scholarly journals Organ Transplant in Present-Day Japan: Reasons behind Low Numbers of Deceased Donors

Diametros ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Justyna Magdalena Czekajewska ◽  
Aleksandra Jaworowicz-Zimny
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cultural Determinants ◽  
Deceased Donors ◽  
Human Death

According to the International Register of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Japan is one of the countries with the lowest number of registered deceased donors. In 2019, Japan was ranked 61st out of 70 countries. The authors of this article have decided to explore the reasons for this phenomenon. In the first part of the work, religious influences (Shinto and Buddhism), the tradition of gotai manzoku, the importance of altruism and the family in the perception of death and organ transplantation by the Japanese are considered. The second part of the article presents the arguments of Alan Shewmon, who believes that brain death is not death in the biological sense. Undermining the brain’s death criterion raises doubts concerning death of patients in irreversible coma, what in result discourages transplantology in Japan. In the third part, the authors compare the results of JOTN, IRODaT and the Fact Book of Organ Transplantation 2018 in Japan from 2010 to 2018. The aim of the article is to explain the cultural determinants of transplantology in Japan, taking into account the influence of philosophical and bioethical aspects of human death.

scholarly journals Role of intensive care nurses on guiding patients’ families/relatives to organ donation

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Karaman ◽  
Neriman Akyolcu
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Intensive Care Nurses ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data

Objective: The aim was to determine the role of intensive care nurses on guiding the families/relatives of brain-death patients to organ donation. Methods: This research is a descriptive study. While the population of the study consisted of 1710 nurses working in the intensive care units of public, private and university hospitals in the city of Istanbul, the sample consisted of 353 intensive care nurses selected with stratified random sampling method from the probability sampling methods from this population. The data were collected by using “Data Collection Form”. Results: It was determined that 74.5% of the intensive care nurses carefully listened the family/relatives of the patient with possible brain death or suffering from brain death and supported them to express their emotion and thoughts clearly; when the family/relatives of the patients hospitalised in the intensive care unit wanted to get information about organ donation, 20.7% of the nurses made the preliminary explanation themselves and then guided the patient to an organ transplant coordinator for detailed information and 3.1% of the nurses generally gave this information themselves. Conclusions: It was determined that the knowledge of the intensive care nurses about brain death and organ donation was partially adequate and the function of guiding the families/relatives of brain-death patients to organ donation was mostly done by the physician. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.1285 How to cite this:Karaman A, Akyolcu N. Role of intensive care nurses on guiding patients’ families/relatives to organ donation. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.4.1285 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals Muslim transplant recipients’ family experiences following organ transplantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 291-302
Author(s):  
Zahra Sheikhalipour ◽  
Vahid Zamanzadeh ◽  
Leili Borimnejad ◽  
Sarah E Newton ◽  
Leila Valizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Transplant Recipient ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Family Experience ◽  
Family Experiences ◽  
The Family

Background Despite the importance of family and its relationship to positive transplant outcomes, little is known about family experiences following organ transplantation from the perspective of the transplant recipients. The literature is also devoid of information that describes the family experiences of Muslim transplant recipients. Aims The purpose of this study was to describe Muslim transplant recipients’ family experiences following organ transplantation. Methods A hermeneutical phenomenological approach was employed to determine the emergent themes present in the data. The sample was composed of 12 Muslim organ transplant recipients (heart, kidney and liver) living in Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant. Results The primary constitutive pattern that emerged from the interview data was ‘Altered Family Relationships’ and three themes: fear in relationships, abnormal relationships, and the family at the centre of organ transplant issues. Conclusions There are several important findings in this study, notably that Muslim transplant recipients describe their family experiences following organ transplantation as ‘altered’ and not as they were pre-transplant. More research is needed that focuses on the family experience post-transplant, and how Muslim transplant recipient families are impacted by the transplant experience.

