scholarly journals Implementasi Pemberian Vitamin A Ibu Nifas di Kota Palu dan Kabupaten Sigi

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Taqwin ◽  
Lisnawati Lisnawati ◽  
Sumiaty Sumiaty ◽  
Fahmi Hafid
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Multi Stage

Pemerintah Indonesia memberikan kapsul Vitamin A 200.000 IU untuk ibu nifas.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Implementasi pemberian Vitamin A Ibu Nifas di Kota Palu dan Kabupaten Sigi. Teknik Sampling dengan proportional multi stage random sampling, Penelitian dilaksanakan diwilayah kerja Dinas Kesehatan Kota Palu dan Kabupaten Sigi tanggal 02 Agustus hingga 15 September 2017. Sampel sebanyak 384 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan responden berusia reproduktif 20-35 tahun (80,7%) berpendidikan sekolah menengah umum 50%, bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga 81,0%. Implementasi pemberian Vitamin A Ibu Nifas di Kota Palu dan Kabupaten Sigi sebesar 33,3%. Bidan merupakan profesional Kesehatan yang paling berperan dalam pemberian Vitamin A ibu nifas (95,4%). Dari 130 orang, responden yang segera mengonsumsi vitamin A setelah melahirkan sebesar 76,2%, 6 jam setelah melahirkan 12,3%. Jumlah vitamin A yang diasup secara lengkap 2 kapsul per orang sebesar 66,9%. Cara mengonsumsinya pada umumnya sudah benar yaitu 1 kapsul hari pertama dan 1 kapsul hari berikutnya sebesar 56,9%. Disarankan agar pemberian kapsul Vitamin A Ibu Nifas tetap dijalankan terutama pada kelompok rentan yaitu ibu yang berpendidikan dan berpendapatan rendah. Temuan ini dapat disosialisasikan sebagai upaya mencegah kekurangan Vitamin A pada ASI ibu yang menyusui. Konsumsi minyak goreng terfortifikasi vitamin A dapat membantu memenuhi kebutuhan vitamin A pada ibu nifas terutama di kalangan wanita di komunitas berpenghasilan rendah.

Pengaruh Pemberian Rebusan Daun Ubi Jalar Terhadap Kecukupan ASI Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Campurejo Kota Kediri

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weni Tri Purnani
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
P Value ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Wilcoxon Sign Rank ◽  
Potato Extract ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves

