Humanity, Hegel and Freedom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Brace
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fugitive Slave ◽  
Historical Past

This chapter argues that is not enough to tell a story of humanity that takes personhood and autonomy as already accomplished. The process of transforming humanity into moral beings, and of distinguishing between humanity and the status of personhood, was never straightforward, but full of disruptions, ruptures, contradictions and repetitions. The mobility of the border between person and thing, and the intermediate statuses of Hegel’s bondsman and the fugitive slave were inseparable from the development of ideas about epidermalization, colour and inferiority. This chapter examines slavery as part of the forwardness of modernity, of stories that we think of as about progress, freedom and humanity. The drawing of boundaries within humanity, the sense of partitions that became permanent, was contested, and the line between human beings, sub-persons and rational, moral agents was not easily drawn, despite Kant’s insistence on its solidity. In this chapter, the symbiosis of race and the moral-political discourse of Kant and Hegel and the inextricable coupling of freedom and slavery are shown to work together to undermine the possibility of taking autonomy for granted, and of holding the historical past firmly in place.

Classics and Irish Politics, 1916-2016

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Classical Culture ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
Irish Politics

This collection addresses how models from ancient Greece and Rome have permeated Irish political discourse in the century since 1916. The 1916 Easter Rising, when Irish nationalists rose up against British imperial forces, was almost instantly mythologized in Irish political memory as a turning point in the nation’s history and an event that paved the way for Irish independence. Its centenary has provided a natural point for reflection on Irish politics, and this volume highlights an unexplored element in Irish political discourse, namely its frequent reference to, reliance on, and tensions with classical Greek and Roman models. Topics covered include the reception and rejection of classical culture in Ireland; the politics of Irish language engagement with Greek and Roman models; the intersection of Irish literature with scholarship in Classics and Celtic Studies; the use of classical allusion to articulate political inequalities across hierarchies of gender, sexuality, and class; meditations on the Northern Irish conflict through classical literature; and the political implications of neoclassical material culture in Irish society. As the only country colonized by Britain with a pre-existing indigenous heritage of expertise in classical languages and literature, Ireland represents a unique case in the fields of classical reception and postcolonial studies. This book opens a window on a rich and varied dialogue between significant figures in Irish cultural history and the Greek and Roman sources that have inspired them, a dialogue that is firmly rooted in Ireland’s historical past and continues to be ever-evolving.

Why Repentance Affects Divine Punishment but Not Human Punishment?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
Shoval Shafat
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Status ◽  
Divine Punishment ◽  
Divine Mercy ◽  
Rabbinic Courts

The aim of the discussion in this article is to explore two different Rabbinic explanations for the status of repentance in human and divine punishment, and to emphasize the essential distinction between them. According to the first explanation the source of accepting repentance is divine mercy upon human beings. Since mercy is not a legitimate consideration in conviction or even in determination of punishment in Jewish criminal law there is no wonder why repentance does not have any role during the criminal procedures in rabbinic court. According to the second explanation the acceptance of repentance by God is similar to the acceptance of flattery and bribe by a Roman corrupted judge. God decides to accept repentance and to forgive the transgressors since it better serves God’s interests. This analogy between repentance and flattery and bribery then explains why rabbinic courts do not take repentance into account.

Taming the Corporate Monster: An Aristotelian Approach to Corporate Virtue

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Schudt
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Corporate Ethics ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Corporate Entity ◽  
Right Relationship ◽  
Ethical Systems ◽  
Production Resource

Abstract:Corporations are often considered as moral agents. Traditional ethical systems are directed toward human beings—how could human rules be expected to apply to corporations? In this paper an alternative system of ethics is proposed, tailored specifically for the corporate entity. I use the method of Aristotle, in which the character traits (virtues) that are conducive to the goal of human activity, happiness, are derived. For corporations, the goal is taken to be the traditional capitalist one of sustainable profit, and corresponding corporate virtues are derived. I argue that corporate virtues such as Efficient Production, Resource Management, Correct Pricing, and Right Relationship will be beneficial to human beings. It is profitable to consider the interests of human beings, because the corporation will avoid a costly war of offense and retaliation. A corporate ethics is developed that protects humans and has motivating force not based on human nature, but rather profit.

