scholarly journals Toxicological studies of Darvyadi Kvatha Curna using albino rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilshad Yasmin ◽  
MSK Choudhuri ◽  
Riaz Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Treated Male ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Albumin Content

Darvyadi Kvatha Curna (DVY), is an Ayurvedic preparation which is used in leucorrhoea in the rural population as a traditional medicine. This Ayurvedic preparation was administered chronically to the male and female rats to explore the toxicological characteristics of this preparation. After the administration of DVY preparation for a period of 45 days, the following biochemical parameters (protein, albumin.triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, creatinine, uric acid, urea, and bilirubin) in the plasma of both the male and female rats were determined. In the study the total protein content in the plasma was increased (2.75%) in the DVY treated male rats. The result showed no significant difference between the control and the DVY treated groups; but the p value, though was not significant yet it was noticeable (p=0.073). Interestingly, the albumin content was significantly increased (17.21%) in DVY treated male rats. In the female rats group the total protein and the albumin content in the plasma were also increased in comparison to their control groups. A statistically significant (13.46%) increase was noted only in the case of albumin. In the male rats there was a significant decrease in the Triglycerides content in the plasma. After chronic administration of the traditional medicine the triglyceride level was 31.15% decreased in male rats group. Also insignificant decrease was noted in the total Cholesterol and HDL content in the plasma with 4.12% and 1.07% decrease respectively. Besides insignificant increase was noted in the VLDL content in the plasma with 18.16% increase. But only in the case of the content of the LDL in plasma a significant decrease (12.72 % decr.) was noted. In the female rats there was a significant decrease in the Triglycerides content in the plasma. Here the test medicine also decreased the triglyceride level by 9.47% in female rats group. Also an insignificant decrease in the total Cholesterol, VLDL, LDL and HDL content in the plasma was noted with 4.12 %, 6.94 %, 2.46 % and 0.78 % decrease respectively. In the male rats there was a significant decrease (51.37 %) in the Bilirubin content in the plasma. In the female rats there was a significant increase (33.38 %) in the Bilirubin content in the plasma. There was an increase in the plasma creatinine (2.28 %) in the DVY treated male rats, though this increase was not significant, yet noticeable (p=0.072). On the contrary, a significant decrease in the urea (11.90%) content in plasma was noted. In female rats, there was a significant decrease in both the Creatinine (36.60 %) and Urea (7.72%) content in the plasma. It was observed that about 11.71% decrease in plasma uric acid content of DVY treated male rats in comparison to their control male rats which is statistically significant. It was observed that the female rats showed significant increase in the concentration of uric acid (11.68%) level in comparison to their control female rats.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i2.10438  S. J. Pharm. Sci. 4(2) 2011: 29-34

Effect of dexamethasone treatment on the biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate: cytochrome P450 3A1 mediated activation of rat aortic guanylyl cyclase by glyceryl trinitrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1513-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. McDonald ◽  
Greg J. Monkewich ◽  
Patrick G. Long ◽  
Diane J. Anderson ◽  
Paul E. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Glyceryl Trinitrate ◽  
Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Treated Male ◽  
Cyclase Activation ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Hepatic Microsomes

It is generally accepted that organic nitrates act via vascular biotransformation to an activator of guanylyl cyclase (presumably NO), resulting in increased cyclic GMP accumulation and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Previously, we have shown that cytochrome P450 can mediate the biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and that at least a portion of this biotransformation results in the formation of an activator of guanylyl cyclase. To assess the role of the cytochrome P450 3A subfamily in this phenomenon, we treated male and female rats with dexamethasone (DEX) (150 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 3 days). Under anerobic conditions, hepatic microsomal biotransformation of GTN was increased three-fold in DEX-treated male rats compared with all other treatment groups. Incubation of aortic 100 000 × g supernatant fraction from untreated rats (as a source of guanylyl cyclase) with GTN and hepatic microsomes from all groups resulted in concentration-dependent increases in guanylyl cyclase activation. Microsomes from DEX-treated male and female rats demonstrated a significantly greater activation of guanylyl cyclase compared with microsomes from untreated males and females. Furthermore, GTN-induced guanylyl cyclase activation mediated by microsomes from DEX-treated male and female rats was markedly inhibited by a polyclonal antibody raised to rat CYP3A1. Since CYP3A2 is absent or very low in hepatic microsomes from DEX-treated adult female rats, this identifies CYP3A1 as an isoform capable of biotransforming GTN to an activator of guanylyl cyclase. Similarly, CYP2C11 was identified as an isoform capable of biotransforming GTN to an activator of guanylyl cyclase, since monoclonal antibody to CYP2C11 inhibited GTN-induced activation of guanylyl cyclase mediated by microsomes from control male rats. In both male and female rats, DEX treatment had no effect on GTN-induced relaxation of isolated aorta. However, biotransformation of GTN in intact aorta from DEX-treated male rats was decreased. This suggests that DEX treatment affects only the aortic biotransformation of GTN that is not involved in the formation of an activator of guanylyl cyclase.Key words: glyceryl trinitrate, dexamethasone, guanylyl cyclase, cytochrome P450, vasodilation, biotransformation.

