scholarly journals Religious Art under the auspices of the Basilian Order in the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 235-247
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Art

The article considers the influence of Basilian monasteries on the development of ecclesiastical art of the Ukrainian Uniate church. Chronological frames cover the most vital development of the Uniat church during the middle and second part of the 18th century. Significant changes in the equipment of the churches of the OSBM monasteries, which were the result of the attention of the higher clergy, are highlighted. The main conclusion of the article is that in the middle – second half of the 18th century, OSBM had a significant emphasis on the establishment of the denomination by means of religious art in the adopting of the new Rococo style. It was a rather decisive removal from the ecclesiastical tradition, which included both the advantages of stylistic renewal with detailed symbolics and semantics of images, and the danger of “blurring” the pictorial identity of the Eastern rite. Key words: Basilian Order, religious art, monastic church, iconostasis, altar

Religious Art and Architecture in 18th-Century Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean DeLouche
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Gothic Revival ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Art And Architecture

The 18th century was an era of transition for the arts and religion. Monarchs continued to commission religious art and architecture for a variety of reasons, including fulfillment of vows, expressions of faith and piety, and celebrations of dynastic power. The period saw simultaneous trends toward sumptuous decoration and sober display, as well as the rise of new artistic styles, including the Rococo, Neoclassicism, and the Gothic Revival. The Grand Tour brought many northern European Protestants to the seat of Catholicism. Protestant attitudes toward “popish” art softened in the 18th century, due in part to the increasing contact between Catholic and Protestant culture in Rome and to the perception that Catholicism was no longer a plausible threat. As the temporal and spiritual power of Rome declined in the 18th century, the papacy sought to reestablish itself as a cultural authority. The papacy embellished Rome with a number of archaeological and architectural initiatives, linking the popes with classical civilization and casting themselves as the custodians of the shared Western cultural tradition. With a growing art market and the consumer revolution, the populace had expanding access to religious imagery, from fine religious canvases collected by Catholic and Protestant elites, to reproducible prints that were available to nearly every member of society. However, the Enlightenment brought a profound questioning of religion. Religious works of art faced a loss of context in private displays and in the official Salon exhibitions, where they were intermixed with secular and erotic subjects and judged not on the efficacy of their Christian message or function but rather on aesthetic terms in relation to other works. The century ended with the French Revolution and brought violent waves of de-Christianization and iconoclasm. In order to save France’s Christian heritage, religious works of art had to be stripped of their associations with church and crown.

A FILOSOFIA E AS MULHERES

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Shayane Vitória Silva ◽  
José Benedito de Almeida Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
De Se ◽  
Female Ambition

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo sobre a questão da liberdade das mulheres e as limitações que sofriam e sofrem por diversas questões relacionadas à determinação de papéis sociais para os gêneros. Nossa fundamentação teórica principal é a obra de Elisabeth Badinter, especialmente Emilie, Emilie:a ambição feminina no século XVIII(2003). Badinter pesquisou e reflete sobre as restrições sociais que as mulheres sofriam no século XVIII. A consequência deste processo é que a iniciativa de se tornarem cientistas, escritoras, diplomatas, magistradas e outras funções similares, eram consideradas ruins para a sociedade, uma vez que a ambição feminina, causaria desordem na sociedade, por não condizer com a natureza das mulheres. Além disso, este trabalho analisa também artigos sobre a participação das mulheres nos programas de pós-graduação em Filosofia no Brasil que apresentam a redução da proporção de mulheres na medida em que se aumenta o grau de especialidade das pesquisas. Palavras-Chave: Filósofas. Mulheres. Filosofia. Feminina. Pós-Graduação. Abstract This paper aims to present a study on the issue of women's freedom and the limitations they have suffered and suffer for various issues related to the determination of social roles for genders. Our main theoretical foundation is the work of Elisabeth Badinter, especially Emilie, Emilie: the female ambition in the 18th century (2003). Badinter researched and reflected on the social restrictions that women suffered in the 18th century. The consequence of this process is that the initiative to become scientists, writers, diplomats, magistrates and other similar functions was considered bad for society, since the female ambition, it would cause disorder in society, for not matching the nature of women. In addition, this work also studies articles on the participation of women in postgraduate programs in Philosophy in Brazil which show a reduction in the proportion of women as the degree of research expertise increases. Key words: Philosophers. Women. Philosophy. Feminine. Postgraduate.