TRENDS IN HEALTH LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-360
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Maternal And Child Health ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Child Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Child Health

TWO months ago when some of the salient features of the National Health Assembly were reviewed in this column (July issue), the report of the Maternal and Child Health Section was reserved for more complete presentation. This Section report is far too bulky to be quoted fully here. It includes first a factual summary of the present status of maternal and child health under the heading: "Where are we now in Maternal and Child Health?" Sub-committees, each of which submitted separate reports, were appointed to consider the following topics: 1. Training of personnel 2. Health of the School Age Child 3. Parent Education 4. Program to Raise Standards of Maternity, Newborn, and Pediatric Hospital Care 5. Research Program in Child Life 6. Care of the Handicapped, Including Prevention of Accidents Because other sections of the Assembly considered nutrition, dental care, environmental sanitation, mental hygiene and the chronic diseases common in childhood, these important factors were not considered in detail by the Maternal and Child Health Section. The most important part of the report is a summary entitled: "Goals for Maternal and Child Health." This statement includes the Sub-committee recommendations which were agreed upon as the most significant. This summary is therefore quoted in full as follows: Goals for Maternal and Child Health Whenever stock is taken of achievements designed to increase the chances of a good life and to improve the conditions of living, the people turn to examine the status of public and private action in behalf of children and to assess the extent and quality of care provided. This is natural because we recognize that the good life for mankind and world peace lies in the health and vigor of children, in their capacity to learn, in their ability to grow as thinking, reasoning human beings, and to develop from infancy through childhood and youth until they reach adulthood as fully mature persons, secure in their ability to take their places as citizens and as parents.

History and Systems of Critical Psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Teo
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Critical Psychology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Psychological Practice ◽  
The Status ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The Relationship

Critical psychology comprises a broad range of international approaches centered around theories and practices of critique, power, resistance, and alternatives of practice. Although critical psychology had an axial age in and around the 1970s, many sources can be found decades and even centuries earlier. Critical psychology is not only about the critique of psychology, which is a broader historical and theoretical field, but about doing justice in and through theory, justice with and to groups of people, and justice to the reality of society, history, and culture as they powerfully constitute subjectivity, as well as the discipline and profession of psychology. Doing justice in and through psychological theory has a strong basis in Western critical approaches, representing a privileged position of reflection in Euro-American research institutions. Critical psychologists argue that traditional psychology is missing its subject matter and hence is not doing justice in methodology, and its practices of control and adjustment are not doing justice to the emancipatory possibilities of human agency or human science. Critical psychologists who are attempting to do justice with and to human beings are not neglecting the onto-epistemic-ethical domain, but are instead focusing on people, often marginalized or oppressed groups. Critical psychologists who want to do justice in history, culture, and society have argued that traditional psychological practice means adaption and adjustment. This means that not only subjectivity, but also the discipline and profession of psychology need to be connected with contexts. Psychologists have attempted to conceptualize the relationship between society and the individual, as well as the ability of humans not only to adapt to an environment but to change their living conditions and transform the status quo. This conceptualization also means providing concrete analyses of how current society, based in neoliberal capitalism, not only impacts individuals but also the discipline of psychology. Despite the complexities of critical psychology around the world, critical psychologists emphasize the importance of reflexivity and praxis when it comes to changing the conditions of social reality that create mental life. Given that subjectivity cannot be limited to intra-psychological processes, critical psychologists attend to relational and structural societal realities, requiring inter- and transdisciplinarity in the discipline and profession.

