scholarly journals “THIS CASTLE WAS THE STRONGEST ONE IN RUS SINCE ANCIENT TIMES…”, – BELZ IN MARTIN GRUNEWEG’S TRAVEL NOTES

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Volodymyr PETEHYRYCH
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Written Sources

Part of Martin Gruneweg’s notes dedicated to Belz which was graciously given to the author by the outstanding Ukrainian historian Yaroslav Isaevych is analyzed. Martin Gruneweg (1562 – after 1615), who was born in Gdansk in family of German merchant, serve the Armenian merchants, became a member of the Order of Dominicans and became famous as the author of very interesting travel notes. Page of the Notes, which contains the references to Belz, is in the second part of Gruneweg’s description, where he talks about visit to cities and villages of Poland, Ukraine, Russia, the Balkan countries. A brief description of the city from 1582 is considered in the context of other written and cartographic sources and the results of archaeological studying of Belz. Through information from the Notes data on urban fortifications, authenticity of which is well consistent with written sources older and later than Gruneweg’s description is obtained. It was confirmed that connection between different parts of the city, separated by water flows and swamps, was maintained by wooden dams and platforms, mentioned by Gruneweg and evidenced by results of archaeological researches. This feature of communications was also characteristic for neighboring city of Cherven. On the basis of Gruneweg's reports, date of the first mention of town-hall in Belz, which existed more than a century earlier, was revised. Settlements, listed in the context of the report about Belz, visited by Gruneweg during his travel allow us to partially reconstruct the route of his arrival to Belz, and further way to Lviv. It was established that direction of roads from the northwest from Lublin through Krasnostav, Tishivtsi to Belz and from there through Kulychkiv, Mosty, Kulykiv, Zashkov to Lviv almost did not change from Early Middle Ages till now. Gruneweg's notes about the Częstochowa icon confirm constant historical tradition, which relates one of the main relics of Poland precisely with Belz. Other messages, which also show importance of retrospective analysis of late medieval sources for the studying of Early Medieval cities, are interesting too. Key words: Martin Gruneweg, Belz, written and archaeological sources, planning structure, retrospective analysis.

scholarly journals Preliminary Reviews Of The Late Medieval Historical Geography Of Jizzakh (On The Basis Of Written Sources And Archaeological Data)

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Pardaev Ahrorqul Hasanovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Written Sources

The article examines the historical medieval towns, fortresses and other geographical areas of the Jizzakh oasis based on written sources and data obtained from archeological excavations. As a result of scientific analysis, the geographical locations of the Jizzakh Horde and its environs, which are the location of the modern city of Jizzakh in the late Middle Ages, have been clarified.

scholarly journals Co-seismic luminescence in Lima, 150 km from the epicenter of the Pisco, Peru earthquake of 15 August 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Heraud ◽  
J. A. Lira
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Peruvian Coast ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Earthquake Lights

Abstract. The first photographs of Co-seismic Luminescence, commonly known as Earthquake lights (EQLs), were reported in 1968 in Japan. However, there have been documented reports of luminescence associated with earthquakes since ancient times in different parts of the world. Besides this, there is modern scientific work dealing with evidence of and models for the production of such lights. During the Peru 15 August 2007 Mw=8.0 earthquake which occurred at 06:40 p.m. LT, hence dark in the southern wintertime, several EQLs were observed along the Peruvian coast and extensively reported in the capital city of Lima, about 150 km northwest of the epicenter. These lights were video-recorded by a security camera installed at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP) campus and time-correlated with seismic ground accelerations registered at the seismological station on campus, analyzed and related to highly qualified eyewitness observations of the phenomena from other parts of the city and to other video recordings. We believe the evidence presented here contributes significantly to sustain the hypothesis that electromagnetic phenomena related to seismic activity can occur, at least during an earthquake. It is highly probable that continued research in luminescence and the use of magnetometers in studying electromagnetic activity and radon gas emanation detectors will contribute even more towards determining their occurrence during and probably prior to seismic activity.

