scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF THE MIXTURE OF DIESEL WITH ETHANOL AND DODECANOL

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (50) ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
KRZEMIŃSKI A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Renewable Sources

The most popular group of alternative fuels is that derived from renewable sources. This group of fuels includes: vegetable oils and their derivatives (for example, esters of higher carboxylic acids) alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) ethers (for example, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether) liquid biomass processing products ( synthetic fuel). Among this group, the most interesting are alcohols, especially ethanol. This is due to the fact that ethanol has better physicochemical properties than methanol. It can be produced from renewable sources and the manufacturing process is not complicated. Drinking alcohol also reduces emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and toxic compounds such as particulate matter and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from diesel engines. By using alternative fuels, costly engine design changes can be avoided and only regulatory changes can be made. The miscibility of ethanol with diesel is influenced by water content and temperature. At a temperature of about 10 ° C, the mixture stratifies. One additive that can be used as a stabilizer for an ethanol-diesel mixture is dodecanol (C12H26). It is obtained by reduction of methyl esters. Dodecanol is solid at a temperature of 24 ° C, insoluble in water and mixes well with diesel fuel and ethyl alcohol. In order for this type of fuel to be used to power diesel engines, it is necessary to know their physicochemical properties, since they have a significant impact on the correct operation of the internal combustion engine, operational parameters and the purity of exhaust gases into the environment. The addition of ethanol to diesel fuel affects key properties such as kinematic viscosity and density. Viscosity affects the atomization and atomization characteristics of the combustion chamber. According to Soter, a lower viscosity value leads to smaller droplet diameters, thus increasing the surface area of the droplets significantly affects the evaporation time of the droplets. Taking into account the processes occurring in the injection systems, the choice of fuel with the optimal viscosity should be a compromise option. On the one hand, the increase in viscosity is favorable due to the efficiency and pressure in the high-pressure pumps and the lubrication conditions of the moving interacting elements of the injection system, but on the other hand, it leads to an increase in energy for pumping fuel into the supply system. On the other hand, an increase in density leads to an increase in particulate emissions. Low density is associated with lower heating value. This will affect the degradation of power and torque. In such a case, in order to reduce the difference, the fuel dose should be increased, the fuel consumption will be increased and the beneficial effect of low fuel density on the reduction of particulate matter emissions will be eliminated. The article presents the results of the study of the issue substantiated the need to measure the kinematic viscosity and density of mixtures of diesel fuel with ethanol and dodecanol. The results of the viscosity measurements can be used to determine the injection parameters and the macrostructure of the atomized fuel flow. KEY WORDS: DIESEL FUEL, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, DODECANOL, KINETIC VISCOSITY

scholarly journals Lignocellulosic Bioethanol and Biobutanol as a Biocomponent for Diesel Fuel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5597
Author(s):  
Michal Obergruber ◽  
Vladimír Hönig ◽  
Jan Jenčík ◽  
Jiří Hájek ◽  
Dominik Schlehöfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
Fuel Additive

In this paper, the fuel properties of mixtures of diesel fuel and ethanol and diesel fuel and butanol in the ratio of 2.5% to 30% were investigated. The physicochemical properties of the blends such as the cetane number, cetane index, density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, lubricity, CFPP, and distillation characteristics were measured, and the effect on fuel properties was evaluated. These properties were compared with the current EN 590+A1 standard to evaluate the suitability of the blends for use in unmodified engines. The alcohols were found to be a suitable bio-component diesel fuel additive. For most physicochemical properties, butanol was found to have more suitable properties than ethanol when used in diesel engines. The results show that for some properties, a butanol–diesel fuel mixture can be mixed up to a ratio of 15%. Other properties would meet the standard by a suitable choice of base diesel.