Bringing People Down

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-466
Author(s):  
John Vorhaus
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relational Concept ◽  
Degrading Treatment ◽  
As If

Under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, degrading treatment and punishment is absolutely prohibited. This paper examines the nature of and wrong inherent in treatment and punishment of this kind. Cases brought before the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) as amounting to degrading treatment and punishment under Article 3 include instances of interrogation, conditions of confinement, corporal punishment, strip searches, and a failure to provide adequate health care. The Court acknowledges the degradation inherent in imprisonment generally, and does not consider this to be in violation of Article 3, but it also identifies a threshold at which degradation is so severe as to render impermissible punishments that cross this threshold. I offer an account of the Court’s conception of impermissible degradation as a symbolic dignitary harm. The victims are treated as inferior, as if they do not possess the status owed to human beings, neither treated with dignity nor given the respect owed to dignity. Degradation is a relational concept: the victim is brought down in the eyes of others following treatment motivated by the intention to degrade, or treatment which has a degrading effect. This, so I will argue, is the best account of the concept of degradation as deployed by the Court when determining punishments as in violation of Article 3.

scholarly journals The Necessity of Endowing EFL Learners with the Fifth Language Skill: A Key to a Successful Learning Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
Fatma ZAGHAR ◽  
El-Alia Wafaâ ZAGHAR
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intercultural Encounters ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Component ◽  
The University

In this increasingly interconnected epoch, the teaching of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) along with culture that is considered as a fifth skill has become inevitable. Therefore, EFL teachers are impelled to introduce cultural instruction in their classes. They are then advised to combine the teaching of language skills with the foreign culture because it prepares their learners to behave successfully in intercultural encounters, gain solid cultural knowledge, overcome cultural obstacles, and promote their cultural awareness. The main questions addressed in this research focus on the inclusion of the cultural component in language subjects’ syllabuses, and the type of teaching strategies that can ameliorate the status of cultural instruction. This study points out the key importance of implementing intercultural information in EFL contexts founded on a case study undertaken at the University of Oran 2 in Algeria. This paper targeted a group of Master II students by using an array of data collection means including a questionnaire given to the learners, an interview done with the teachers, and classroom observation sessions carried out by the researchers. The major aims of this work were to verify the learners’ perceptions of cultural learning, and outfit students with core foundations of culture. The results demonstrated that the incorporated teaching techniques have enriched the students’ cultural understanding and intensified their linguistic adeptnesses. It is suggested that these teaching initiatives can aid learners be compassionate, understandable, and tolerant human beings.

scholarly journals Reorientasi Gerakan Feminisme Islam; Sebuah Upaya Membangun Kesetaraan Perempuan

FIKROTUNA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABD WARITS
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Arbitrary Action

In the history of women's life, the woman has never cracked from the wild cry of helplessness. Woman always become victim of men’s egoism, marginalized, hurt, unfettered, fooled and never appreciated the presence and role. This situation troubles many intellectual Muslims who have perspective that Islam teaches equality, equality for all human beings in the world. The difference in skin color, race, tribe and nation, as well as gender does not cause them to get the status of the different rights and obligations. The potential and the right to life of every human being and the obligation to serve the Lord Almighty is the same. Indeed, all human beings, as caliph in the world, have the same obligation, namely to prosperity of life in the world. No one is allowed to act arbitrarily, destroying, or hurt among others. They are required to live side by side, united, and harmonious, help each other and respect each other. However, that "demand" never becomes a reality. The differences among human identities become a barrier and the cause of divisions. For them, those who are outside environment, different identities are "others" who rightly do not need them "know". The difference of identity has become a reason to allow "hurt" each other. Several intellectual Muslims who recognize the wrong (discrimination against women), and then they attempt to formulate a movement for women's liberation. All the efforts have been done on the basis of awareness that arbitrary action by any person can never be justified. They also realize, that the backwardness of women are "stumbling block" that will lead to the resignation of a civilization. However, this struggle found a lot of challenges; including the consideration of "insubordination" to conquer the power of men, despite it had done by using many strategies. Starting from the writing of scientific book and countless fiction themed women has been published in order to give awareness of equality between men and women. This paper seeks to reexamine the process of the empowerment struggle to give a brand new concept, so that the struggle of women empowerment is not as insubordination and curiosity process in an attempt to conquer the male. Through approach of literature review and observations on the relationship between men and women, the writer finally concluded that the movement of Islamic feminism is not a movement to seize the power of men, but an attempt to liberate women from oppression so that they get the rights of their social role, giving freedom for women to pursue a career as wide as possible like a man, without forgetting a main duty as a mother: to conceive, give birth and breastfeed their children.

