scholarly journals Accounting for real meteorological conditions at the time of UAV flight mission planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
P. Tkachyck ◽  
O. Kotcemyr ◽  
S. Sokolovskyi ◽  
D. Bilous
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
The Real ◽  
State Tests ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Charge Current ◽  
Air Temperatures

The article is dedicated to the the problem of not considering the real meteorological conditions in planning the flight task of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) A1-CM Furia . Unmanned aerial system(UAS) A1-CM  Furia  has been developed and manufactured by LLC SPC Athlon Avia since 2014. Within 2019-2020, the UAS passed a full spectrum of state tests and was adopted by the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The main criteria that this UAS meets are the detection and tracking of enemy objectives, equipment maintenance and target  reconnaissance. Among the peculiarities of UAV application are  performance of tasks in adverse meteorological conditions, the use of radio-electronic suppression by the opposing parties, significant spatial characteristics of the areas of responsibility of units and subdivisions for reconnaissance and engagement. The change in the charge current of the battery depending on the air temperature and the change in the charge current of the battery depending on the wind speed in different meteorological conditions were analyzed  in the article. The article presents experimental results that determine the order of current consumption for battery time depending on meteorological factors, such as wind speed and air temperature. These results indicate that the UAV A1-CM Furia during the task accomplishment  can not meet the flight characteristics that are defined in the flight operation manual UAS (FAM). The FAM does not separate the differences in the use of UAV  in different meteorological conditions. This causes possible errors in calculating the maximum length of the route and the maximum possible time in the air.  In the article it was proposed to develop a correction  for the use of UAV depending on changes in wind speed and temperature . During the assessing of possible corrections for the use of UAV at different wind speeds and air temperatures, the accuracy of determining the possible values of the maximum route length and maximum time of UAV in the air allows us to calculate more accurate data for future tasks accomplisment. Experimental methods of calculating corrections took a large part in the specific study of information without taking into account the real meteorological conditions while planning the flight task of the UAV A1-CM Furia. The obtained results show that without further consideration of meteorological conditions while planning a flight task there may be inaccuracies.

scholarly journals History and Data Records of the Automatic Weather Station on Denali Pass (5715 m), 1990–2007

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2113-2127
Author(s):  
Lea Hartl ◽  
Martin Stuefer ◽  
Tohru Saito ◽  
Yoshitomi Okura
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Automatic Weather Station ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Summit Region

AbstractWe present the data records and station history of an automatic weather station (AWS) on Denali Pass (5715 m MSL), Alaska. The station was installed by a team of climbers from the Japanese Alpine Club after a fatal accident involving Japanese climbers in 1989 and was operational intermittently between 1990 and 2007, measuring primarily air temperature and wind speed. In later years, the AWS was operated by the International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Station history is reconstructed from available documentation as archived by the expedition teams. To extract and preserve data records, the original datalogger files were processed. We highlight numerous challenges and sources of uncertainty resulting from the location of the station and the circumstances of its operation. The data records exemplify the harsh meteorological conditions at the site: air temperatures down to approximately −60°C were recorded, and wind speeds reached values in excess of 60 m s−1. Measured temperatures correlate strongly with reanalysis data at the 500-hPa level. An approximation of critical wind speed thresholds and a reanalysis-based reconstruction of the meteorological conditions during the 1989 accident confirm that the climbers faced extremely hazardous wind speeds and very low temperatures. The data from the Denali Pass AWS represent a unique historical record that can, we hope, serve as a basis for further monitoring efforts in the summit region of Denali.

scholarly journals Response of water temperatures and stratification to changing climate in three lakes with different morphometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 6253-6274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline R. Magee ◽  
Chin H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Schmidt Stability

