Modern Medicine and the 20th Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs

This paper studies the contribution of sulfa drugs, a groundbreaking medical innovation in the 1930s, to declines in US mortality. For several infectious diseases, sulfa drugs represented the first effective treatment. Using time-series and difference-in-differences methods, we find that sulfa drugs led to a 24 to 36 percent decline in maternal mortality, 17 to 32 percent decline in pneumonia mortality, and 52 to 65 percent decline in scarlet fever mortality between 1937 and 1943. Altogether, sulfa drugs reduced mortality by 2 to 3 percent and increased life expectancy by 0.4 to 0.7 years. We also find that sulfa drugs benefited whites more than blacks. (JEL I12, L65, N32, N72)

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Canadian Physicians’ Breach of Duty to Patients and Communities from the Acquisition of Indigenous Skulls in the 19th Century to the Abandonment of People with AIDS in the 20th Century

Journal of Biocommunication ◽

10.5210/jbc.v45i1.10849 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Philip Berger

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Jewish Law ◽

Ethical Considerations ◽

The World ◽

William Osler ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Aboriginal Children ◽

The Impact

The impact of the Vienna Protocol transcends the world of Jewish law and provides important ethical considerations for modern medicine. This article provides a series of examples demonstrating how Canadian medical history intersects with the Vienna Protocol, and why historical insight remains relevant. Investigations into this exploitation include this author's own inquiry and attempt to repatriate Canadian indigenous skulls (a gift from William Osler to Rudolf Virchow), the glaring maltreatment of Aboriginal children in Canadian nutrition experiments, and the maltreatment of Canadian AIDS patients in the 1980s. Rudolf Virchow photo provided by and licensed from Alamy Inc., Brooklyn, NY

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„Arvīd, uz kurieni Tu aizgāji?”: Arvīda Griguļa personības loma Rakstnieku savienības vēsturē

Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums ◽

10.37384/aplkp.2020.25.074 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 74-84

Author(s):

Madara Eversone

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Communist Party ◽

Central Committee ◽

State Archive ◽

National Archives ◽

Literary Heritage ◽

Literary Process ◽

Long Time ◽

The Impact

The article aims to highlight the role of Arvīds Grigulis’ (1906–1989) personality in the Latvian Soviet literary process in the context of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union, attempting to discover the contradictions and significance of Arvīds Grigulis’ personality. Arvīds Grigulis was a long-time member of the Writers’ Union, a member of the Soviet nomenklatura, and an authority of the soviet literary process. His evaluations of pre-soviet literary heritage and writings of his contemporaries were often harsh and ruthless, and also influenced the development of the further literary process. The article is based on the documents of the Central Committee of the Latvian Communist Party, the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the Communist Party local organization of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union that are available at the Latvian State Archive of the National Archives of Latvia, as well as memories of Grigulis’ contemporaries. It is concluded that the personality of the writer Arvīds Grigulis, although unfolding less in the context of the Writers’ Union, is essential for the exploration of the soviet literary process and events behind the scenes. The article mainly describes events and episodes taking place until 1965, when Arvīds Grigulis’ influence in the Writers’ Union was more remarkable. Individual and further studies should analyse changes and the impact of his decisions in the cultural process of the 70s and 80s of the 20th century.

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Bookkeeper-Controller-CFO: The Rise of the Chief Financial and Chief Accounting Officer

Accounting Historians Journal ◽

10.2308/aahj-52538 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Doron ◽

C. Richard Baker ◽

Kiren Dosanjh Zucker

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Corporate Finance ◽

20Th Century ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

Legal Liability ◽

Senior Management ◽

Chief Financial Officers ◽

Management Positions ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT This paper traces the evolution of the chief accounting and chief financial officers from minor figures in corporate governance for most of the 20th century to senior management positions by the late 1970s. The paper begins with the testimony before Congress of Arthur Tucker during the debates over the legislation that would become the 1933 Securities Act. Tucker's testimony resulted in the controller or chief accounting officer being included among those persons specifically listed as potentially liable for fraudulent statements or omissions under Section 11 of the Act. The impact of Tucker's efforts, the evolution of the legal liability of financial and accounting officers over the next several decades, the increasing complexity of corporate finance and financial reporting that led to the establishment of the CFO as a position second only to the CEO, and the place of the accounting officer among senior management, are analyzed in the subsequent sections.

