L. Hassell

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

The United States ◽

Infested Soil ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Race 1 ◽

Susceptible Control ◽

Triploid Watermelon ◽

Race 2

Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2, is a serious, widespread disease present in major watermelon-growing regions of the United States and other countries. ‘Fascination,’ a high yielding triploid resistant to race 1, is grown in southeastern states in fields that contain a mixture of races 1 and 2. There is some benefit to using cultivars with race 1 resistance in such fields, even though Fascination is susceptible to Fusarium wilt caused by race 2. Experiments in 2012 and 2013 were done in fields infested primarily with race 2 and a mixture of races 1 and 2, respectively. Fascination was grafted onto four rootstock cultivars: bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) ‘Macis’ and ‘Emphasis’ and interspecific hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima× C. moschata) ‘Strong Tosa’ and ‘Carnivor.’ Nongrafted and self-grafted Fascination were used as susceptible control treatments. In both experiments, mean incidence of plants with symptoms of Fusarium wilt was ≥52% in the susceptible control treatments and ≤6% on the grafted rootstocks. Disease incidence did not differ between rootstock species or cultivars. In both years, Fascination grafted onto Strong Tosa and Macis produced more marketable-sized fruit than the susceptible control treatments. Grafted Emphasis and Carnivor also produced more fruit than the control treatments in 2012. The cucurbit rootstocks suppressed Fusarium wilt caused by race 2 and increased marketable yield of triploid watermelon grown in infested soil.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of fungicides in controlling fusarium wilt of gladiolus

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v42i4.35787 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 599-607

Author(s):

L Yasmin ◽

MA Ali ◽

FN Khan

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Field Condition ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Spike Length ◽

Research Centre ◽

Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Infested Field

The efficacy of fungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt of gladiolus was studied at Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during 2010-2012 following RCB design with four replications. Six fungicides such as Bavistin (0.1%), Provax (0.2%), Mancozeb (0.2%), Rovral (0.2%), Chlorax (10%) and Cupravit (0.7%) were evaluated against the Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli) under naturally infested field condition. Bavistin was very effective in reducing the disease incidence and thereby resulting maximum corm germination (99.98%), spike length (73.90 cm), rachis length (43.70 cm), florets spike-1 (12.63), flower sticks plot-1 (38.75) and corm plot-1 (60.23) and cormel yield ha-1 (2.51 t) of gladiolus. Provax and Cupravit were also effective in inhibiting the disease incidence as well as better spike length, rachis length, florets spike-1, no of flower sticks, corm and cormel yield.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(4): 599-607, December 2017

Download Full-text

Use of Trichoderma in Biological Control of Collar Rot of Soybean and Chickpea

International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review ◽

10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i930221 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-31

Author(s):

Mahbuba Kaniz Hasna ◽

Md. Abul Kashem ◽

Farid Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Seed Treatment ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Root Weight ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Collar Rot ◽

Rot Disease

An in vitro and field experiments for two consecutive years were conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, aiming to investigate the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum against Sclerotium rolfsii causing collar rot disease of soybean and chickpea. In in vitro the antagonistic activity of T. harzianum against S. rolfsii was observed through dual culture. In field experiment Trichoderma was applied as soil treatment and seed treatment. The percent inhibition of S. rolfsii induced by T. harzianum was found upto 78.9% in in vitro. The maximum reduction of collar rot disease incidence over control was 82.4% in soybean and 77.6% in chickpea which was recorded in the plot where T. harzianum was applied in the soil. The highest seed germination: 86.3% in soybean and 84.8% in chickpea, maximum fresh shoot weight: 94.5 g plant-1 in soybean, 62.5 g plant-1 in chickpea, maximum fresh root weight: 10.7 g plant-1 in soybean, 9.3 g plant-1 in chickpea and the highest yield: 2830 kg ha-1 in soybean, 1836 kg ha-1 in chickpea were obtained by the application of Trichoderma in soil. The study indicated that the tested isolate of T. harzianum had potential in controlling collar rot disease of soybean and chickpea. For the reduction of collar rot incidence application of T. harzianum in soil was found more effective than seed treatment.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Activities of Endophytic Fungal Crude Extracts Isolated from Cashew Tree (Anacardium occidentale)

Tanzania Journal of Science ◽

10.4314/tjs.v47i3.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 1102-1113