ABSTRAKASI merupakan sumber makanan yang mengandung nutrisi yang lengkap untuk bayi. Rendahnya cakupan ASI di Indonesia menyumbang akibat yang tidak baik bagi kesehatan bayi. Berdasarkan hasil survey pendahuluan, dari 10 ibu menyusui 6 (60%) diantaranya mengatakan bahwa pengeluaran ASI mereka tidak lancar. Salah satu solusi yang tepat untuk meningkatkan suplai ASI adalah dengan mengonsumsi daun ubi jalar yang dipercaya mengandung berbagai macam zat dan vitamin terutama vitamin A. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh pemberian rebusan daun ubi jalar terhadap kecukupan ASI pada ibu menyusui di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Campurejo Tahun 2016. Desain penelitian ini adalah pre eksperimental menggunakan rancangan pretest posttest design. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh sampel 20 orang menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan lembar kuesioner dan penilaian. uji hipotesis yang digunakan adalah uji peringkat bertanda dari wilcoxon dengan nilai signifikasi α = 0,05. Hasil uji statistik dari Wilcoxon Sign Rank diperoleh nilai p value = 0,000 dengan taraf kesalahan (α =0,05) dapat dikatakan p ≤ α maka dapat disimpulakan bahwa H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Hal ini berarti ada pengaruh pemberian rebusan daun ubi jalar terhadap kecukupan ASI pada ibu menyusui diwilayah kerja puskesmas campurejo kota Kediri tahun 2016. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diharapkan bagi tenaga kesehatan dapat  dijadikan sebagai masukan untuk menggunakan daun ubi jalar untuk meningkatkan kecukupan ASI dalam pengembangan pengobatan tradisional. Kata Kunci : Kecukupan ASI, Daun Ubi jalar, Menyusui   ABSTRACTBreast milk is a food source that contains a complete nutritions for infants. Coverage of breast milk in Indonesia is still very low. Based on the preliminary results of the survey, from 10 breastfeeding mothers, there are 6 (60%) breastfeeding mom of them say that their breast milk isn’t enough for the babies. There’s a rightest solution to increase the breast milk supply, such as; the breastfeeding mom should eat or consume the sweet potato leaves that believed contains various nutritions and vitamins, especially vitamin A. The purpose of this study was to know the effect of giving sweet potato extract to breast milk adequacy on breastfeeding mothers in work area clinic of Campurejo Kediri City in 2016. The research design of this study was pre-experimental that using pre-test and post-test design. In this study obtained 20 samples of people that using simple random sampling technique. The collecting of data is done by using a questionnaires and assessment. The test hypothesis is marked on the Wilcoxon rank test with significance value α = 0.05. The result of statistical test Wilcoxon Sign Rank obtained p value = 0.000 with a standard error (α = 0.05) can be said p ≤ α then it means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. This means that there is an effect of giving sweet potato extract to breast milk adequacy on breastfeeding mothers in work area clinic of Campurejo Kediri City in 2016. Based on the results is the researcher expecting for health workers can be used as input to use sweet potato leaves to improve the adequacy of breast milk in the development of traditional medicine. Keywords: Adequacy of Breast Milk, Sweet Potato Leaves, Breastfeeding.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA HARDINESS DENGAN ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR PADA GURU DI KOTA BANDA ACEH

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza - ◽  
Rezky - Nofita
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Banda Aceh

Guru merupakan seorang pendidik yang memberi kontribusi yang besar dalam dunia pendidikan. Guru yang bekerja secara sukarela dan tidak mengharap imbalan dikatakan sebagai Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Salah satu faktor yang menimbulkan kepribadian OCB adalah hardiness. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Hardiness dengan Organiational Citizenship Behavior pada guru di Kota Banda Aceh. Metode pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah multi-stage cluster dan nonproportionate stratified random sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 100 guru pada Sekolah Menengah Atas di kota Banda Aceh. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Skala Hardiness yang disusun oleh peneliti sendiri, yang dikembangkan berdasarkan teori Kobasa (1979) dan Skala Organizational Citizenship Behavior yang disusun sendiri oleh peneliti yang dikembangkan berdasarkan teori Organ (1997). Hasil analisis data menggunakan teknik korelasi Pearson menunjukkan koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0.381 dengan nilai p = 0.000 (p

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis Kelamin, Usia, dan Religiusitas terhadap Kesehatan Mental Remaja

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Afriani Afriani ◽  
Nuzul Mela Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Religious Involvement ◽  
School Students ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Health Promotions ◽  
Muslim Religiosity ◽  
Banda Aceh

<p>Mental health becomes an major issue and has been of growing concern recently, but only few empirical studies focused on adolescence’s mental health especially in Aceh.  The current study aimed to determine the effect of sex, age, and religiosity on mental health among adolescents in Banda Aceh. A total of 342 students from four high school students in Banda Aceh was selected using Multi-Stage Cluster and Non-Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Mental health and religiosity were measured using Mental Health Inventory adapted from Veit and Ware, and Religiosity Scale developed by researchers from Muslim religiosity theory by Hamzah et al., respectively.  Data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Result of the study found that religiosity was significantly contributed to adolescents’ mental health (β=0,29, p&lt;0.01), indicated that higher score on religiosity scale was followed by higher score on mental health. Meanwhile, sex (β=-0,04, p&gt;0,05) and age (β=0,04, p&gt;0,05)  did not predict mental health in the present study. It showed that a sense of connectedness to God and higher level of religious involvement play an important role on adolescents’ mental health. Findings of the study give a valuable information  for the development of mental health promotions for adolescents, particularly in Banda Aceh.</p>