Effect of n-heptane and n-decane on exhaust odour in direct injection diesel engines

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Roy
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Incomplete Combustion

This study investigated the effect of n-heptane and n-decane on exhaust odour in direct injection (DI) diesel engines. The prospect of these alternative fuels to reduce wall adherence and overleaning, major sources of incomplete combustion, as well as odorous emissions has been investigated. The n-heptane was tested as a low boiling point fuel that can improve evaporation as well as wall adherence. However, the odour is a little worse with n-heptane and blends than that of diesel fuel due to overleaning of the mixture. Also, formaldehyde (HCHO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) in the exhaust increase with increasing n-heptane content. The n-decane was tested as a fuel with a high cetane number that can improve ignition delay, which has a direct effect on wall adherence and overleaning. However, with n-decane and blends, the odour rating is about 0.5-1 point lower than for diesel fuel. Moreover, the aldehydes and THC are significantly reduced. This is due to less wall adherence and proper mixture formation.

scholarly journals Research on Physico-Chemical Properties of Diethyl Ether/Linseed Oil Blends for the Use as Fuel in Diesel Engines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6564
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Górski ◽  
Ruslans Smigins ◽  
Rafał Longwic
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Physico Chemical

Physico-chemical properties of diethyl ether/linseed oil (DEE/LO) fuel blends were empirically tested in this article for the first time. In particular, kinematic viscosity (ν), density (ρ), lower heating value (LHV), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and surface tension (σ) were examined. For this research diethyl ether (DEE) was blended with linseed oil (LO) in volumetric ratios of 10%, 20% and 30%. Obtained results were compared with literature data of diethyl ether/rapeseed oil (DEE/RO) fuel blends get in previous research in such a way looking on differences also between oil types. It was found that DEE impacts significantly on the reduction of plant oil viscosity, density and surface tension and improve low temperature properties of tested oils. In particular, the addition of 10% DEE to LO effectively reduces its kinematic viscosity by 53% and even by 82% for the blend containing 30% DEE. Tested ether reduces density and surface tension of LO up to 6% and 25% respectively for the blends containing 30% DEE. The measurements of the CFPP showed that DEE significantly improves the low temperature properties of LO. In the case of the blend containing 30% DEE the CFPP can be lowered up to −24 °C. For this reason DEE/LO blends seem to be valuable as a fuel for diesel engines in the coldest season of the year. Moreover, DEE/LO blends have been tested in the engine research. Based on results it can be stated that the engine operated with LO results in worse performance compared with regular diesel fuel (DF). However, it was found that these disadvantages could be reduced with DEE as a component of the fuel mixture. Addition of this ether to LO improves the quality of obtained fuel blends. For this reason, the efficiency of DEE/LO blend combustion process is similar for the engine fuelled with regular diesel fuel. In this research it was confirmed that the smoke opacity reaches the highest value for the engine fuelled with plant oils. However, addition of 20% DEE reduces this emission to the value comparable for the engine operated with diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Study on Particulate Matter of Diesel Engine Using Waste Cooking Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 420-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Fauziah Jaharudin ◽  
Nur Atiqah Ramlan ◽  
Mohd Herzwan Hamzah ◽  
Abdul Adam Abdullah ◽  
Rizalman Mamat
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Cooking Oil

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major pollutants emitted by diesel engine which have adverse effects on human health. Accordingly, many researches have been done to find alternative fuels that are clean and efficient. Biodiesel is preferred as an alternative source for diesel engine which produces lower PM than diesel fuel. However, the manufacturing cost of biodiesel from vegetable oil is expensive. Therefore, using waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel would be more economical and sustainable solution. The characteristics of direct injection diesel engine in term of the PM have been investigated experimentally in this study. The experiments were conducted using single cylinder diesel engine with different speed (1200 rpm, 1500 rpm, 1800 rpm, 2100 rpm, 2400 rpm) at constant load. PM emission of WCO B100 and diesel fuel was compared and the effect of PM components such as soluble organic fraction (SOF) and soot were studied. The result showed WCO B100 reduces the PM emission at all engine speed. Furthermore, both fuels showed highest reduction of PM concentration at moderate engine speed of 1500 rpm.