Organ transplantology – opinions and attitudes of medical and humanities students

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (SUPPLEMENT 1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Klaudia Majder ◽  
Paweł Więch ◽  
Joanna Zaleska ◽  
Izabela Sałacińska ◽  
Dariusz Bazaliński
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Organ Tissue ◽  
Medical Faculties ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Humanities Students ◽  
The University

Background: Transplantology is one of the fastest-growing branches of medicine and is the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage organ disease, giving them a chance to recover. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to examine the attitudes and opinions of medical and humanities students regarding organ transplant. Material and methods: Based on the assumed random selection criteria, 200 students of the University of Rzeszów (164 women and 36 men) qualified for the study. Dedicated proprietary research tools were used to assess their knowledge of the following: issues related to organ transplantation, registration as a donor, attitudes to organ donation after the respondent’s death, and objections to the intention to donate organs in the event of the death of a loved one who did not object during their lifetime. Results: A higher level of knowledge about transplantology was found among students of medical faculties (p<0.001). Humanities students were more skeptical about the intention to donate organs in the case of the death of a close relative who did not object during their lifetime (p<0.001). In total, 44% confirmed their consent to be an organ/tissue donor. Conclusions: The level of students’ knowledge of transplantology is insufficient. Familiarity with issues related to organ transplantation translates into the attitude towards organ donation; therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness and spread knowledge in this field in order to popularize it in society.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis of Brain Death Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlem Özkan Kuşcu ◽  
Meltem Aktay
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Death Time ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Mean ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Cadaveric Donors ◽  
Death Cases

Objective: Organ transplantation is important for patients with end-stage organ failure to survive. For this reason, detection of brain death cases and adequate number of donations are necessary. Methods: 31 cases diagnosed with brain death between 01.01.2018-01.01.2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, diagnoses causing brain death, time to detect brain death, additional tests applied for the diagnosis of brain death, time to diagnosis of brain death and cardiopulmonary arrest or donation, the proportion of families accepting organ donation, the proportion of donors, organ removed from donors the number and blood types of the cases were recorded Results: The number of cases diagnosed with brain death was 31, and the mean age of the cases was 46,71 (1-89) years. 71% (n=22) of the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit from the emergency department. The most common reason for admission to the intensive care unit 67.7% (n=21) was intracranial bleeding. While the family donation rate was 19% (n=5), three cases who accepted the donation could be donors. The mean age of the patients for whom organ donation was accepted was 35.80±11 years, while the mean age of the patients for whom organ donation was not accepted was 57.43±21.30 years (p=0.04). Conclusion: Due to the increasing number of end-stage organ failure patients awaiting transplantation, it is necessary to increase the number of cadaveric donors. Timely and sufficient detection of brain death cases, increasing the family donation rate and increasing the number of cadaveric donors will be contributed.

scholarly journals Organ Donation in the Context of Brain Death in Muslim Countries: Bioethical Positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (07) ◽  
pp. 222-224
Author(s):  
Alqahtani Ibtesam Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Right ◽  
End Stage

One of the miracles of modern medicine for patients with end stage organ failure is organ transplantation. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) defines organ donation as giving an organ, tissue, cells, or part of an organ from a living or deceased person (i.e., the donor) to a living person in need (i.e., the recipient). In the last two decades, the number of organ transplants has gradually increased; however, the demand for organ transplantation exceeds the number of available donors. Organs from brain dead donors have been suggested as an alternative option for increasing donation rates when living donors are not available. This article explores the debate surrounding brain death organ donation in Muslim countries. Because organ transplantation is based on Ijtihad, Muslim jurists have no clear-cut text in the Holy Quran or Sunna to use as a foundation for judgment. This has made organ transplants an issue among Muslim scholars and researchers, splitting them into two opinion groups, with one side seeing organ transplantation as legal and the other believing it to be illegal. However, all individuals have the right to choose whether they want to help others by sacrificing parts of themselves and donating their organs. Autonomy, justice, and beneficence must be employed in organ transplantation decision-making.

scholarly journals Organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation in 2019. 12th report from the Registry of the Russian Transplant Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-34
Author(s):  
S. V. Gautier ◽  
S. M. Khomyakov
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Moscow Oblast ◽  
Heart Transplants ◽  
The Russian Federation