Electoral Distortion under STV Random Sampling Procedures

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gallagher ◽  
A. R. Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Social Choice Function ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Approval Voting ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
The Impact

This Note will discuss the impact of random sampling at elections conducted under the single transferable vote (STV) electoral system in multi-member constituencies in the Republic of Ireland. STV, partly because of its popularity among electoral reformers, has received considerable theoretical scrutiny. It has been given an ‘intermediate’ rating in recent assessment of a number of electoral systems, and dismissed as a ‘perverse social choice function’ because it is subject to non-monotonicity. This shortcoming is also mainly responsible for the low degree of acceptance accorded to it by Brams and Fishburn. Nurmi concludes that STV (like other multi-stage systems) performs poorly, with regard to a number of criteria, in comparison with one-stage systems like approval voting. Black complains that STV ‘is a compound of minor complexities and is difficult to remember’. Others have discussed shortcomings in STV and suggested remedies which can be implemented where the counting of votes is entirely computerized.

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Influencing Discontinuance of Technology Adoption: The Situation with Some Nigerian Farmers

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Bello ◽  
Salau E. S. ◽  
Ezra L.
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Literacy Campaign ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Frequency Counts

<p class="StandardTextkrperSAR">The study identified the factors influencing the discontinuance of improved rice technologies in Nasarawa State of Central Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling was purposely used to select eighty rice farmers from four rice-producing villages of the study area using structured interview schedule on the respondents. Statistical analysis involving frequency counts, means and percentage were used to satisfy objectives 1, 2, 3, and 4 while regression analysis was applied to satisfy objective 5. The results of the regression analysis showed that education and extension contact had significant but negative relationship at 5% level; while age had positive and significant relationship at 1% level with discontinuance of adoption of improved rice technologies. Farmers should be encouraged to participate in the on-going government rural literacy campaign while extension contact be enhanced to minimize discontinuance of improved rice technologies.</p>

scholarly journals Extent of Utilization of Medicinal Plants among Rural Households in Imo State, Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Samson Ejike Onu ◽  
Grace O. Mbah
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Tobit Regression Analysis ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The study investigated the extent of utilization of medicinal plants among rural household in Imo State Nigeria. The study made use of multi- stage random sampling techniques in sampling 120 respondents in the study area. The data for the study were collected with the use of structured questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive (such as frequency, percentages and mean count) Results showed that the available medicinal plants in the study area were pawpaw (100.0%), mango (100.0%), bitter leaf (95.0%), cocoa (81.67%) and Uziza leaf (78.33%, avocado (71.33%) among others. The result further revealed that cocoa (x̄= 3.47), pawpaw (x̄= 3.33), avocado (x̄= 3.25), raphia palm (x̄= 3.15), bitter leaf (x̄= 3.10), aloe vera (x̄= 3.03), uziza leaf (x̄= 2.93), morringa (x̄= 2.70) were highly utilized in the study area. Tobit regression analysis revealed that age, household size, farming experience, income and education at significantly influenced the utilization of medicinal plants among the rural households in the study area. The study recommended that the conservation of medicinal plants should be pursued vigorously by both government and individuals via establishment of botanical gardens and horticultural centres in order safe guard them from indiscriminate use, overexploitation and destruction.Key Words: Medicinal plants, Availability and Rural households.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH DI SMA DI KOTA MADIUN

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Arfan Diansyah
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Contextual Teaching

