scholarly journals Potential of Therapeutic Bacteriophages in Nosocomial Infection Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nannan Wu ◽  
Tongyu Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Phage Library ◽  
Infection Management ◽  
The Impact

Nosocomial infections (NIs) are hospital-acquired infections which pose a high healthcare burden worldwide. The impact of NIs is further aggravated by the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conventional treatment and disinfection agents are often insufficient to catch up with the increasing AMR and tolerance of the pathogenic bacteria. This has resulted in a need for alternative approaches and raised new interest in therapeutic bacteriophages (phages). In contrast to the limited clinical options available against AMR bacteria, the extreme abundance and biodiversity of phages in nature provides an opportunity to establish an ever-expanding phage library that collectively provides sustained broad-spectrum and poly microbial coverage. Given the specificity of phage-host interactions, phage susceptibility testing can serve as a rapid and cost-effective method for bacterial subtyping. The library can also provide a database for routine monitoring of nosocomial infections as a prelude to preparing ready-to-use phages for patient treatment and environmental sterilization. Despite the remaining obstacles for clinical application of phages, the establishment of phage libraries, pre-stocked phage vials prepared to good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards, and pre-optimized phage screening technology will facilitate efforts to make phages available as modern medicine. This may provide the breakthrough needed to demonstrate the great potential in nosocomial infection management.

scholarly journals Frequency, characteristics and impact of multiple consecutive nosocomial infections in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and ascites

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-576
Author(s):  
Marie Schultalbers ◽  
Tammo L Tergast ◽  
Nicolas Simon ◽  
Abdul-Rahman Kabbani ◽  
Markus Kimmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Infectious Episode ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
The Impact

Background Nosocomial infections are a particular threat for patients with liver cirrhosis. It is not uncommon that individuals develop even several consecutive infections during a single hospital stay. We aimed to investigate the impact and characteristics of multiple, consecutive nosocomial infections. Methods A total of 514 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites were included and followed up for 28 days for nosocomial infection, death or liver transplantation (LTx). Laboratory values were assessed at the time of hospitalization as well as at the onset of each new infectious episode. Results 58% ( n = 298) of the patients developed at least one nosocomial infection and in 23% ( n = 119) even multiple infections were documented during a single hospital stay. Consecutive infections usually occurred shortly after the previous episode. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) was the most common infection. However, the proportion of SBP declined from 43% at the first to only 31% at the third nosocomial infection ( p = 0.096). In contrast, the likelihood for other, less common types of infection such as blood stream infections increased. Third nosocomial infections were also more likely to be linked to the detection of fungal pathogens (21% vs. 52%; p = 0.001). Each additional infectious episode had a dramatic detrimental impact on LTx-free survival that was independent from the stage of liver disease (adjusted-HR: 6.76, p = 0.002 for first nosocomial infection; adjusted-HR: 14.69, p<0.001 for second nosocomial infection; adjusted-HR: 24.95, p<0.001 for third nosocomial infection). Conclusion In patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis LTx-free survival significantly decreases with every consecutive infectious episode. Development of prevention strategies is urgently required.

scholarly journals Sustainable Low-Volume Analysis of Environmental Samples by Semi-Automated Prioritization of Extracts for Natural Product Research (SeaPEPR)

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Riyanti ◽  
Michael Marner ◽  
Christoph Hartwig ◽  
Maria Patras ◽  
Stevy Wodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Natural Product Research ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
Metabolic Fingerprint ◽  
Microbial Screening ◽  
The Impact

The discovery of novel natural products (NPs) that will serve as lead structures has to be an ongoing effort to fill the respective development pipelines. However, identification of NPs, which possess a potential for application in e.g., the pharma or agro sector, must be as cost effective and fast as possible. Furthermore, the amount of sample available for initial testing is usually very limited, not least because of the fact that the impact on the environment, i.e., the sampled biosystem, should be kept minimal. Here, our pipeline SeaPEPR is described, in which a primary bioactivity screening of crude extracts is combined with the analysis of their metabolic fingerprint. This enabled prioritization of samples for subsequent microfractionation and dereplication of the active compounds early in the workflow. As a case study, 76 marine sponge-derived extracts were screened against a microbial screening panel. Thereunder, human pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC35218 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33592) and yeast (Candida albicans FH2173), as well as the phytopathogenic fungus Septoria tritici MUCL45407. Overall, nine extracts revealed activity against at least one test organism. Metabolic fingerprinting enabled assigning four active extracts into one metabolic group; therefore, one representative was selected for subsequent microfractionation. Dereplication of the active fractions showed a new dibrominated aplysinopsin and a hypothetical chromazonarol stereoisomer derivative. Furthermore, inhibitory activity against the common plant pest Septoria tritici was discovered for NPs of marine origin.