Objective: to monitor current trends and developments in organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation based on the 2019 data. Materials and methods. Heads of organ transplant centers were surveyed. Data obtained over years from federal subjects of the Russian Federation and from organ transplant centers in the country were analyzed and compared. Results. Based on data retrieved from the 2019 Registry, only 46 kidney, 31 liver and 17 heart transplant centers were functioning in Russia. In 2019, there were 6,878 potential recipients in the kidney transplant waitlist. This represents 13.7% of the 50,000 dialysis patients in the country. Donation activity in 2019 reached 5.0 per million population; multi-organ procurement rate was 71.6%; 2.9 organs on average were procured from one effective donor. In 2019, there were 10.0 kidney transplants per million population, 4.0 liver transplants per million population and 2.3 heart transplants per million people. Same year, the number of transplant surgeries performed in Russia rose 10.7% from the previous year. Moscow and Moscow Oblast alone have 13 functioning organ transplantation centers. They account for half of all kidney transplant surgeries and 70% of all liver and heart transplants performed in the country. Organ recipients in the Russian Federation have exceeded 16,000 in number. Conclusion. Organ transplantations in Russia keep on increasing – 10–15% per year. Donor and transplant programs are also becoming more effective and efficient. However, the demand for organ transplants far exceeds the current supply of available organs in the Russian Federation. Peculiarities of the development of organ donation and organ transplantation in Russia in 2019 were associated with some factors, such as structure and geographical location of transplant centers, waitlisting of patients, funding sources and amount, and management of donor and transplant programs. The national transplantation registry will be developed taking into account new monitoring and analysis challenges.

Awareness regarding organ transplantation among visitors of the ICU patients in three tertiary care centres in Kathmandu, a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Gentle S. Shrestha ◽  
Amit S Bhattarai ◽  
Tseten Yonjen ◽  
Ramesh S Bhandari ◽  
Paleswan J Lakhey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Organ Failures ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Background and aims: Organ transplant is often the only viable treatment option for various end stage organ failures. Inadequacy of organ procurement from living as well as cadaveric donors is common, more so in developing countries. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and attitude regarding organ transplantation. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was carried out among 150 respondents, who were the visitors of patients admitted to ICU of three tertiary care centres in Kathmandu. Results: Majority of the respondents were male 105 (70%) and 132 (88%) were aware about organ transplant. Likewise, 111 respondents (84.1%) hold the belief that organ transplant save lives. Ninety-four of the responses (34.8%) believe that media was the source of knowledge and 121 (91.7 %) of the respondents stated that organ transplant should be promoted. Majority of them, 80 of the total respondents (60.6%) believed that organ can be donated by both living and deceased donors and 111 (84.1%) of them believed that organ transplant save lives. While 88 of the respondents (66.7%) have heard about brain death, 60 of them (45.4%) believe that there is an organ transplant act in Nepal. Out of all respondents who are aware about transplantation, 91 of them (68.9%) have opinion that they are willing to donate the organ of their beloved ones should there be a situation of brain death. Conclusions: The study concludes that respondents have adequate knowledge regarding organ transplantation. Respondents have overall positive attitude towards organ donation and transplantation.  

scholarly journals Brain death diagnosis in adult for potential cadaveric organ donation in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Fatema Ahmed ◽  
ASM Areef Ahsan ◽  
Mohammad Omar Faruq ◽  
Kaniz Fatema ◽  
Debasish Kumar Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Brain Death Diagnosis ◽  
Cadaveric Organ