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh penggunaan model Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dan motivasi terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam pembelajaran sejarah di SMA Madiun. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan disain faktorial 2x2. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah peserta didik SMA negeri di kota Madiun dengan sampel penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas XI IS SMA Negeri 3 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan peserta didik kelas XI IS SMA Negeri 2 sebagai kelas kontrol tahun pelajaran 2013/2014. Jumlah sampel terdiri dari 30 peserta didik kelas eksperimen dan 30 peserta didik kelas kontrol. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik sampling multi stage random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan akngket (kuesioner) untuk variabel motivasi belajar dan test objektif untuk variabel kemampuan berpikir kritis. Uji hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Anova dua jalan (statistik parametrik). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa : (1) Ada pengaruh model CTL terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam pembelajaran sejarah di SMA negeri di kota Madiun. (2) Ada pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam pembelajaran sejarah di SMA Negeri di kota Madiun. (3) tidak ada interaksi pengaruh antara model CTL dan motivasi belajar terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dalam pembelajaran sejarah di SMA Negeri di kota Madiun.Kata Kunci : Belajar dan Pembelajaran Sejarah, Model Pembelajaran CTL, Motivasi Belajar, Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis.

scholarly journals Dampak Latihan Simple Circuit dan Running Circuit Terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tahan Kardiovaskular Dan Kelelahan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Cece Maulana ◽  
Hendra Rustiawan ◽  
Sri Maryati
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Simple Circuit ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Cardiovascular Endurance ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Post Test

Metode latihan simple circuit dengan running circuit dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular dan kelelahan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen. Desain penelitian yang dugunakan adalah two-group pre-test-post-test design. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa putra tingkat empat semester genap tahaun ajaran 2019-2020.Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah teknik stratified random sampling. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) untuk tes daya tahan kardiovaskular (vo2max) dan flamingo balance tes. Uji analisis data menggunakan uji hipotesis yaitu paired sample t-test. Hasil penelitian diperoleh persentase peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular pada metode latihan simple circuit sebesar 2.06%, Persentase peningkatan daya tahan kardiovaskular pada metode latihan running circuit sebesar 15.02%. Sedangkan hasil penelitian kelelahan pada metode simple circuit sebesar 22.36%, Persentase peningkatan kelelahan pada metode latihan running circuit sebesar 9.58%. Kesimpulannya adalah metode latihan simple circuit dan running circuit berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap daya tahan kardiovaskular, sedangkan pada variabel kelelahan meningkat secara negatif. Penulis menyarankan agar adanya penelitian lanjutan bagian durasi pemberian latihan pada ke-dua metode latihan tersebut agar hasil penelitian yang didapatkan lebih baik.This research aims to determine the simple circuit training method with running circuits to increase cardiovascular endurance and fatigue. The research method used was experimental. The research design used was a two-group pre-test-post-test design. The study was male students in the fourth semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The sampling technique used was the stratified random sampling technique. The instruments used in this research were the multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) for the cardiovascular endurance test (vo2max) and the flamingo balance test for fatigue. Test data analysis using hypothesis testing, namely paired sample t-test. The results showed that increased cardiovascular endurance in the simple circuit training method was 2.06%; the percentage of increased cardiovascular endurance in the running circuit training method was 15.02%. While fatigue research results on the simple circuit method were 22.36%, the rate of increased fatigue in the running circuit training method was 9.58%. The conclusion is the simple circuit training method and running circuit have a significant effect on cardiovascular endurance, while the fatigue variable increases negatively. The author suggests that there should be further research on the duration of giving exercise in both training methods. The research results obtained are better.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KOMPENSASI DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP MOTIVASI DAN KINERJA PEGAWAI

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmat Laan
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Multi Stage

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh kompensasi dan gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja pegawai baik langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui motivasi kerja. Sampel ditentukan sebanyak 200 PNS dengan teknik multi stage random sampling. Data dianalisis dengan pendekatan Structural Equatin Modeling (SEM). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kompensasi dan gaya kepemimpinan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai baik langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui motivasi kerja. Motivasi kerja memediasi kompensasi dan gaya kepemimpinan dalam memprediksi kinerja pegawai.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN AWAL DAN TES FORMATIF TERTULIS BERBASIS WEBSITE TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA SISWA MTs NEGERI BATAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-349
Author(s):  
JURAHMIN JURAHMIN
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Physics Learning ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Fixed Model ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Written Test ◽  
High Level ◽  
Initial Knowledge