Impact of Fuel Preparation System on Combustion Process and Exhaust Emissions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pischinger ◽  
M. Umierski
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Other Hand

In the past decade, the quality of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) has not improved or even declined in general. The progress in refinery techniques allowed to use a higher percentage of the crude oil for light fuels and other components. Therefore, the concentration of heavy components and agglomerates in the residual fuel increased. On the other hand, a better exhaust quality without compromising the superior fuel consumption of HFO-fuelled engines can only be gained by improved fuel injection. High injection pressures, rate shaping and electronic control of injection timing as well as new injection techniques like Common-Rail will be common features of engines for the next decades. Unfortunately, electronic controlled unit pumps and moreover, Common Rail systems are very sensitive to fuel quality, especially the content of water, sediments, agglomerates and other sludge. If ran on fuel processed by today’s fuel preparation system, wear would be excessive or damages will take place. On the other hand, if conventional on-board purification is intensified, the percentage of fuel deposit will rise and lower the over-all efficiency. To observe effects of fuel composition, a single cylinder research engine (250 mm bore/320 mm stroke) is fuelled by HFO in typical operation modes including different speeds and loads. Diesel fuel was also used to compare the results with another fuel of e.g. different sulphur content to separate effects on particulate matter. The high, typical sulphur content of the used HFO of about 3% increases the particulate matter; approx. 30% are sulphur products. The Soluble Organic Fraction (SOF, unburned fuel and oil) of PM is significantly higher compared to diesel fuel (50...70% to 10%). This impacts the particulate size distribution as well: although the main fraction of particulates consist of a size from 100...400nm for diesel and HFO, the number of small particulates (approx. 50 nm) is different, depending on the Sulphur content as this size consists of small condensates; therefore, the number may also be impacted by ambient air humidity. By use of different components for fuel preparation, the size, distribution and content of agglomerates can be impacted, but re-agglomeration occurs fast within minutes and must be taken into account. The differences in agglomerates does not result in a different total exhaust particulate mass. The slight effects found within the test are not significant and are in addition to that affected by ambient conditions. The fuel preparation, especially the use of homogenization equipment, needs more development efforts. For example, a mechanical homogenization apparatus can crack agglomerates and improve fuel homogeneity, but may fail to bring the size of agglomerates to a dimension that the filter is relieved.

A review study on using diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on fuel properties, injection, and combustion characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmet Sezer
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Diethyl Ether ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Fuel Additives ◽  
Review Study

This study was compiled from the results of various researches performed on using diethyl ether as a fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. Three different techniques are used, the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of diesel engines. The first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions has improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time-consuming. The second technique is the use of various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The final technique to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine performance is the use of various alternative fuels or fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engines are nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. It is very difficult to reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions simultaneously in practice. Most researches declare that the best way to reduce these emissions is the use of various alternative fuels i.e. natural gas, biogas, biodiesel, or the use of fuel additives with these alternative fuels or conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, it is very important that the results of various studies on alternative fuels or fuel additives are evaluated together for practice applications. Especially, this study focuses on the use of diethyl ether in diesel engines as fuel or fuel additive in various diesel engine fuels. This review study investigates the effects of diethyl ether on the fuel properties, injection, and combustion characteristics.

Reducing the Environmental Pollution from Diesel Engine Fuelled with Eco- Friendly Biodiesel Blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Ramesh C ◽  
Murugesan A ◽  
Vijayakumar C
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Ignition Quality