Abstract. Water temperatures and stratification are important drivers for ecological and water quality processes within lake systems, and changes in these with increases in air temperature and changes to wind speeds may have significant ecological consequences. To properly manage these systems under changing climate, it is important to understand the effects of increasing air temperatures and wind speed changes in lakes of different depths and surface areas. In this study, we simulate three lakes that vary in depth and surface area to elucidate the effects of the observed increasing air temperatures and decreasing wind speeds on lake thermal variables (water temperature, stratification dates, strength of stratification, and surface heat fluxes) over a century (1911–2014). For all three lakes, simulations showed that epilimnetic temperatures increased, hypolimnetic temperatures decreased, the length of the stratified season increased due to earlier stratification onset and later fall overturn, stability increased, and longwave and sensible heat fluxes at the surface increased. Overall, lake depth influences the presence of stratification, Schmidt stability, and differences in surface heat flux, while lake surface area influences differences in hypolimnion temperature, hypolimnetic heating, variability of Schmidt stability, and stratification onset and fall overturn dates. Larger surface area lakes have greater wind mixing due to increased surface momentum. Climate perturbations indicate that our larger study lakes have more variability in temperature and stratification variables than the smaller lakes, and this variability increases with larger wind speeds. For all study lakes, Pearson correlations and climate perturbation scenarios indicate that wind speed has a large effect on temperature and stratification variables, sometimes greater than changes in air temperature, and wind can act to either amplify or mitigate the effect of warmer air temperatures on lake thermal structure depending on the direction of local wind speed changes.

Observations on the laboratory take-off behaviour of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. K. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Air Temperatures

AbstractObservations were made on crowded, laboratory-reared. 18–20-day-old males of Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) taking off in a wind tunnel. Depending upon the time of day, take-off, which was usually upwind, particularly at higher wind speeds, was related to food availability. Few locusts with full foreguts took off, especially at low air temperatures (20°C), while at high temperatures (35°C), 95% of ones starved for 6 h took off. At 30°C, there was little further increase with starvation for 24–30 h. Females containing large oocytes took off less readily than those with small ones. Take-off was also sometimes initiated by decreases in wind speed and light intensity, and sudden changes in air temperature. A distinct passing shadow stimulated take-off, but not the flickering shadows of other flying locusts. A period of flight immediately beforehand inhibited take-off. The results are discussed in relation to field observations.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF OPENING TYPE ON THERMAL CONVENIENCE OF THE OLD AND NEW BUILDING CLASSROOM

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Ali Anton Senoaji ◽  
Arif Kusumawanto ◽  
Sentagi Sesotya Utami
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Root Mean Squared Error ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
New Buildings

This study was aimed at analyzing the effect of opening type on the thermal convenience of classrooms in old and new buildings at SMK Negeri 3 Yogyakarta. This study used a qualitative comparative method and the simulation of IES VE 2018. The field air measurement is carried out at 10 measurement points and 5 measurement points in each class, with a height of 1.5 m. Field measurements were carried out in March 2019, at 06.30-16.30 WIB. The parameters used in the study were air temperature, humidity and wind speed. Air temperature and humidity were measured using a Thermo hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using an anemometer. The data collection method is carried out by observation and measurement. Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was used to validate the data. The results show the best thermal convenience of the classroom was obtained during the simulation using the type of Windows Awning, with a full aperture area. Simulation results show a comfortable distribution of airflow in the classroom at wind speeds above 0.15-0.28 m/sec, Temperature 25.07-27.10oC.PENGARUH TIPE BUKAAN TERHADAP KENYAMANAN TERMAL RUANG KELAS BANGUNAN LAMA DAN BARU Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu menganalisis pengaruh bukaan terhadap kenyamanan termal ruang kelas pada bangunan lama dan baru, di SMK Negeri 3 Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode komparatif kualitatif yaitu dan hasil simulasi IES VE 2018. Pengukuran udara luar dilakukan pada 10 titik pengukuran dan sebanyak 5 titik pengukuran disetiap kelasnya, dengan ketinggian 1,5 m. Pengukuran lapangan dilakukan pada bulan Maret tahun 2019, waktu 06.30-16.30 WIB. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu temperatur udara, kelembaban dan kecepatan angin. Temperatur udara dan kelembaban diukur dengan menggunakan alat thermo hygrometer. Kecepatan angin diukur dengan menggunakan alat anemometer. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode pengamatan dan pengukuran. Validasi data menggunakan Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kenyamanan termal ruang kelas terbaik diperoleh pada saat simulasi menggunakan tipe bukaan ke atas atau Awning Windows, dengan area bukaan penuh. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan distribusi aliran udara yang nyaman di dalam ruang kelas pada kecepatan angin di atas 0,15-0,28 m/det, Temperatur 25,07 -27,10o C. 