scholarly journals Why Can´t We Regard Robots As People?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
André Schmiljun
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Robots ◽  
Moral Standing ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Artificial Moral Agents ◽  
Reductive Physicalism

With the development of autonomous robots, one day probably capable of speaking, thinking and learning, self-reflecting, sharing emotions, in fact, with the raise of robots becoming artificial moral agents (AMAs) robot scientists like Abney, Veruggio and Petersen are already optimistic that sooner or later we need to call those robots “people” or rather “Artificial People” (AP). The paper rejects this forecast, due to its argument based on three metaphysical conflicting assumptions. Firstly, it is the idea that it is possible to precisely define persons and apply the definition to robots or use it to differentiate human beings from robots. Further, the argument of APs favors a position of non-reductive physicalism (second assumption) and materialism (third assumption), finally producing weird convictions about future robotics. Therefore, I will suggest to follow Christine Korsgaard’s defence of animals as ends in themselves with moral standing. I will show that her argument can be transmitted to robots, too, at least to robots which are capable of pursuing their own good (even if they are not rational). Korsgaard’s interpretation of Kant delivers an option that allows us to leave out complicated metaphysical notions like “person” or “subject” in the debate, without denying robots’ status as agents.

scholarly journals PLATÃO: AS PAIXÕES DA UNIDADE "CORPOALMA" SEGUNDO O TIMEU

Sapere Aude ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Maria Dulce Reis
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Present Text ◽  
Ethics And Politics

Uma das últimas obras escritas por Platão, o Timeu, nos parece um dos textos mais ricos para identificarmos o estatuto das paixões na filosofia de Platão: a origem dessas paixões/afecções, suas propriedades, seu papel no equilíbrio psíquico e na condução das ações humanas. Tal riqueza, profundidade e extensão teórica constituiu grande parte de nossa tese de doutoramento, que visou demonstrar a articulação entre Psicologia, Ética e Política nos diálogos República, Timeu e Leis. No presente texto, nos limitaremos a apresentar nossa interpretação a respeito de passagens da cosmologia do Timeu dedicadas a tratar da constituição da unidade corpoalma humana, o que inclui suas afecções. Nosso recorte limita-se a mostrar que as afecções – próprias ao que há de apetitivo, irascível e racional na unidade corpoalma humana – decorrem da encarnação, e o seu direcionamento psíquico é capaz de conduzir os seres humanos à saúde ou à doença, à virtude ou ao vício.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Platão. Filosofia Antiga. Psicologia. Páthos. ABSTRACT:One of the last works written by Plato, the Timaeus, seems to us one of the richest texts to identify the status of passions in Plato's philosophy: The origin of the passions/affections, their properties, their role in the psychic balance and the conduct of human actions. Such wealth, depth and theoretical extension constituted a large part of our doctoral thesis, that aimed to demonstrate the articulation between Psychology, Ethics, and Politics in the dialogues Republic, Timaeus, and Laws. In the present text, we shall confine ourselves to our interpretation of passages in the cosmology of the Timaeus devoted to the constitution of the human body-soul unity, which includes its affections. Our clipping is limited to showing that the affections - proper to that which is appetitive, irascible and rational in the human body-soul unity - elapsed from the incarnation and its psychic direction are capable of leading human beings to health or sickness, into virtue or vice.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Platão. Filosofia Antiga. Psicologia. Páthos.

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