Carcinomas of the Liver in Osborne-Mendel Rats Ingesting DDT

1978 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin D. Reuber
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Treated Male ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinomas ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Well Differentiated

Osborne-Mendel male and female rats ingested 200, 400, 600, or 800 ppm DDT composed of 81.8% p,p isomer and 18.2% o,p isomer for periods up to 2 years. Male and female rats developed higly significant incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas. The carcinomas varied from well-differentiated to undifferentiated. There was a highly significant increase in carcinomas of the ovary in treated female rats. Lymphosarcomas were also increased in DDT-treated male rats.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract in Doxorubicin Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Aamina Muneer ◽  
S. I. Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Terminalia Chebula ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Aim: To study the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Terminalia chebula in rats. Study Design: Hyperlipidemia was induced by administering doxorubicin and the effect of Terminalia chebula was studied in male and female rats. Methodology: Three doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 gm/kg, body weight, per orally for 28 days) was tested against the doxorubicin (0.25 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal, 6 doses for 12 days) in male and female rats. Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) were estimated. The antioxidant effect was determined by estimating the serum peroxidation levels. The result of the data was analyzed statistically by One-way Anova followed by Bonferroni comparison test. p<0.05 was considered to indicate the significance of the results. Results and Discussion: The data indicated that a dose-dependent significant (p<0.05) reversal was observed in the doxorubicin-induced elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and diminished HDL-cholesterol upon treatment with Terminalia chebula in male rats. In the female rats, only the highest tested dose of Terminalia chebula (1 gm/kg) produced the inhibitory effect in the elevated lipid levels without affecting significantly the HDL-cholesterol activity. Further, when Terminalia chebula was tested separately at 0.5 g before and after the administration of doxorubicin, a significant inhibition was observed in the post treatment in both sexes. Serum lipid peroxidation was found to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the extract compared to the doxorubicin group. Conclusion: The results suggest that Terminalia chebula extract might have the potential to reduce doxorubicin-induced hyperlipidemic complications if administered together or after the doxorubicin therapy.

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

scholarly journals Analysis of sex differences in dietary copper-fructose interaction-induced alterations of gut microbial activity in relation to hepatic steatosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Song ◽  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
Xipeng Ma ◽  
Xinmin Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Rrna Sequencing

Abstract Background Inadequate copper intake and increased fructose consumption represent two important nutritional problems in the USA. Dietary copper-fructose interactions alter gut microbial activity and contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study is to determine whether dietary copper-fructose interactions alter gut microbial activity in a sex-differential manner and whether sex differences in gut microbial activity are associated with sex differences in hepatic steatosis. Methods Male and female weanling Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed ad libitum with an AIN-93G purified rodent diet with defined copper content for 8 weeks. The copper content is 6 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg in adequate copper diet (CuA) and marginal copper diet (CuM), respectively. Animals had free access to either deionized water or deionized water containing 10% fructose (F) (w/v) as the only drink during the experiment. Body weight, calorie intake, plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and liver histology as well as liver triglyceride were evaluated. Fecal microbial contents were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing. Fecal and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results Male and female rats exhibit similar trends of changes in the body weight gain and calorie intake in response to dietary copper and fructose, with a generally higher level in male rats. Several female rats in the CuAF group developed mild steatosis, while no obvious steatosis was observed in male rats fed with CuAF or CuMF diets. Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct alterations of the gut microbiome in male and female rats. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) identified sex-specific abundant taxa in different groups. Further, total SCFAs, as well as, butyrate were decreased in a more pronounced manner in female CuMF rats than in male rats. Of note, the decreased SCFAs are concomitant with the reduced SCFA producers, but not correlated to hepatic steatosis. Conclusions Our data demonstrated sex differences in the alterations of gut microbial abundance, activities, and hepatic steatosis in response to dietary copper-fructose interaction in rats. The correlation between sex differences in metabolic phenotypes and alterations of gut microbial activities remains elusive.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Escalated Methamphetamine Self-Administration and Altered Gene Expression Associated With Incubation of Methamphetamine Seeking