Author(s):

Nana Amiri ◽

Donatha D Tibuhwa

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Research Work ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Crude Extracts

This study presents the antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungal crude extracts isolated from leaves, stems and roots of cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale) which showed disease symptoms and those resistant from Fusarium wilt in Mtwara region. Sections of the cashew trees were made and cultured to isolate endophytes. Eight endophytes were isolated and characterized by using morphological and molecular markers. Neopestalotiopsis, Penicillium, Lasidioplodia and Daldinia sp isolated from resistant tree and Auxarthron and Aspergillus sp from diseased tree. Antimicrobial activities of the isolated endophytic fungal crude extracts were done against pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and three human pathogens namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis. Results showed that all endophytic fungal crude extracts isolated from resistant plants and one from diseased plants exhibited positive antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungus Candida tropicalis but they had no antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. This study could contribute to the discovery and innovation of therapeutics. This study also implied that the resistance against Fusarium wilt disease might be caused by other unknown factors. More research work is recommended for establishing other possible factors including endophytic bacteria, biotic and abiotic factors that could contribute to resistance of cashew plants to Fusarium oxysporum. Keywords: Antifungal; Phytopathology; Endophyte; Cashew nut disease

Download Full-text

Antagonistic potential of bacterial endophytes and induction of systemic resistance against collar rot pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii in tomato

Biological Control ◽

10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 137 ◽

pp. 104014 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Pramod Kumar Sahu ◽

Shailendra Singh ◽

Amrita Gupta ◽

Udai B. Singh ◽

G.P. Brahmaprakash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Systemic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Endophytes ◽

Collar Rot ◽

Antagonistic Potential

Download Full-text

First Report of Fusarium wilt disease on Watermelon Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) in Malaysia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-21-0780-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Ziaur Rahman ◽

Khairulmazmi Ahmad ◽

Yasmeen Siddiqui ◽

Norsazilawati Saad ◽

Tan Geok Hun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Likelihood Method ◽

Distilled Water ◽

First Report ◽

Fusarium Wilt Disease

Fusarium wilt disease incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) is the utmost devastating soil-inhabiting fungal pathogen limiting watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production in Malaysia and globally. The field disease survey of fusarium wilt was carried out during December 2019 and November 2020, in three major production areas (3 farmer fields per location) in Peninsular Malaysia namely, Mersing, Serdang and Kuantan and disease incidence of 30 and 45%, was recorded for each year, respectively. Infected watermelon plants showed symptoms such as vascular discoloration, brown necrotic lesions to the soil line or the crown, one-sided wilt of a plant, or a runner or the whole plant. Infected root and stem tissues, 1-2 cm pieces were surface sterilized with 0.6% NaOCl for 1 minute followed by double washing with sterile water. The disinfected tissues were air-dried and transferred onto semi-selective Komada’s medium (Komada 1975) and incubated for 5 days. The fungal colonies produced were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) to attain a pure culture and incubated at 25±2℃ for 15 days. The pure fungal colony was flat, round and light purple in color. Macroconidia were straight to slightly curved, 18.56-42.22 µm in length, 2.69-4.08 µm width, predominantly 3 septate and formed in sporodochia. Microconidia measured 6.16-10.86 µm in length and 2.49-3.83 µm in width, kidney-shaped, aseptate and were formed on short monophialides in false-heads. Chlamydospores were single or in pairs with smooth or rough walls, found both terminally or intercalary. To confirm their pathogenicity, two-week-old watermelon seedlings (cv. NEW BEAUTY) were dipped into spore suspension (1 ˟ 106 spores/ml) of representative isolates of JO20 (Mersing), UPM4 (Serdang) and KU41 (Kuantan) for 30 second and then moved into 10 cm diameter plastic pots containing 300 g sterilized soil mix. Disease symptoms were assessed weekly for one month. Control seedlings were immersed in sterile distilled water before transplanting. The inoculated seedlings showed typical Fusarium wilt symptoms like yellowing, stunted growth, and wilting, which is similar to the farmer field infected plants. However, the seedlings inoculated by sterile distilled water remained asymptomatic. The pathogen was successfully re-isolated from the infected seedlings onto Komada’s medium, fulfilling the Koch’s postulate. For the PCR amplification, primers EF-1 and EF-2 were used to amplify the tef1-α region. A Blastn analysis of the tef1-α sequences of the isolates JO20 (accession nos. MW315902), UPM4 (MW839560) and KU41 (MW839562) showed 100% similarity; with e-value of zero, to the reference sequences of F. oxysporum isolate FJAT-31690 (MN507110) and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum isolate FON2 790-2 (MN057702). In Fusarium MLST database, isolates JO20, UPM4 and KU41 revealed 100% identity with the reference isolate of NRRL 22518 (accession no. FJ985265). Though isolate FJ985265 belongs to the f. sp. melonis, earlier findings had revealed Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. are naturally polyphyletic and making clusters with diverse groups of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (O’Donnell et al. 2015). The isolates JO20, UPM4 and KU41 were identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum based on the aligned sequences of tef1-α and molecular phylogenetic exploration by the maximum likelihood method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum as a causative pathogen of Fusarium wilt disease of watermelon in Malaysia. Malaysia enables to export watermelon all-year-round in different countries like Singapore, Hong-Kong, The United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Netherlands. The outburst of this destructive soil-borne fungal pathogen could cause hindrance to watermelon cultivation in Malaysia. Thus, growers need to choice multiple management tactics such as resistant varieties, cultural practices (soil amendments and solarization), grafting, cover crops and fungicide application to control this new pathogen.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linn) in Peninsular Malaysia Caused by Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani

Tropical Life Sciences Research ◽

10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 29-45

Author(s):

Hazirah Mohd Din ◽

Osamah Rashed ◽

Khairulmazmi Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Infected Plant ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Disease Prevalence ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Infested Soil ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Fusarium Wilt Disease

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the most problematic and destructive disease in cucumber production. The causative agents are Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. These pathogens are soil borne and transmitted through infested soil and water. A field survey was conducted to study the disease prevalence in the major growing areas of cucumber in Peninsular Malaysia. Field study revealed that the disease was highly prevalence in the field with the disease incidence was in the range of 10%–60%. The morphological properties of F. oxysporum are microconidia (3.8–15.7 μm × 2.9–4.9 μm), macroconidia (14.8–38.5 μm × 2.4–5.7 μm) and number of septate was 1–4. While for F. solani are microconidia (3.39–14.63 μm × 2.36–4.44 μm), macroconidia (7.22–50.46 μm × 2.43–6.14 μm) and number of septate was 1–5. Based on molecular identification had confirmed that the disease is caused by F. oxysporum and F. solani with similarity index of 99%–100% based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences. The pathogenicity test showed that the symptoms of Fusarium wilt disease was firstly appeared as yellowing of old leaves. Progressively, the infected plant will be wilted and finally died. The outputs of this study are highly important to establish an effective disease management programme to reduce disease prevalence and yield loss in the field.

Download Full-text

SURVEY ON THE INCIDENCE OF FUSARIUM WILT OF TOMATO INCITED BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. LYCOPERSICI (FOL) IN MAJOR TOMATO GROWING AREAS OF KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT

PLANT ARCHIVES ◽

10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.s1.388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (supplemenet 1) ◽

Author(s):

K. Vignesh ◽

K. Rajamohan ◽

P. Balabaskar ◽

R. Anandan ◽

R. Udhayakumar

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fusarium Wilt ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Wilt Disease ◽

Tomato Seedlings ◽

Collar Region ◽

Wide Range ◽

Wilt Incidence

Tomato is one of the most important, commercial and widely grown vegetable crop in the world. It is affected by several fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Among these Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici causes 30-40% yield loss. A survey was conducted to investigate the incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in ten major tomato growing areas of Krishnagiri district. The occurrence of wilt disease incidence ranged from 18 % to 49% was noticed. Plant showing typical symptoms were taken from 10 fields and identified based on symptom appearance as well as morphological characteristics. The result of the survey revealed that wide range of infection and severity of wilt disease were occurred in the major tomato growing areas in Krishnagiri district. Isolation of the pathogen associated with tomato wilt was made from the diseased tissues in roots and collar region of the plant on the Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Fol3 recorded the maximum wilt incidence followed by Fol4 and the minimum wilt incidence was recorded by Fol6 . The pathogenicity of the fungal pathogen was also proved after artificial inoculation of the tomato seedlings

Download Full-text