scholarly journals Analysis of settlings of Lutoviska commune since 2nd half of 18th century using GIS

2016 ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
Ihor Kozak ◽  
Hanna Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Spatial Statistics ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Standard Deviational Ellipse

The study was conducted within the actual area of Lutoviska commune in Bieszczady district, Podkarpackie voivodeship in Eastern Poland. The dynamics of settlements in Lutoviska commune from the 2nd half of the 18th century was discussed. Maps and historical data were analyzed in the ArcGIS 10.3 program. In the study there were presented possibilities of applying the ArcGIS for Desktop 10.3 program. We analyzed the Lutoviska commune in terms of the changes of settlements and used maps for the analysis of changes in its structure. The first of these was the historical map, namely the tactical map of “WIG” in scale 1:100 000 from 1936. Next we analyzed maps from 1965 and 2014, which were prepared applying the “WMS” server. The changes in the number of villages and households were presented. Population dynamics for Greek-Catholics, “Latynnykys” and Jews for the year 1785 and Ukrainians in comparison with the number of Poles and Jews for the year 1939 were shown. Ethnic and religious composition from the 2nd half of the 18th century was evaluated. Based on the study of spatial placement of settlements with the use of Spatial Statistics (Spatial Autocorrelation Global Moran’s test, Standard Deviational Ellipse and Mean Centre) the character of settlements distribution in Lutoviska commune was presented. There was confirmed a similar configuration of Standard Deviation Ellipse and Mean Center for Greek-Catholics-Ukrainians in 1785 and Ukrainians in 1939 in Lutoviska commune. The scale and results of such changes are interesting for future research, mainly in terms of the change of traditional village system infrastructure and culture. Key words: dynamics, village, GIS, Lutoviska commune.

scholarly journals Review of the problem of transforming the name of Mezhybizh town in the light of new archival sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 189-205
Author(s):  
Ruslan Nahnybida ◽  
Ivan Saranchuk
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Written Information ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Town

It is noted in the article that the first written information about Podillya towns in Polish sources dates back to the end of the 14th - first half of the 15th century, and in the ancient Old Rus` chronicles there are mentions only of some towns, among which there is Mezhybizh town, located between rivers Pivdennyi Buh and Buzhok. It is stated that the location determined its name. However, it is established that the name Medzhybizh, which has survived to the present day, is fixed in the documents of the late Middle Ages. On the basis of the discovered materials, which are iconographic materials and archival documents of the Sieniawski family, an attempt was made to trace the transformation of the name of the town from the 12th to the 18th century. It is claimed that this name could have been established thanks to beekeeping. It is known that the production and sale of honey and wax played an important role in the economic and financial life of many cities, including Medzhybizh. During the analysis of archival sources, it was established that the document on construction and repair works in the Medzhybizh key for 1727 it is stated that in Nova Syniava a new winter house for beehives was built, which did not exist before, and peasants no longer spent much time and they didn`t drove apiaries to Medzhybozh in the autumn and back to Nova Syniava in the spring. The same clay stebniks were built in Khodkivtsi and Kopystyn, 30 km from Medzhybizh. However, for 10 years in the description of Novosinyavsky court in 1738, the stebnyk on two pillars is marked as old. Only in the document for 1759–1760 was the treasure stebnyk of Medzhybizh first mentioned, in which magnate apiaries were probably kept in winter. We assume that it could be located under the magnate's chambers and rooms in the south-eastern part of the castle of Medzhibizh or near the castle at the court of the Czartoryski, which was surrounded by a moat and an oak fence. Although such an assumption requires thorough research. Also on the map of the geometer Anthony Endrzejowski in 1772 in the explication we find mentions of three large apiaries, which were located near Medzhybizh, on the outskirts of the village Markivtsi. Key words: Medzhybizh, Sieniawski, Czartoryski, stebnyk (a building designed for wintering bees), honey.