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Communication as a Key Issue in the Care of Diabetes Mellitus

Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases ◽

10.1515/rjdnmd-2015-0037 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 305-310

Author(s):

Elena-Daniela Grigorescu ◽

Cristina Mihaela Lăcătuşu ◽

Gina Eosefina Botnariu ◽

Raluca Maria Popescu ◽

Alina Delia Popa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Medical Care ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Therapeutic Education ◽

Communicative Interaction ◽

Patient Centered ◽

Patient’S Satisfaction ◽

Communication Techniques ◽

Physician Patient ◽

The Impact

Abstract The physician-patient communication has an essential role in establishing and supporting the relationship between these two partners. Moreover, modern medicine highlights the patient-centered approach. Publications assessing the impact of an efficient physicianpatient communication on medical care results in diseases such as diabetes and hypertension have revealed a positive correlation between patient’s satisfaction about the communication with the physician and values of blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin and pain intensity. Interventions needed in both doctors and patients for developing communication abilities were paid special attention in order to achieve an appropriate improvement in their communicative interaction during periodical appointments. In the field of diabetes mellitus, the medical challenge is to improve patients’ knowledge about medical care; this aim is achieved only by therapeutic education, using high-quality communication techniques.

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A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-10-7411-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 7411-7422 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. G. Brewer

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

20Th Century ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Trade Offs ◽

History Of ◽

Chemical Knowledge ◽

The Creation ◽

Ph Scale ◽

The Impact

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

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Potential of Therapeutic Bacteriophages in Nosocomial Infection Management

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.638094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Nannan Wu ◽

Tongyu Zhu

Keyword(s):

Nosocomial Infection ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Good Manufacturing Practice ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Patient Treatment ◽

Phage Library ◽

Infection Management ◽

The Impact

Nosocomial infections (NIs) are hospital-acquired infections which pose a high healthcare burden worldwide. The impact of NIs is further aggravated by the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conventional treatment and disinfection agents are often insufficient to catch up with the increasing AMR and tolerance of the pathogenic bacteria. This has resulted in a need for alternative approaches and raised new interest in therapeutic bacteriophages (phages). In contrast to the limited clinical options available against AMR bacteria, the extreme abundance and biodiversity of phages in nature provides an opportunity to establish an ever-expanding phage library that collectively provides sustained broad-spectrum and poly microbial coverage. Given the specificity of phage-host interactions, phage susceptibility testing can serve as a rapid and cost-effective method for bacterial subtyping. The library can also provide a database for routine monitoring of nosocomial infections as a prelude to preparing ready-to-use phages for patient treatment and environmental sterilization. Despite the remaining obstacles for clinical application of phages, the establishment of phage libraries, pre-stocked phage vials prepared to good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, and pre-optimized phage screening technology will facilitate efforts to make phages available as modern medicine. This may provide the breakthrough needed to demonstrate the great potential in nosocomial infection management.

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“Sermo eorum sicut cancer serpit”. Chromatius of Aquileia against heresies

Vox Patrum ◽

10.31743/vp.3369 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 ◽

pp. 443-455

Author(s):

Miran Sajovic

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Adriatic Sea ◽

Conference Paper ◽

The North ◽

Trade Center ◽

The Impact ◽

North End

Bishop Chromatius (in office from 388 to 407), whose episcopal see was a cosmopolitan trade-center at the north end of the Adriatic Sea with the name of Aquileia, was one of the most prominent bishops in the period. He is acquainted with notable figures such as Ambrosius, Hieronymus, Rufinus, and Ioannes Chrysostomus and forth. Before being created a bishop, he was the secretary of bishop Valerianus and in the occasion of Council of Aquileia in 381, he had spoken against Arians. This Council was presided by Ambrosius and with its scale it could almost be considered as an ecumenical one. As shown in some of the Chromatius’ sermons, which are unearthed in the 20th century, he opposed not only to the ideas of Arians but also to the teaching of Fotinus, bishop of Sirmium. Chromatius was a very zealous fighter and he practically succeeded to uproot all heretical ideas in his diocese. The academia usually sees him as an anti-Arian theologian. After the Council of Constantinople (381), the Arian heresy seemed to be abated, but Chromatius said in one of his Tractatus, “Cuius (sc. Arii) discipuli hodieque oues Dei fallere ac decipere conantur per aliquantas ecclesias, sed iamdudum, magistro perfidiae prodito, discipuli latere non possunt”; it is evident that, the followers of Arius could still be found (with the mentioning of “hodie”, i.e. today) in the area of Aquileia, meanwhile one must not neglect the presence of the followers of Fotinus of Sirmium. The first part of my conference paper would be a general presentation of the religious situation in Aquileia at the time where Chromatius served as the local bishop; thus I will proceed with an in-depth reading on several passages of the Aquilerian bishop’s sermons (Sermones and Tractatus), in order to show the impact of the those heresies on his works and to identity his theological arguments against them. Among those teachings, there is the “unconquerable faith (invicta fide)”, which led to the surmounting (suppression) of heresies.