Communes and Despots: The City State In Late-Medieval Italy

1965 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 71-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

It is a commonplace of political history that in the later Middle Ages the city states of north and central Italy were the scene of a conflict in the theory and practice of government between two contrasted systems: republican and despotic (or in contemporary terminology, government ‘a comune’, ‘in liberta’ etc., and government ‘a tiranno’, signoria or principato). The conflict began about the mid-thirteenth century, and in most places, sooner or later, was settled in favour of despotism.

scholarly journals FORMATION AND THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SPACES IN THE PROCESS OF CITY EVOLUTION - FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERNISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 345-368
Author(s):  
Olena Oliynyk
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Era

The processes of historical development of cities and formation of public spaces are considered. It is established that open public spaces have always been the basis for the formation of cities. In ancient times (Greece), the network of open-closed spaces was interpreted as the only public space of the city and was a sign of its democracy. With the strengthening of imperial power (Rome), the structure of public spaces becomes deterministic, with a certain direction of movement. In the Middle Ages there is a sacralization of space, which is replaced by its formalization in the Renaissance; further aestheticization of spaces intensifies, their new types appear. The era of modernism changed the spatial paradigm of the traditional city, which led to the loss of historically composed types of public spaces. At the same time, the modern era is characterized by the gradual convergence of external and internal space and their democratization.   

scholarly journals THE SACRED PLACES OF THE KAZAKH HISTORY:MARTOBE AND KULTOBE

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Kozha ◽  
◽  
K.M. Zhetibaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Documentary Data ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The article discusses the sacred places of the Kazakh history of the late Middle Ages: Martobe and Kultobe - historical places where the steppe elite once a year (usually in the fall) gathered for a general meeting and resolved issues - the conclusion of peace, the declaration of war, the redistribution of pastures, and the determination of nomadic routes. The article has collected and analyzed all known data from historical sources reporting on these places.Based on documentary data and a historiographic survey, the localization of the Martobe and Kultobe hills is presented. Archeology data and messages from representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the 19th and early 19th centuries. XX century together with information from Russian scholars and the results of research by modern historians, they can more reasonably localize the location of Kultobe near the late medieval city of Turkestan and Martobe near the city of Sairam, and make an assumption about the chronological framework for holding general Kazakh meetings in these places.

scholarly journals El Sudario de Oviedo: historia antigua y moderna. The Shroud of Oviedo: ancient and modern history

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Andrea Nicolotti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern History ◽  
The Media ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Sobre Todo

Resumen: En la Edad Media, había una gran variedad de sudarios venerados en distintas zonas del mundo cristiano. El sudario de Oviedo, tejido en torno al siglo VIII d.C, aparece registrado en las fuentes a partir del último cuarto del siglo XI y forma parte de las reliquias conservadas en la catedral de la ciudad. Su existencia puede considerarse uno de los efectos de los esfuerzos conjuntos que el clero y la política realizaron para proveer una legitimación histórica y propagandística a la supremacía de la sede de Oviedo. En los últimos cincuenta años, como consecuencia de la poderosa propaganda efectuada por algunos exponentes de una pseudo-ciencia conocida como “sindonología”, el Sudario de Oviedo goza de creciente fama, sobre todo mediática, y es presentado como si fuera una reliquia auténtica, es decir, como el verdadero sudario que envolvió la cabeza de Jesús de Nazaret.Abstract: In the Middle Ages, there was a great variety of shrouds venerated in different parts of the Christian world. The Sudarium of Oviedo, woven around the eighth century AD, is recorded in the sources as from the last quarter of the eleventh century and is one of the relics preserved in the cathedral of the city. Its existence can be considered one of the effects of the joint efforts that the clergy and the political power made to provide a historical and propagandistic legitimation to the supremacy of Oviedo’s bishopric. In the last fifty years, as a result of the powerful propaganda carried out by some exponents of a pseudo-science known as “syndonology”, the Sudarium of Oviedo enjoys a growing fame, especially in the media, and it is presented as if it were an authentic relic, that is, as the true shroud that wrapped the head of Jesus of Nazareth.

ԵՐԵՎԱՆՑԻ ԽՈՋԱ ԳՐԻԳՈՐ ՄՈԾԱԿԵՆՑԸ ԵՎ ՄԵՍՐՈՊ ՄԱՇՏՈՑԻ ԱՆՎԱՆ ՄԱՏԵՆԱԴԱՐԱՆԻ N 6231 ՀԱՅՍՄԱՎՈՒՐՔԸ

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-98
Author(s):  
Khachik Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Construction Works