scholarly journals El tropero y el origen de la burguesía en el Cono Sur (Mendoza, siglo XVIII)

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Lacoste
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
America South

Este artigo aprofunda a análise sobre a carreta e o tropeiro, para definir em que medida contribuíram para o processo de construção de uma cultura empresarial na América Colonial, levando ao surgimento de uma burguesia. Atenta-se, em especial, para temas como mobilidade social, riscos empresariais, fomento do crédito em confiança ou por hipoteca de carretas, circulação de idéias e configuração de um ethos capitalista. Este trabalho constitui a continuação e a conclusão de um anterior intitulado “Carretas y transporte terrestre bioceánico: la ruta Buenos Aires-Mendoza en el siglo XVIII” (Estudos Ibero-Americanos, vol. XXXI, nº 1, 2005). Abstract This paper deepens the study on the wagon and wagon drivers as socioeconomic actors. The aims of the present work is to determine their contribution to the process of building of an entrepreneurial culture in colonial America South Cone. It focuses on the wagon drivers’ social mobility, entrepreneurial risks, credit networks, circulation of ideas, and the rise of a capitalistic ethos. This article is the conclusion of the previous paper “Wagon and Atlantic-Pacific terrestrial transportation: the Buenos Aires-Mendoza route, in 18th century” (Estudos Ibero-Americanos, vol. XXXI, n. 1, 2005). Palavras-chave: Carreta. Mobilidade social. Cultura empresarial. Key words: Wagon. Social mobility. Entrepreneurial culture.

Osservazioni sulle fonti luterane della controversia De notitia Dei naturali insita in infantibus

2009 ◽  
pp. 449-467
Author(s):  
Roberto Bordoli
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Key Words ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Thinking ◽  
Innate Idea ◽  
The Way ◽  
Idea Of God

Starting from a passage of Adam Steuart's refutation of Descartes' Notae in programma quoddam, this essay reconstructs the debate on the innate idea of God in infants (incorrectly attributed to Descartes by Steuart, who was a Calvinist) that took place in Lutheran-oriented philosophy and theology between the end of the 16th and the middle of the 18th century. It is shown that one of the most common questions in modern philosophy is closely connected with theological thinking - in this case Lutheran - from the formulation of the dogmatic systems up until their criticism by the Enlightenment. Also explained is the way in which the reception of Cartesianism was singularly influenced by the various backgrounds and the different and continuously changing polemical goals that inspired each author. In fact, Descartes was even accused of being a Lutheran.Key words: History of modern philosophy, History of Protestant theology, History of Cartesianism, History of Lutheranism, Reception of Cartesianism.

scholarly journals La Universitat de Cervera: Un projecte reformista frustrat

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Joaquim Prats
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
Important Milestone

Resum: La universitat de Cervera, fundada per Felip V, suposà una fita important per a Catalunya: per un costat, naixia com un projecte borbònic de futur i, per un altre, significava que les universitats catalanes històriques havien estat abolides, en virtut de la política repressora del nou monarca. El present article analitza aquella institució i el fracàs d’aquell projecte. La creació de la Universitat ha de situar-se en un context reformista de tall centralista, propi de les noves monarquies europees que van prendre com a imatge la cort i l’acció en política interna de Lluís XIV. Tanmateix, amb el pas dels anys, aquella proposta es va veure frustada. Paraules clau: Universitat de Cervera, orígens, declivi, Catalunya, segle XVIII Abstract: The University of Cervera, founded by Philip V, was an important milestone for Catalonia: on the one hand, it was born as a Bourbon project for the future and, on the other, it meant that historic Catalan universities had been abolished, under the policy repressive of the new monarch. This article discusses that institution and the failure of that project. The creation of the University must be situated in a reformist context of a centralist nature, typical of the new European monarchies that took as their image the court and action in domestic politics of Louis XIV. However, over the years, that proposal was thwarted. Key words: University of Cervera, foundation, declivity, Catalonia, 18th. century

scholarly journals Lautenistinnen in Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Kjetil Farstad
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
Musical Life