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Meteorological Parameters on Man-Made Pollution by Carcinogenicly Dangerous Chemicals in the Voronezh Air Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
S.A. Kurolap ◽  
V.S. Petrosyan ◽  
O.V. Klepikov ◽  
V.V. Kulnev ◽  
D.Yu. Martynov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Maximum Permissible Level ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Based on the analysis of official statistics from the Voronezh Hydrometeorological Service, the patterns of the dynamics of pollutants (formaldehyde and soot) are investigated depending on the combination of various meteorological parameters — air temperature, wind speed, relative air humidity. A positive relationship has been established between the increase in atmospheric pollution with formaldehyde and air temperature. With increasing wind speed and relative humidity, the concentration of formaldehyde and soot in the atmosphere of the city, as a rule, decrease. The maximum permissible level of carcinogenic risk to public health has been established, causing concern. The obtained patterns can be used to predict the level of technogenic pollution of the city’s atmosphere, depending on meteorological conditions.

scholarly journals Inconsistencies in the “New” Windchill Chart at Low Wind Speeds

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avraham Shitzer ◽  
Richard de Dear
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Convective Heat Exchange ◽  
The United States ◽  
Exchange Coefficient ◽  
Heat Exchange Coefficient ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Speed Condition ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Low Wind Speeds ◽  
Calm Wind

Abstract An apparent error was detected in the calculation of windchill equivalent temperatures (WCETs) in the “new” chart and corresponding equation that were adopted in 2001 by the weather services in the United States and Canada. The problem is caused by significant discontinuities in WCETs at the assumed “calm” wind speed condition of 1.34 m s−1. As a result, published WCETs are not equal to, as they should be by definition, but are lower than air temperatures at the assumed calm wind speed condition. This inconsistency further propagates to higher wind speeds beyond the assumed calm condition. In this paper, a straightforward correction is proposed to circumvent these inconsistencies of the new windchill. The proposed correction makes this transition gradual rather than abrupt by applying it to the expression used for estimating the effects of wind on the convective heat exchange coefficient between humans and their cold and windy environment.

scholarly journals Ideas and perspectives: Heat stress: more than hot air

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. De Boeck ◽  
Helena Van De Velde ◽  
Toon De Groote ◽  
Ivan Nijs
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Climate change models project an important increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves. In gauging the impact on plant responses, much of the focus has been on air temperatures while a critical analysis of leaf temperatures during heat extremes has not been made. Nevertheless, direct physiological consequences from heat depend primarily on leaf rather than on air temperatures. We discuss how the interplay between various environmental variables and the plants' stomatal response affects leaf temperatures and the potential for heat stress by making use of both an energy balance model and field data. The results demonstrate that this interplay between plants and environment can cause leaf temperatures fluctuations in excess of 10 °C (for narrow leaves) to even 20 °C (for big broad leaves) at the same air temperature. In general, leaves tended to heat up when radiation was high and when stomates were closed, as expected. But perhaps counterintuitively, also high air humidity raised leaf temperatures, while humid conditions are typically regarded as benign with respect to plant survival since they limit water loss. High wind speeds brought the leaf temperature closer to the air temperature, which can imply either cooling or warming (i.e. abating or reinforcing heat stress) depending on other prevailing conditions. The results thus indicate that heat waves characterized by similar extreme air temperatures may pose little danger under some atmospheric conditions, but could be lethal in other cases. The trends illustrated here should give ecologists and agronomists a more informed indication about which circumstances are most conductive for heat stress to occur.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND SPREAD IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Laškova ◽  
Vytenis Zabukas ◽  
Petras Vaitiekūnas
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Organic Compound ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Environmental Humidity ◽  
Volatile Organic