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 710-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atul P Daiwile ◽  
Subramaniam Jayanthi ◽  
Bruce Ladenheim ◽  
Michael T McCoy ◽  
Christie Brannock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Orexin Receptors ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is prevalent worldwide. There are reports of sex differences in quantities of drug used and relapses to drug use among individuals with METH use disorder. However, the molecular neurobiology of these potential sex differences remains unknown. Methods We trained rats to self-administer METH (0. 1 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) on an fixed-ratio-1 schedule for 20 days using two 3-hour daily METH sessions separated by 30-minute breaks. At the end of self-administration training, rats underwent tests of cue-induced METH seeking on withdrawal days 3 and 30. Twenty-four hours later, nucleus accumbens was dissected and then used to measure neuropeptide mRNA levels. Results Behavioral results show that male rats increased the number of METH infusions earlier during self-administration training and took more METH than females. Both male and female rats could be further divided into 2 phenotypes labeled high and low takers based on the degree of escalation that they exhibited during the course of the METH self-administration experiment. Both males and females exhibited incubation of METH seeking after 30 days of forced withdrawal. Females had higher basal mRNA levels of dynorphin and hypocretin/orexin receptors than males, whereas males expressed higher vasopressin mRNA levels than females under saline and METH conditions. Unexpectedly, only males showed increased expression of nucleus accumbens dynorphin after METH self-administration. Moreover, there were significant correlations between nucleus accumbens Hcrtr1, Hcrtr2, Crhr2, and Avpr1b mRNA levels and cue-induced METH seeking only in female rats. Conclusion Our results identify some behavioral and molecular differences between male and female rats that had self-administered METH. Sexual dimorphism in responses to METH exposure should be considered when developing potential therapeutic agents against METH use disorder.

scholarly journals The Preventive Effects of Diminazene Aceturate in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Male and Female Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Malek ◽  
Mehdi Nematbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Renal Ischemia ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Background. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas receptor (ACE2/Ang-1-7/MasR) appears to counteract most of the deleterious actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II receptor 1 (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury but ACE2 activity and its levels are sexually dimorphic in the kidney. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of activation endogenous ACE2 using the diminazene aceturate (DIZE) in renal I/R injury in male and female rats.Methods. 36 Wistar rats were divided into two groups of male and female and each group distinct to three subgroups (n=6). I/R group was subjected to 45 min of bilateral ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion, while treatment group received DIZE (15 mg/kg/day) for three days before the induction of I/R. The other group was assigned as the sham-operated group.Results. DIZE treatment in male rats caused a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, liver functional indices, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase kidney nitrite levels (P<0.05), and in female rats a significant increase in creatinine and decrease serum nitrite levels compared to the I/R group (P<0.05).Conclusions. DIZE may protect the male kidney from renal I/RI through antioxidant activity and elevation of circulating nitrite level.