"Lautenistinnen in Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert" contains a descriptive presentation of some of the most outstanding female lutenists in the 18th Century German Countries: Luise Adelgunde Victoria von Gottsched, Anna Maria Wilhelmina von Althan Lobkovitz, Christiane Mariane von Ziegler, Anna Ilsabe Lehmann Brockes, and Friederike Sophie Wilhelmine of Bayreuth. The article is a small contribution to the ongoing international female research within the area of musicology. Key words: ·      Women lutenists ·      18th century German Countries ·      Women's position in the musical life

scholarly journals FUTUH AL-ASRAR FI FADHAIL AT-TAHLIL WA AL-ADZKAR KARYA SYAIKH 'ABDULLAH BIN 'ABD AL-QAHHAR AL-JAWI AL-BANTANI

ALQALAM ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD SHOHEH
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
National Library ◽  
Initial Source

Researches on Nusantara 'Ulama's works-including Banten 'Ulama's works-are scarcely found. if we seriously observe, a number of their works, especially old manuscripts, are more than those of having been researched, published, and informed to the wider sodery. This research aims at studying a Banten 'Ulama's work of the eighteenth century well-kept in the National Library of Indonesia entitled Futuh al-Asrar Ji Fadhail at-Tahlil wa al-Adzkar (FAFA). This manuscript is a copy of Syaikh 'Abdul Wahhab bin 'Abdul Ghani's work copied by Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani in Mecca. This text is written to explain the virtue of tahlil and zikir in order that his tarekat disciples obtain an easiness in bringing himself nearer to the God, both when he is alone (sirr) and when he is in busy condition (Jahr). Meanwhile, the motive of Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani in copying the text is to prove that the geneology of the Qadiriya Tarekat he inisiates is legal and is directly attached to the Sheikh of Qadiriya Tarekat in Madina when he studied in Mecca during three years. Through this legitimate license and inisiation, he then spread out this tarekat to the Sultan of Banten when he returned to his fatherland. It seems that the existence of this manuscript strengthen the evidence of the existence and the influence of Qadariya Tarekat in the Banten Sultanate in the eighteenth century. And this FAFTA text becomes the initial source to know the genesis of inisiation of Qadariya Tarekat which is obtained by Syaikh 'Abdullah bin 'Abd al-Qahhar al-Bantani who then became the reliant 'Ulama' of Sultan Abu Nasr Zainal Asyiqin (1753-1777). Key Words: Zikir, Qadiriya Tarekat, Banten Sultanate of the-18th century.

scholarly journals TURKISH MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CONCEPTIONS AND MODELLING OF CHEMICAL BONDS

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-496
Author(s):  
Aytekin Cokelez ◽  
Burçkin Dal ◽  
Gonca Harman
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Chemical Bond ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Intermolecular Bond ◽  
School Students ◽  
Bond Model

The purposes of this study were to identify students’ conceptions of chemical bonds and to determine, after instruction, the changes these conceptions undergo. The dataset for this study arises from an administered questionnaire that includes answers to three open–ended questions from 76 6th grade students and 56 7th grade students. Analysis of the qualitative data obtained through the questionnaire indicates that the majority of students had difficulty comprehending the modelisation of chemical bonds and that levels of interpreting these concepts of chemical bonds was much lower than what is required at the end of these different grades. The study showed that students have similar conceptions of bonding affinity expressed though a language of kinship and convenience, as used in 17th century. Additionally, the students’ conceptions also reflect the 18th century’ macro level concept of affinity expressed through the notion that likes attract. Key words: chemical bond, intermolecular bond, intramolecular bond, model, modelling, science education.

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