scholarly journals Salmonella Diversity Along the Farm-to-Fork Continuum of Pastured Poultry Flocks in the Southeastern United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Rothrock ◽  
Jean Y. Guard ◽  
Adelumola Oladeinde
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Tailored Intervention ◽  
Poultry Products

Greater consumer demand for all natural, antibiotic-free poultry products has led to an increase in pastured poultry operations. Given the increased level of environmental interaction, and the potential increase in exposure to foodborne pathogens, a greater understanding of the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella populations inherent within pastured poultry flocks. To achieve this, 42 pastured poultry flocks from 11 farms were sampled using a farm-to-fork strategy and Salmonella was isolated and characterized through pre-harvest (feces, soil) to post-harvest (ceca, whole carcass rinse) to the final product (whole carcass rinse) the consumer would purchase. Salmonella was isolated from 353 of a total of 2,305 samples, representing an overall prevalence of 18.1%. By far the most prevalent serotype was Kentucky (72.7% of all isolates), with <16% of all Salmonella representing a top serotype of concern for human health according to the CDC. Even though these flocks were raised antibiotic-free, Salmonella isolates exhibited resistances to a variety of antibiotics, with the two most common resistances being toward tetracycline and streptomycin (68.8 and 64.4% of all isolates, respectively); however, almost 98% of the multidrug resistant isolates were serotype Kentucky. Salmonella prevalence and diversity (both in terms of serotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles) were related more to the farm location than to the type of sample from which the Salmonella was isolated from along the farm-to-fork continuum. Based on these data, while Salmonella prevalence was similar to that from conventional poultry operations, serotypes of lesser concern to human health (Kentucky, Indiana) tended to fill the ecological niche for Salmonella species throughout the farm-to-fork continuum in these pastured poultry flocks. The diversity of these Salmonella populations tended to be farm specific, indicating the need for more tailored intervention strategies to continue to enhance the safety of these products.

scholarly journals Bacteriocins: Potential for Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Fuqing Huang ◽  
Kunling Teng ◽  
Yayong Liu ◽  
Yanhong Cao ◽  
Tianwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Food Preservatives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Therapeutic Activities

Due to the challenges of antibiotic resistance to global health, bacteriocins as antimicrobial compounds have received more and more attention. Bacteriocins are biosynthesized by various microbes and are predominantly used as food preservatives to control foodborne pathogens. Now, increasing researches have focused on bacteriocins as potential clinical antimicrobials or immune-modulating agents to fight against the global threat to human health. Given the broad- or narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity, bacteriocins have been reported to inhibit a wide range of clinically pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria, thus preventing the infections caused by these bacteria in the human body. Otherwise, some bacteriocins also show anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities. Because of the safety and being not easy to cause drug resistance, some bacteriocins appear to have better efficacy and application prospects than existing therapeutic agents do. In this review, we highlight the potential therapeutic activities of bacteriocins and suggest opportunities for their application.

Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Pathogens in Street-Vended Ready-to-Eat Meat Sold in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1963-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
MPINDA EDOAURD TSHIPAMBA ◽  
NGOMA LUBANZA ◽  
MODUPEADE CHRISTIANAH ADETUNJI ◽  
MULUNDA MWANZA
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Foodborne Infection

ABSTRACT The consumption of food contaminated with microbial populations remains a key route of foodborne infection in developing countries and creates a serious public health burden. This study aimed at identifying foodborne pathogens and their antibiotic resistance profiles in ready-to-eat meat sold in public eateries in the Johannesburg area. A total of 115 samples were examined for the incidence of bacteria pathogens and their antibiotic resistance profiles against commonly used antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and sulphonamides) using the molecular and the disc diffusion methods. Fifteen bacteria species were detected in the samples. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest prevalence (25%), and 53.33% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to the antibiotics tested. Among the isolated bacteria, S. aureus was resistant to at least six antimicrobial agents, whereas 100% of S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Planomicrobium glaciei were resistant to streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. This study revealed that a wide diversity of bacteria species contaminate meat sold on the street, which indicates that consumers of ready-to-eat meat sold in public eateries are at risk of food poisoning. Hence, strict intervention strategies should be put in place by government agencies to reduce the menace of food poisoning in the country. HIGHLIGHTS

Mercury consumption and human health: Linking pollution and social risk perception in the southeastern United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 111528
Author(s):  
Noé Ferreira-Rodríguez ◽  
Antonio J. Castro ◽  
Brent N. Tweedy ◽  
Cristina Quintas-Soriano ◽  
Caryn C. Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Social Risk

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella on Commercial Dairies Utilizing a Single Heifer Raising Facility†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOM S. EDRINGTON ◽  
TODD R. CALLAWAY ◽  
ROBIN C. ANDERSON ◽  
DAVID J. NISBET
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Lactating Cows

