scholarly journals Fifty years of white clover research in New Zealand

1989 ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Brock ◽  
J.R. Caradus ◽  
M.J.M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

The importance of white clover in New Zealand pastoral agriculture cannot be overstated. It is the major source of nitrogen and by its presence improves pasture quality and balances seasonal growth of grass species. Because of its importance a considerable effort has been put into research on white clover over the past 50 years in New Zealand. This assay reviews the major advances made in white clover use and research from an historical perspective and summarises current understanding and possible future developments. Keywords: white clover, review, history, soil fertility, N cycling, N fixation, nutrition. growth, population structure, management, performance, breeding, pests and diseases, quality.

scholarly journals Lifelines engineering

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
David R. Brunsdon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Critical Success Factors ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Critical Success

Significant developments have occurred in the field of lifelines engineering over the past decade both in New Zealand and internationally. In New Zealand, this period encompassed both the beginnings of lifelines engineering and its development into being an established discipline of earthquake engineering. This paper charts the progress of lifelines engineering during this time, outlines the key achievements and critical success factors and discusses current needs and future developments.

scholarly journals Initial establishment of the irish strain of Microctonus aethiopoides in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
T.M. Eden ◽  
S. Hardwick ◽  
C.F. Mercer ◽  
M.W.A. Slay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Microctonus Aethiopoides ◽  
Made In

Four experimental releases of the parthenogenetic strain of Microctonus aethiopoides from Ireland were made in early 2006 in the Waikato Manawatu (two sites) and Hawkes Bay By early winter establishment was confirmed at all sites with parasitism levels exceeding 10 in the target host Sitona lepidus a serious pest of white clover in New Zealand Subsequent monitoring revealed considerable betweensite variation At the Hawkes Bay and Manawatu Feilding sites where overwintering weevil adults were still present in October over 30 parasitism was found in newly emerged weevils in December 2006 In contrast at the Waikato and Manawatu Bulls sites where there was no overlap of host generations parasitism was below detectable levels during spring and early summer but recovered subsequently The Irish M aethiopoides appears to have four generations a year and diapauses over winter as a first instar larva Following the initial success releases have commenced in other regions

scholarly journals A review of risk prioritisation schemes of pathogens, pests and weeds: principles and practices

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HEIKKILÄ
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Geographical Locations

Society’s resources are scarce, and biosecurity actions need to be targeted and prioritised. Various models have been developed that prioritise and rank pests and diseases according to the risks they represent. A prioritisation model allows utilisation of scientific, ecological and economic information in decision-making related to biological hazards. This study discusses such models and the properties associated with them based on a review of 78 prioritisation studies. The scope of the models includes all aspects of biosecurity (human, animal and plant diseases, and invasive alien species), but with an emphasis on plant health. The geographical locations of the studies are primarily North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Half of the studies were conducted during the past five years. The review finds that there generally seems to be several prioritisation models, especially in the case of invasive plants, but only a select few models are used extensively. Impacts are often accounted for in the model, but the extent and economic sophistication of their inclusion varies. Treatment of uncertainty and feasibility of control was lacking from many studies.;

60. Discoloration in New Zealand Cheddar Cheese. Muddy, Pink and Bleached Defects. I. Bacteriological Investigations

1933 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. V. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In ◽  
Pink Discoloration ◽  
Metallic Contamination

During the past two years, discoloration, owing to its prevalence in Cheddar cheese, has been the subject of much investigation by the New Zealand Dairy Division, and in the present paper are incorporated details of the observations made in this laboratory and in cheese stores in New Zealand and England, together with short reports on the same subject from English laboratories.To avoid confusion it must be emphasised that the defects dealt with are “bleached,” “pink” and “muddy” discolorations only. The observations do not apply to “black spot” (due to lead or other metallic contamination), nor to “red spots” (due to faulty annatto), nor to “acid cut” bleaching which seems to follow the outline of the original pieces of curd. Muddy or dark discoloration occurs in white and in coloured cheese, but the bleaching and pink discoloration dealt with here are confined to coloured cheese.

scholarly journals White clover performance in sown pastures: A biological/ecological perspective

2001 ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Brock ◽  
M.J.M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Pastoral Ecosystems

Recent advances in farming systems, have prompted a re-appraisal of the performance of white clover in New Zealand pastoral agriculture, in response to the question, is white clover delivering? Using recently developed insights into the processes by which our main pasture species, ryegrass and white clover, grow, this paper will briefly examine the establishment of white clover in mixed pastures and the ecological and biological premises of the two main functions of white clover in pastoral ecosystems, which are to 1), support the N economy of pastures via N fixation and 2), provide high quality livestock feed. The impacts of management decisions and environmental conditions are re-interpreted, in order to evaluate realistically (biologically) what our expectations should be. White clover is still able to deliver on function 1, but may not meet expectations in all cases on function 2. Keywords: ecology, environmental impacts, grazing management, herbage quality, light, mixed pastures, N economy, N fixation, plants, populations, ryegrass, white clover