Diesel engines are widely used for their low fuel consumption and better efficiency. Fuel conservation, efficiency and emission control are always the investigation points in the view of researchers in developing energy system. India to search for a suitable environmental friendly alternative to diesel fuel. The regulated emissions from diesel engines are carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), NOx and Particulate matter. It creates cancer, lungs problems, headaches and physical and mental problems of human. This paper focuses on the substitution of fossil fuel diesel with renewable alternatives fuel such as Biodiesel. Biodiesel is much clear than fossil diesel fuel and it can be used in any diesel engine without major modification. The experiment was conducted in a single-cylinder four-stroke water-cooled 3.4 kW direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with non-edible Pungamia oil biodiesel blends. The experimental results proved that up to 40% of Pungamia oil biodiesel blends give better results compared to diesel fuel. The AVL 444 di-gas analyzer and AVL 437 smoke meter are used to measure the exhaust emissions from the engine. The observation of results, non-edible Pongamia biodiesel blended fuels brake thermal efficiency (3.59%) is improved and harmful emissions like CO, unburned HC, CO2, Particulate matter, soot particles, NOx and smoke levels are 29.67%, 26.65%, 33.47%, 39.57%, +/- 3.5 and 41.03% is decreased respectively compared to the diesel fuel. This is due to biodiesel contains the inbuilt oxygen content, ignition quality, carbon burns fully, less sulphur content, no aromatics, complete CO2 cycle.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF BIO- DIESEL FUEL WITH TITANIUM- OXIDE COATED PISTON ON 4-STROKE D.I DIESEL ENGINE

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Reddy ◽  
S. S. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Alternate Fuels

Diesel engines are being used extensively for fuel economy but due to gradual depletion of Petroleum resources and increase in exhaust emissions, there is an urgent need for suitable alternative fuels for the diesel engines. As our country is an agricultural country, if the alternate fuels are produced by our farmers it will be beneficial for the country and the farmers also. In recent studies, researchers studied various vegetable oils like canola oil, aloveera oil, soya been oil, flaxseed oil and hone oil etc. Out of all flaxseed oil play an important role as an alternative fuel. But the properties of flaxseed oil are not suitable for the usage in the existing diesel engines without blending with diesel fuel. The performance of the engine depends on the combustion phenomenon and it further depends on the amount of heat retained in the combustion chamber. Hence the present work is planned accordingly to develop an insulated engine by coating the piston with TIO2 material. So that more amount of heat will be retained in the combustion chamber which aids the combustion. Further the performance of flaxseed biodiesel blend namely B10, B20, B30 and B40 are tested and the results are mentioned accordingly.

Influence of Coconut Biodiesel and Waste Cooking Oil Blended Fuels on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Liaquat ◽  
H. H. Masjuki ◽  
M. A. Kalam ◽  
M. M. K. Bhuiya ◽  
M. Varman
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Cooking Oil

Due to diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum fuelled engines, alternative fuels are becoming increasingly important for diesel engines. The processed form of vegetable oil (Biodiesel) and waste products (waste cooking oil) offer attractive alternative fuels for compression ignition engines. In this study experimental work has been carried out to investigate engine performance parameters and emissions characteristics for direct injection diesel engine using coconut biodiesel and waste cooking oil blends without any engine modifications. A total of three fuel samples, such as DF (100% low-sulfur diesel fuel), CB10 (10% coconut biodiesel and 90% DF), and C5W5 (5% CB + 5% waste cooking oil and 90% DF) respectively are used. Engine performance test was performed at 100% load keeping throttle 100% wide open with variable speeds of 1500 to 2400 rpm at an interval of 100 rpm. Whereas, emission tests were carried out at 2300 rpm at 100% and 80% throttle position. As the results of investigations, there has been a decrease in torque and brake power, where increase in specific fuel consumption has been observed for blend fuels over the entire speed range as compared to diesel fuel. In case of engine exhaust gas emissions, lower HC, CO, CO2 emissions and higher NOx emissions, were found for fuel blends compared to diesel fuel. However, sound level for both blend fuels was lower as compared to diesel fuel. It can be concluded that CB10 and C5W5 can be used in diesel engines without any engine modifications and have beneficial effects both in terms of emission reductions and alternative petroleum diesel fuel. However, C5W5 produced better results compared to CB10.

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