The problem of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission from oil terminals is discussed in the paper. Short‐term analyses were performed to determine dependence of VOC on wind speed, environmental humidity and atmospheric pressure at minimal ambient air temperature variations (1–3 °C). 10‐day VOC concentration analyses were performed using gas chro‐matography. Complex analysis of experimental investigation and meteorological conditions (air temperature, environmental humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction) was carried out considering the types of loading operations and oil products at the oil terminal. Dependencies between VOC concentration and separate meteorological parameters were determined.

scholarly journals Effects of complex radiative and convective environments on the thermal biology of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.O. Wolf ◽  
K.M. Wooden ◽  
G.E. Walsberg
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Simulated Solar Radiation ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys Gambelii

The energy budgets of small endotherms are profoundly affected by characteristics of the physical environment such as wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation. Among these, solar radiation represents a potentially very large heat load to small animals and may have an important influence on their thermoregulatory metabolism and heat balance. In this investigation, we examined the interactive effects of wind speed and irradiance on body temperature, thermoregulatory metabolism and heat balance in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). We measured changes in metabolic heat production by exposing birds to different wind speeds (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 m s(−1)) and irradiance combinations (<3 W m(−2) and 936+/−11 W m(−2); mean +/− s.d.) at an air temperature of 10 degrees C. Body temperature was not affected by wind speed, but was significantly higher in animals not exposed to simulated solar radiation compared with those exposed at most wind speeds. In the absence of solar radiation, metabolic heat production was strongly affected by wind speed and increased by 30 % from 122 to 159 W m(−2) as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 2.0 m s(−1). Metabolic heat production was even more strongly influenced by wind speed in the presence of simulated solar radiation and increased by 51% from 94 to 142 W m(−2) as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 2. 0 m s(−1). Solar heat gain was negatively correlated with wind speed and declined from 28 to 12 W m(−2) as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 2.0 m s(−1) and, at its maximum, equaled 11% of the radiation intercepted by the animal. The overall thermal impact of the various wind speed and irradiance combinations on the animal's heat balance was examined for each treatment. Under cold conditions, with no solar radiation present, an increase in wind speed from 0.25 to 2.0 m s(−1) was equivalent to a decrease in chamber air temperature of 12.7 degrees C. With simulated solar radiation present, a similar increase in wind speed was equivalent to a decrease in chamber air temperature of 16 degrees C. Overall, shifting environmental conditions from a wind speed of 0.25 m s(−1) and irradiance of 936 W m(−2) to a wind speed of 2.0 m s(−1) with no short-wave radiation present was equivalent to decreasing chamber air temperature by approximately 20 degrees C. The sensitivity to changes in the convective environment, combined with the complex effects of changes in irradiance levels revealed by re-analyzing data published previously, significantly complicates the task of estimating the heat balance of animals in nature.

scholarly journals Measurements of natural airflow within a Stevenson screen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen David Burt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Stevenson Screen

Abstract. Climate science depends upon accurate measurements of air temperature and humidity, the majority of which are still derived from sensors exposed within passively-ventilated louvred Stevenson-type thermometer screens. It is well-documented that, under certain circumstances, air temperatures measured within such screens can differ significantly from ‘true’ air temperatures measured by other methods, such as aspirated sensors. Passively-ventilated screens depend upon wind motion to provide ventilation within the screen, and thus airflow over the sensors contained therein. Consequently, instances of anomalous temperatures occur most often during light winds when airflow through the screen is weakest, particularly when in combination with strong or low-angle incident solar radiation. Adequate ventilation is essential for reliable and consistent measurements of both air temperature and humidity, yet very few systematic comparisons to quantify relationships between external wind speed and airflow within a thermometer screen have been made. This paper addresses that gap by summarising the results of a three month field experiment in which airflow within a UK-standard Stevenson screen was measured using a sensitive sonic anemometer, and comparisons made using simultaneous wind speed and direction records from the same site. The average in-screen ventilation rate was found to be 0.2 m s−1, well below the 1 m s−1 minimum assumed in meteorological and design standard references, and only about 7 % of the scalar mean wind speed at 10 m. The implications of low in-screen ventilation on the uncertainty of air temperature and humidity measurements from Stevenson-type thermometer screens are discussed, particularly those due to the differing response times of dry- and wet-bulb temperature sensors, and ambiguity in the value of the psychrometric coefficient.

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