Mechanical Properties of PDMS and Influences by Micromachining Processes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianren Sun ◽  
Christopher Bock ◽  
Quanfang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Microfluidic Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Reaction Processes ◽  
Made In

Microfluidics is both a science and a technology that offers great and perhaps even revolutionary capabilities to impact the society in the future. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used in fabricating microfluidic systems but few efforts were made in the past on mechanical properties of PDMS. Very importantly there is no report on influences of microfabrication processes which normally involve chemical reaction processes. A comprehensive investigation was made by authors to study fundamental issues regarding chemical emersion and their effects on mechanical properties of PDMS. Results shown in this work can be used to guide future developments of microfluidics in utilizing PDMS especially those devices involve actuation of PDMS membranes.

Herbage production from the hills and uplands

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 9-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Frame ◽  
P. Newbould ◽  
J. M. M. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Permanent Pasture

AbstractThe hills and uplands lie within the poorer ‘less favoured’ soil and climatic areas which account for almost 10 M ha of the UK's 19 M ha of agricultural land. Rough grazing comprises 6 M ha. Dry matter (DM) production from native hill swards, governed by soil type, climate and species composition, typically ranges from 1 to 5 t per ha, and is highly seasonal. The best grade of native hill sward is the bent-fescue (Agrostis/Festuca) association. Upland permanent pasture sward production is strongly influenced by the proportion of perennial ryegrass and level of fertilizer N input; typically, DM production ranges from 3.5 to 91 per ha.Constraints to herbage production include acid soils, impeded drainage and shortage of major plant nutrients particularly N and P. Deficiencies of some major nutrients and of trace elements in the plants can consequently have serious implications for livestock performance. Relationships among trace elements are particularly complex. The climate is severe and highly variable, with low temperatures, exposure to wind, high rainfall and frequent winter frosts being notable features. Bracken, rush, gorse, broom and scrub woodland communities are special vegetation problems which adversely affect pasture production and utilization.Specific improvement techniques for the differing soil type — plant community associations are available but economic considerations are important when making the choice and deciding on the extent of improvement. Addition of lime and fertilizers, and the introduction of improved grass species and white clover, are the keys to enhanced sward production and quality. Maintenance of soil fertility is essential to ensure continued production. White clover is particularly important for animal nutrition and for its ability to contribute to available soil N via rhizobial N fixation. However, fertilizer N has a role in strategically extending the grazing season and for intensifying winter feed production (silage or hay) from suitable land; silage offers the better option.

scholarly journals VALUE OF PASTURE SPECIES IN CANTERBURY

1954 ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
C.C. Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Important Crop ◽  
Real Importance ◽  
Made In

Over a long period it has been recognised that grass is one of our most valuable crops. In the past years its real importance has not always been recognised and it was not given very mu'ch attention because other crops appeared to be of more value. The advances that have been made in plant breeding and pasture management in recent years and these. advances applied to the grass species have resulted in its becoming almost our most important crop.

scholarly journals Environmental policy-making in New Zealand, 1978-2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Present State ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

This article examines the ways in which key environmental policies have been made in the past, and reflects on the present state of play with respect to these policies. The article draws on my experience with the Environmental Defence Society (EDS) since 1978 and the reflections are personal ones. The issues covered are: government agencies; climate change; oceans; freshwater; and resource management law. The objective of this discussion is to see if the past illuminates the present in any useful way. 

scholarly journals PASTURE SPECIES AND CULTIVARS FOR REGIONS

1981 ◽  
pp. 100-122
Author(s):  
L. Corkill ◽  
W.M. Williams ◽  
J.A. Lancashire
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Plant Collections ◽  
Local Plant ◽  
Choice Of Species

The origin of the pasture species grown in New Zealand and the development of ecotypes are briefly described. The effects of environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, soil type, soil fertility, grazing pressure, and pests and diseases on plant breeding objectives and choice of species in different regions of the country are discussed. The value of incorporating plant material from Mediterranean sources into New Zealand-bred cultivars of ryegrass, white clover and Lotus is illustrated, but the importance of local plant collections in the development of cultivars such as Nui and Ellett ryegrass and a hill country white clover is also emphasized. The possibility of breeding cultivars specifically for overseas markets is discussed.

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