This study aims to determine: (1) Differences in physics learning outcomes between students who are given a website-based formative written test and students who are given a paper and pencil-based formative written test; (2) The effect of the interaction between a website-based formative written test and a written formative test based on a website, paper and pencil, and the level of initial knowledge of physics learning outcomes; (3) The difference in physics learning outcomes between students who were given a website-based formative written test and a paper and pencil-based formative written test in a group of students who had a high level of initial knowledge; and (4 ) Differences in physics learning outcomes between students who were given a website-based formative written test and a paper and pencil-based written formative test in a group of students who had a low level of initial knowledge. This research uses experimental method with treatment by level fixed model design. The population of the entire class VIII of MTsN Batam for the academic year 2010/2011 is 10 classes. The research sample was determined by multi-stage random sampling consisting of 4 classes. Two experimental classes 1 were given a website-based formative written test and two experimental classes 2 were given a paper and pencil-based written formative test. Each treatment consisted of 40 students. The technique of collecting initial knowledge data and learning outcomes data is done by testing. Test requirements analysis was carried out with normality test and homogeneity test. The research hypothesis was tested using two-way ANOVA and further tests were carried out with the Tukey test. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded: (1) Overall, the learning outcomes of students who are given a written formative test based on a website are higher than students who are given a written formative test based on paper and pencil; (2) There is an interaction effect between written formative tests and the level of initial knowledge. on physics learning outcomes; (3) Overall, in the group of students who have a high level of initial knowledge, the learning outcomes of students who are given a website-based formative written test are higher than students who are given a paper and pencil-based written formative test; and (4) Generally Overall, in the group of students who have a low level of prior knowledge, the learning outcomes of students who are given a paper and pencil-based formative written test are higher than students who are given a website-based formative written test. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Perbedaan hasil belajar fisika antara siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website dengan siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil; (2) Pengaruh interaksi antara tes formatif tertulis berbasis website, tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil, dan tingkat pengetahuan awal terhadap hasil belajar fisika; (3) Perbedaan hasil belajar fisika antara siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website dan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil  pada kelompok siswa yang memiliki tingkat pengetahuan awal tinggi; dan (4) Perbedaan hasil belajar fisika antara siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website dan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil pada kelompok siswa yang memiliki tingkat pengetahuan awal rendah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain treatment by level fixed model. Populasi seluruh kelas VIII MTsN Batam tahun pelajaran 2010/2011 sebanyak 10 kelas. Sampel penelitian ditentukan secara  multi stage random sampling terdiri 4 kelas. Dua kelas eksperimen 1 diberi perlakuan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website dan dua kelas eksperimen 2 diberikan perlakuan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil. Masing masing perlakuan terdiri dari 40 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data pengetahuan awal dan data hasil belajar dilakukan dengan tes. Uji persyaratan analisis dilakukan dengan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas. Uji hipotesis penelitian menggunakan anava dua jalan dan dilakukan uji lanjut dengan uji Tukey. Berdasarkan hasil analisa data disimpulkan: (1) Secara keseluruhan, hasil belajar siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website lebih tinggi dibanding siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil; (2) Terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara tes formatif tertulis dan tingkat pengetahuan awal terhadap hasil belajar fisika; (3) Secara keseluruhan, pada kelompok siswa yang memiliki tingkat pengetahuan awal tinggi, hasil belajar siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website lebih tinggi dari siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil; dan (4) Secara keseluruhan, pada kelompok siswa yang memiliki tingkat pengetahuan awal rendah, hasil belajar siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis paper and pencil lebih tinggi dari siswa yang diberikan tes formatif tertulis berbasis website.

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