Aim: The objectives of this study was (i) To increase knowledge of the epidemiological and clinical features of patients diagnosed with brain death for potential cadaveric organ donation (ii) To determine the compliance of guidelines brain death based on neurological criteria (iii) To analyse process of clinical decision making regarding continuation of life support after brain death diagnosis.Materials and Method: A prospective observational study was carried out in a 12 bed adult ICU of a tertiary care hospital with neurosurgery services in Bangladesh over a period of 2 years from January 2015 to December2016. All patients admitted during this period were scrutinized for identification of brain death and impending brain death. They were analyzed for causes of brain death, diagnosis of brain death, and the use of ancillary testing. Potential for organ donation was also kept in mind.Results: During the study period, total 1387 patients were admitted into the study ICU and there were 329 deaths. And out of them 69 were diagnosed as brain death. The main causes of brain death were intracerebral haemorrhage (32/69, 46%), followed by ischemic stroke (11/69, 16%), subarachnoid haemorrhage (11/69, 12%), traumatic brain injury (8/69, 12%) and brain tumor and CNS infection. The diagnosis of brain death was made in 33 (47%) cases in the first 48 hours and 23 (33%) cases in 48-96 hours of ICU admission. With the exception of two cases, all study patients had GCS score ? 8 (97%). Brain death was diagnosed according to American Academy of Neurology (AAN) 2010 guidelines. Only two cases Electroencephalography was done for family request. All life-sustaining measures were withdrawn in 67 (97%) cases with consent of family.Conclusion: There is no scarcity of brain death cases in our country according to our study. We need to promote and popularize the cadaveric organ transplant along with living donor transplantation.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2017; 5(1): 48-52

scholarly journals 器官捐獻的家庭同意原則: 儒家倫理的現代應用

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Mingxu WANG ◽  
Wen ZHANG ◽  
Xueliang WANG
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Family Involvement ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Next Of Kin ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.從儒家倫理的視角解讀中國新實施的《人體器官移植條例》，以第8 條中“共同表示同意”為著力點，認為，儒家的家庭倫理不僅深刻地影響者中國人的思維方式和行為方式，而且至今被人們認為是構建家庭倫理的最根本原則，有著廣泛的社會基礎和現實根據。分析了儒家倫理支持器官捐獻的理據，結合案例指出：家庭的知情同意並不違背個人的知情同意；應當在儒家的家庭倫理的基礎上探討這一條例的相關問題，從而幫助完善和實施這一條例，使我國有關人體器官移植和屍體捐獻的立法更加完備，為推動器官移植技術的發展建立更為有效的法律保障機制。並提出在在條例實施過程中還有五個相關問題需要澄清和解決。Organ donation is the gift of an organ to help someone else who needs a transplant. Hundreds of people’s lives are saved each year by organ transplants. Yet the question remains: Who should give the priority in terms of donation procedures - the individual who feels a strong, personal commitment to offer his/her organ or the legal next-of-kin, i.e., the priority order of the family members? This has been greatly debated bioethical issue in China in recent years. Rather than emphasizing the right of individuals to decide what will happen after they die, or removing the burden of making a decision about organ donation from families dealing with the traumatic death of a loved one, the policy of family consent indicates the signif icant role of family in making the decision. That is to say, the consent, or lack of objection, of those closest to the patient is always sought before organs can be donated. The family involvement could avoid discomfort with the process on the one hand, but also cause conf licts when there is a disagreement between the donor and family members on the other.This paper focuses its discussion on the context and impacts of the“ Rules regarding Organ Transplant” implemented in China since 2007. Then, it turns to traditional Confucian ethics to talk about the meaning of life and Confucian concept of family to show that Confucianism would support the idea of organ transplant. To prove the claim, the paper offers two recent examples of organ donation. Organ transplant should be advocated but the rules should be tighten in order to prevent unqualified doctors and profithungry hospitals from abusing patients and organ donors.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 301 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Organ Donation, Brain Death and the Family: Valid Informed Consent

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S. Iltis
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Organ Procurement Organization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Driver's License ◽  
Brain Dead

In July 2013, parents in Ohio objected to their 21-year-old son becoming an organ donor. Elijah Smith was involved in an accident and pronounced dead using neurological criteria. The organ procurement organization (OPO) went to court and argued that because the young man was brain dead and because his driver's license indicated that he wished to be a donor, the court should allow them to use his organs. The mother argued that her son did not understand what he was signing when he signed his license and that his signature did not reflect an informed decision. The court disagreed with her, saying that he had indicated a wish to donate his organs and that no one but Elijah could revoke that wish. His organs were removed.Elijah's mother suspected that he did not understand what he was signing. She might have been right, given what we know about the process for obtaining permission for organ donation and the limited public understanding of brain death.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document