GRIGOR KHOJA MOTSAKENTC OF YEREVAN AND NO 6231 HAYSMAVURK‘ OF MATENADARAN OF MESROP MASHTOTS The study is dedicated to the activities of Grigor Khoja, a member of one of the influential families of the late medieval Yerevan known as the Motsakentc. In the context of this research, it is important to highlight the valuable evidences of various written sources of the XVII-XVIII centuries, among which the main colophon of the manuscript MM 6231 copied in 1652, stands out with its relevant information about Grigor. In the same colophon, the scribe lists the construction works funded by Grigor Khoja, who has sponsored also the writing of the manuscript and made various donations to the Kathoghike St. Astvatsatsin Church in Yerevan. According to this source, the chapel of the same church and a bridge in the nearby village of Parakar were built with the financial support of Grigor Motsakentc. However, as it seems, the construction of the bridges was not limited to this. According to historian Arakel Davrijetsi, the Ashtarak bridge on the Kasakh River was built under the sponsorship of the same Grigor Khoja. The second part of the article is dedicated to the history of the manuscript MM 6231, from its copying to later reaching the Matenadaran in Yerevan. According to several further colophons written in the manuscript, the book has been captured and taken to Karin, but later was liberated, returned to Yerevan, and at the beginning of the XX century entered the Matenadaran with the manuscripts collected from various churches in the city.

Arbitration and the Growth of Urban Liberties in Late Medieval England

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Attreed
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
The Common ◽  
Late Medieval England ◽  
The City ◽  
Shed Light

In December 1448, the city of Exeter agreed with the bishop and dean and chapter of the cathedral church to abide by the arbitration of two local magnates who settled a complex dispute over urban jurisdiction. That the arbitrators decided against the city, which suffered a slight constitutional setback as a result, is only one of several important conclusions to be drawn from a study of the dispute and its resolution. The nature of the argument and the procedures by which both parties sought to resolve it shed light on the character of urban constitutional growth in the later Middle Ages, on legal procedures and what medieval people thought about the law, and on the lengths they were willing to go to assure a decision that was as favorable as possible without poisoning relations between two institutions that coexisted within city walls. The case also illustrates the important role arbitration played in dispute settlement and reveals this method to be as viable an alternative as recourse to the common-law and equity courts of the royal government.Exeter's case is unique in that so much written evidence survives to testify to the financial investments and political aims of both parties involved. Comparisons will be drawn to other boroughs that endured similar jurisdictional disputes in the fifteenth century, but their evidence is far less revealing of decision and motivation than that remaining for Exeter. Although many of the major documents associated with the case have been in print for over a century, and examined in some detail in a brief monograph published over fifty years ago, the nature of the records has focused more attention on the city's participation than on that of the cathedral.

scholarly journals “Real Men Mark their Territory!” Spatial Constructions of Masculinity in Joe Pieri’s Autobiographical Narratives

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souhir Zekri
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Autobiographical Narratives ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The City

The history of Scots-Italian “male” encounters has an air of violence and brutality, one epitomized from ancient times by relentless “Picts” defending their lands from Roman invasions and by fearless mercenaries of the middle Ages protecting Italian cities. Such a peculiar waltz of animosity and loyalty created a deeply ingrained bond between the two cultures, until the first waves of rather “harmless” Italians started coming to Scotland, particularly to Glasgow, since the nineteenth century. These immigrants have irreversibly influenced the spatial and social infrastructure of the city, mainly through their connection with the catering business and the consequent establishment of ice-cream cafés and fish and chip shops. Now, they have to defend and “mark” their territory again. This essay is concerned with the autobiographical stories and memoirs of Joe Pieri, a Glasgow Italian fish and chip café owner, whose main events take place in the 1920s and 1930s. The main argument of this essay is that spatial narration in Pieri’s accounts influences the construction of his and other masculinities. By examining four of his autobiographical works, I consider how these narratives spatially construct a wide variety of masculinities through their various defence and adaptation strategies in the poverty- and delinquency-stricken Glasgow of the period.

Urban Legal Culture

Law in Common ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 55-85
Author(s):  
Tom Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Spatial Regulation ◽  
Physical Shape ◽  
Law Courts ◽  
The City

This chapter argues that the density of law-courts deeply conditioned the way in which townspeople engaged with legal institutions in late-medieval towns. The proximity of so many legal institutions may have made it easier for townspeople to sue in the jurisdiction best suited to their litigation; but more important than any putative consumer choice were the implications of institutional density on legal authority, as it both intensified governance and opened up the possibility of its challenge. As townspeople used different urban law-courts, they helped to constitute jurisdiction in the city, routinely drawing into the relations—sometimes conflictual, sometimes cooperative, and sometimes uneasy—between different authorities. The concerns of different urban authorities with jurisdiction over space, moreover, aligned closely with those of townspeople themselves; the denser concentrations of people in towns and cities, and the changing physical shape of cities in the later Middle Ages, meant that workable arrangements for living close together had to be continually renegotiated. As such, associative relations in urban legal culture were frequently conceived in terms of spatial regulation.

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