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Impak Pemikiran Islah dan Tajdid Terhadap Pendidikan Tinggi Wanita Islam di Malaysia Selepas Merdeka

Sains Humanika ◽

10.11113/sh.v10n3-4.1542 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

Wahibah Twahir@Hj Tahir ◽

Kamaruzzaman Yusof ◽

Abu Hassan Abdul

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Women's Education ◽

Muslim Women ◽

Female Students ◽

Islamic Education ◽

Late 20Th Century ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Education Network ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

The study aims to identify the development of the Islah and Tajdid movements in Malaya and the impact on Islamic education for women starting at the madrasah level to the high level in the late 20th century. This study discusses the movement of Islah and Tajdid which appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in Malaya and analyzed the influence of thinking on Islamic women's education. This study was conducted using a qualitative study, where all data information from primary and secondary sources was scrutinized and analyzed by taking an inductive approach. The study found that the characters involved in this movement in Malaya since the very beginning of their return from their studies in Egypt have supported the thought of Sheikh Muhammad Abduh and Sheikh Rasyid Ridha in the case of women's education. They wrote and worked on publications through newspapers and magazines that voiced the importance of Muslim women to be given freedom of education to engage in society. In order to realize these thoughts and awareness, they also set up special madrasah for female students in Penang, Melaka and Singapore. The influence of their thinking has led to the awareness of the Malay community with the establishment of madrasah in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, and Johor and opened the widest opportunities for female students to receive education. Until the Independence era of Malaya, these madrasah have expanded to whole land of Malay as the efforts and awareness of group of religionist that support the thinking of Islah and Tajdid. In 1952 Malaya Islamic College was established and followed by Yayasan Pengajian Tinggi Islam Kelantan (YPTIK) in 1956 as a result of this group's efforts. Women's students also have the opportunity to pursue higher levels of education until there is an Islamic women's education network between Malaysia, Indonesia and Egypt. At the end of the 20th century, Muslim women had succeeded in occupying various career fields, especially in Islamic education as teachers in schools, as a lecturer at higher learning centers that offering various fields of Islamic studies and as civil servants in government departments.

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Bioethical aspects of robotics in surgery

JAHR ◽

10.21860/j.12.1.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 127-137

Author(s):

Elena Vvedenskaya

Keyword(s):

Radical Change ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Type Model ◽

Physician Patient Relationship ◽

Routine Tasks ◽

Patient Will ◽

The One ◽

Physician Patient ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

The article discusses the bioethical aspects of robotics in surgery and assesses the impact of this process on the relationship between the physician and the patient. An engineering model is gradually replacing the traditional paternalistic model of the physician-patient relationship. If paternalism implies the doctor’s attitude to the patient as his sick child, which requires compassion, help, and great responsibility on the part of the doctor, then when implementing the second model, the doctor, like a technical executor, performs only the responsibilities provided by the job description. On the one hand, the dominance of a technical-type model carries the threat of depersonalizing the patient and eliminating contact between the physician and the patient. On the other hand, this contributes to a radical change in the concept of medicine. Why people usually go to doctors? For establishing a diagnosis, prescribing a course of treatment, a prescription, and performing medical manipulations? Machines, leaving a human with a completely different role in the relationship between the physician and the patient, will increasingly perform these actions. The release of doctors from routine tasks will allow them to pay more attention to patient care, fully demonstrating their human qualities. The article analyzes the surgeon’s place in modern medicine and makes an attempt to determine which category the surgery belongs to, “machine territory” or “human territory”.

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