scholarly journals Changes in Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection Pre- and Post-COVID-19 pandemic from a Tertiary Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Su ◽  
Zhiqin Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Hanlin Peng ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for six months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University.Results: A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p=0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p=0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions: The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

scholarly journals 807. Effect of Inter-Hospital Transfer on Nosocomial Infection Rates in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S446-S447
Author(s):  
Joseph E Marcus ◽  
Jason Okulicz ◽  
Valerie Sams ◽  
Andriy Batchinsky ◽  
Alice Barsoumian
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Nosocomial Infection Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hospital Transfer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Extracorporeal Oxygenation (ECMO) has been increasingly used as a life support modality for cardiac and pulmonary failure. Due to improved survival in patients treated in high volume ECMO centers, inter-hospital transport of these critically ill patients is on the rise. These patients may be transported via ambulance locally, or by aircraft over long distances. However, potential risks of nosocomial infectious complications associated with transfers has not been reported. We evaluated the impact of transfers on nosocomial infections for patients who received ECMO at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC). Methods All patients who received ECMO for ≥48 hours at BAMC between May 2012 and October 2019 were included. Chart review was performed to determine transport status, infectious complications while on ECMO, and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated organisms. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-squared, Fisher’s exact, or Mann-Whitney U tests as appropriate. Factors associated with nosocomial infections were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Results Compared to patients who were cannulated locally (n=33), patients who underwent cannulation at referral facility and inter-hospital transfer (n=76) had no difference in infections per 1000 ECMO days (33.1 vs. 30.5, p=0.74) or in infections with multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) (50% vs. 55%, p=1). Of transferred patients, those transferred by aircraft (n=11) had no difference in infection rate (22.4 vs. 31.8 per 1000 ECMO days, p= 0.39) or MDRO incidence (52% vs 75%, p=0.61) compared to those only transferred by ambulance (n=65). Multivariate analysis showed the greatest risk factor for nosocomial infection was time on ECMO (OR 12.2 for longest tertile time on ECMO vs. shortest tertile, p=0.0001); transport was not significantly associated with infection (OR 2.1, p=0.06). Nosocomial infection rate by site of ECMO cannulation Conclusion This study did not find a significant difference in nosocomial infection rate or recovery of MDROs between transported and non-transported patients on ECMO, regardless of transport modality. This study suggests that transportation is not the primary driver of nosocomial infections in this cohort. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in Intensive Care Units in Shahid Sayyad-E-Shirazi Hospital of Gorgan During 2016-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roghieh Golsha ◽  
Nadia Ashoori ◽  
Mohammad Tajik ◽  
Ahmad Sohrabi ◽  
Maryam Montazeri
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Goals ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermis ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Understanding the pattern of infections in the intensive care unit and the correct pattern of antibiotic use is vital in reducing mortality. Identification of risk factors for nosocomial infection and preventive approaches can be effective in reducing the incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the intensive care unit (ICU) acquired infection. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients admitted to the ICU of Sayyad Shirazi Hospital during 2016-18. All patients' information recorded and analyzed by SPSS version 16. Results: In this study, the nosocomial infection rate was 3.5%, mostly in individuals over 60 years old. Most of the positive cultures were from two sources of urine and then blood. The organisms observed in nosocomial infections were Escherichia coli (16.9%), Staphylococcus epidermis (11.5%), Enterococci, and Enterobacter. The most commonly used antibiotics were vancomycin and then meropenem. Antibiogram results indicated the highest antibiotic resistance (100%) to cefazolin, piperacillin and clindamycin, and 96.8% to ceftriaxone. Vancomycin and amikacin had the lowest resistance. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the incidence of nosocomial infection is unavoidable, and its control is the most important health goals of medical centers. Proper treatment interventions are needed to reduce the impact of nosocomial infection.

Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Decontamination to Prevent Nosocomial Infection in Cardiac Surgery Patients

2018 ◽  
pp. 282-286
Author(s):  
Jose L. Diaz-Gomez ◽  
Sarah W. Robison
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Absolute Risk Reduction ◽  
Preventative Strategy ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization

Preventing nosocomial infections is important to improve postoperative outcomes for cardiac surgery patients. The patient’s own flora is thought to be the primary source of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, decontamination is an appealing preventative strategy for reducing nosocomial infections. This study investigated the use of topical chlorhexidine gluconate for perioperative nasal and oropharyngeal decontamination in cardiac surgery patients. The intervention resulted in a significant reduction in lower respiratory tract infections, deep surgical site infections, use of nonprophylactic antibiotics, and duration of hospitalization. There was an absolute risk reduction in total nosocomial infection of 6.4%; 16 patients would have to be treated with the chlorhexidine decontamination strategy to prevent one nosocomial infection. Chlorhexidine is an advantageous antimicrobial because it has broad-spectrum coverage, is inexpensive, and is very well tolerated.

scholarly journals Changes in prevalence of nosocomial infection pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic from a tertiary Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Su ◽  
Zhiqin Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Hanlin Peng ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for 6 months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University. Results A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. In addition, the rate of appropriate handwashing, the number of protective gloves and aprons used per person and the number of healthcare staff per patients were significantly increased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p = 0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p = 0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Nosocomial Infection Rate: A Case of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Maryam Jabarpour ◽  
Mahlagha Dehghan ◽  
Giti Afsharipour ◽  
Elham Hajipour Abaee ◽  
Parvin Mangolian Shahrbabaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nosocomial Infection Rate ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Surgical Units ◽  
The Impact

Background. Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a new type of coronavirus that has caused a global pandemic. The disease is highly contagious, and all people are susceptible to the disease. Therefore, extensive measures were taken to prevent the spread of the disease at the community and hospitals. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on nosocomial infection rate. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in an educational hospital, southeast Iran. The nosocomial infection rates of critical/intensive care units (CCU/ICUs) and medical-surgical units were assessed during and before the COVID-19 outbreak. Results. There was a 19.75-point decrease in the total rate of nosocomial infection during the COVID-19 outbreak ( P  = 0.02). In addition, there was a 39.12-point decrease in the total rate of CCU/ICUs’ nosocomial infection during the COVID-19 outbreak ( P  < 0.001). A 19.23-point decrease was also observed in the total rate of medical-surgical units’ nosocomial infection during the COVID-19 outbreak ( P  = 0.13). All kinds of CCU/ICUs’ nosocomial infections had between 31.22- and 100-point decreases during the COVID-19 outbreak. Among medical-surgical units, 33.33- and 30.70-point decreases were observed only in UTI and SSI, respectively, during the COVID-19 outbreak, while BSI had a 40-point increase during the COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions. Proper implementation of infection control protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic seems to reduce nosocomial infections.

Impact of Nosocomial Infection on Cost of Illness and Length of Stay in Intensive Care Units

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Yin Chen ◽  
Yi-Chang Chou ◽  
Pesus Chou
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjective:Economic evaluation has become increasingly important in healthcare and infection control. This study evaluated the impact of nosocomial infections on cost of illness and length of stay (LOS) in intensive care units (ICUs).Design:A retrospective cohort study.Setting:Medical, surgical, and mixed medical and surgical ICUs in a tertiary-care referral medical center.Patients:Patients admitted to adult ICUs between October 2001 and June 2002 were eligible for the study.Methods:Estimates of the cost and LOS for patients who acquired a nosocomial infection were computed using a stratified analysis and regression approach.Results:During the study period, 778 patients were admitted to the ICUs. Total costs for patients with and without nosocomial infections (median cost, $10,354 and $3,985, respectively) were significantly different (P < .05). The costs stratified by infection site (median differences from $4,687 to $7,365) and primary diagnosis (median differences from $5,585 to $16,507) were also significantly different (P < .05) except for surgical-site infection. After covariates were adjusted for in the multiple linear regression, nosocomial infection increased the total costs by $3,306 per patient and increased the LOS by 18.2 days per patient (P < .001). Each additional day spent in the ICU increased the cost per patient by $353 (P < .001).Conclusions:Nosocomial infections are associated with increased cost of illness and LOS. Prevention of nosocomial infections should reduce direct costs and decrease the LOS.

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

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