Gender-based differences in the effect of dietary cholesterol in rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 980-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Marounek ◽  
Zdeněk Volek ◽  
Eva Skřivanová ◽  
Marian Czauderna
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Hepatic Cholesterol ◽  
Bile Acid Concentration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Cholesterol Supplementation

AbstractMale and female rats were fed diets supplemented with cholesterol and palm fat at 10 and 50 g/kg, respectively; serum, hepatic tissue and faeces were analysed. Cholesterol supplementation significantly increased serum and hepatic cholesterol both in male and female rats. Male and female rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet differed significantly in serum cholesterol concentration (2.48 µmol/mL vs 2.92 µmol/mL), concentration of serum triacylglycerols, but not in hepatic cholesterol concentration. The serum and hepatic cholesterol concentrations correlated non-significantly in male rats (r=0.491; P=0.063) and significantly in female rats (r=0.818; P<0.001). Cholesterol supplementation non-significantly decreased relative expression of the hepatic LDL receptor gene and significantly increased relative expression of the hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene in rats of both genders. The faeces of control rats contained similar amounts of cholesterol and bile acids. Cholesterol supplementation increased cholesterol concentration 10 times in the faeces of male rats and 12 times in faeces of female rats. The corresponding increases of bile acid concentration were much lower (83% in male rats and 108% in female rats). It can be concluded that the effects of cholesterol supplementation were more pronounced in female than in male rats.

scholarly journals 17-β-Estradiol Induces Heat Shock Proteins in Brain Arteries and Potentiates Ischemic Heat Shock Protein Induction in Glia and Neurons

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigang Lu ◽  
Rui-qiong Ran ◽  
Joseph Clark ◽  
Melinda Reilly ◽  
Alex Nee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Estradiol reduces brain injury from many diseases, including stroke and trauma. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of this protection, the effects of 17-β-estradiol on heat shock protein (HSP) expression were studied in normal male and female rats and in male gerbils after global ischemia. 17-β-Estradiol was given intraperitoneally (46 or 460 ng/kg, or 4.6 μg/kg) and Western blots performed for HSPs. 17-β-Estradiol increased hemeoxygenase-1, HSP25/27, and HSP70 in the brain of male and female rats. Six hours after the administration of 17-β-estradiol, hemeoxygenase-1 increased 3.9-fold (460 ng/kg) and 5.4-fold (4.6 μg/kg), HSP25/27 increased 2.1-fold (4.6 μg/kg), and Hsp70 increased 2.3-fold (460 ng/kg). Immunocytochemistry showed that hemeoxygenase-1, HSP25/27,and HSP70 induction was localized to cerebral arteries in male rats, possibly in vascular smooth muscle cells. 17-β-Estradiol was injected intraperitoneally 20 minutes before transient occlusion of both carotids in adult gerbils. Six hours after global cerebral ischemia, 17-β-estradiol (460 ng/kg) increased levels of hemeoxygenase-1 protein 2.4-fold compared with ischemia alone, and HSP25/27 levels increased 1.8-fold compared with ischemia alone. Hemeoxygenase-1 was induced in striatal oligodendrocytes and hippocampal neurons, and HSP25/27 levels increased in striatal astrocytes and hippocampal neurons. Finally, Western blot analysis confirmed that estrogen induced heat shock factor-1, providing a possible mechanism by which estrogen induces HSPs in brain and other tissues. The induction of HSPs may be an important mechanism for estrogen protection against cerebral ischemia and other types of injury.

scholarly journals Glutathione Conjugates of Ochratoxin a as Biomarkers of Exposure / Glutationski Konjugati Okratoksina A Kao Biomarkeri Izloženosti

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Tozlovanu ◽  
Delphine Canadas ◽  
Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz ◽  
Christine Frenette ◽  
Robert J. Paugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dark Agouti ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney

AbstractIn the present study the photoreactivity of the fungal carcinogen ochratoxin A (OTA) has been utilised to generate authentic samples of reduced glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates of the parent toxin. These conjugates, along with the nontoxic OTα, which is generated through hydrolysis of the amide bond of OTA by carboxypeptidase A, were utilised as biomarkers to study the metabolism of OTA in the liver and kidney of male and female Dark Agouti rats. Male rats are more susceptible than female rats to OTA carcinogenesis with the kidney being the target organ. Our studies show that the distribution of OTA in male and female rat kidney is not significantly different. However, the extent of OTA metabolism was greater in male than female rats. Much higher levels of OTα were detected in the liver compared to the kidney, and formation of OTα is a detoxification pathway for OTA. These findings suggest that differences in metabolism between male and female rats could provide an explanation for the higher sensitivity of male rats to OTA toxicity

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