The objectives of the current research were twofold: (i) to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella in the various classes of dairy cattle and (ii) to determine if comingling of calves from multiple farms at a heifer feedlot serves as a transmission vector for Salmonella back to the dairy farm. Four large commercial dairies in the southwestern United States were sampled in October 2005 and again in March 2006. Fecal samples were collected from hutch calves, 12-and 24-month-old heifers, lactating cows, dry cows, and cattle in the sick-fresh pen and cultured with brilliant green agar supplemented with novobiocin (BGAnov) to estimate the overall Salmonella prevalence, or with tetracycline (BGAtet) to estimate MDR Salmonella. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted with the National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) testing panel, and a portion of the isolates were serotyped. Salmonella prevalence among groups ranged from 0 to 96% positive, with the highest incidence observed in the hutch calves and cattle in the sick-fresh pen. Twenty-eight different serotypes were identified with serotype Reading accounting for the majority of isolates cultured on BGAtet. Nearly all (100 of 103) isolates cultured on BGAnov and screened for antibiotic resistance were pan susceptible, whereas over one-half (64%) of the isolates cultured on BGAtet were MDR. Forty isolates displayed the ACSSuT resistance pattern, and 36 isolates displayed the MDR-AmpC pattern of the 72 isolates examined following culture on BGAtet. The incidence of Salmonella cultured on BGAtet was low (9%) in all heifers and only one MDR isolate was cultured (from a 12-month-old heifer), suggesting the risk of transmission of Salmonella from the heifer feedlot back to the dairy is low. Results of this research suggest the incidence of MDR Salmonella, found primarily in hutch calves and cattle in the sick-fresh pen, is low in comparison to the overall Salmonella prevalence.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of 14 Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strains Recovered from Human Clinical Cases between 1949 and 1995 in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Tadesse ◽  
Maria Hoffmann ◽  
Saul Sarria ◽  
Claudia Lam ◽  
Eric Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Clinical Cases

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most commonly isolated foodborne pathogens and is transmitted primarily to humans through consumption of contaminated poultry and poultry products. We are reporting completely closed genome and plasmid sequences of historical S. Enteritidis isolates recovered from humans between 1949 and 1995 in the United States.

scholarly journals Strain-Specific Differences in Survival of Campylobacter spp. in Naturally Contaminated Turkey Feces and Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Good ◽  
William G. Miller ◽  
Jeffrey Niedermeyer ◽  
Jason Osborne ◽  
Robin M. Siletzky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Water Suspensions ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Commercial Turkey

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading causes of human foodborne illness, with poultry as a major vehicle. Turkeys are frequently colonized with Campylobacter, but little is known about Campylobacter survival in turkey feces, even though fecal droppings are major vehicles for Campylobacter within-flock transmission as well as for environmental dissemination. Our objective was to examine survival of Campylobacter, including different strains, in freshly excreted feces from naturally colonized commercial turkey flocks and in suspensions of turkey feces in water from the turkey house. Fecal and water suspensions were stored at 4°C, and Campylobacter populations were enumerated on selective media at 48-h intervals. C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were characterized for resistance to a panel of antibiotics, and a subset was subtyped using multilocus sequence typing. Campylobacter was recovered from feces and water for up to 16 days. Analysis of 548 isolates (218 C. jejuni and 330 C. coli) revealed that C. jejuni survived longer than C. coli in feces (P = 0.0005), while the reverse was observed in water (P < 0.0001). Strain-specific differences in survival were noted. Multidrug-resistant C. jejuni isolates of sequence type 1839 (ST-1839) and the related ST-2935 were among the longest-surviving isolates in feces, being recovered for up to 10 to 16 days, while multidrug-resistant C. coli isolates of ST-1101 were recovered from feces for only up to 4 days. Data on Campylobacter survival upon excretion from the birds can contribute to further understanding of the transmission dynamics of this pathogen in the poultry production ecosystem. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading foodborne pathogens, with poultry as a major reservoir. Due to their growth requirements, these Campylobacter spp. may be unable to replicate once excreted by their avian hosts, but their survival in feces and the environment is critical for transmission in the farm ecosystem. Reducing the prevalence of Campylobacter-positive flocks can have major impacts in controlling both contamination of poultry products and environmental dissemination of the pathogens. However, understanding the capacity of these pathogens to survive in transmission-relevant vehicles such as feces and farmhouse water remains poorly understood, and little information is available on species- and strain-associated differences in survival. Here, we employed model conditions to investigate the survival of C. jejuni and C. coli from naturally colonized turkey flocks, and with diverse genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles, in turkey feces and in farmhouse water.

scholarly journals Strain-Specific Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance from an Environmental Plasmid to Foodborne Pathogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Van Meervenne ◽  
Els Van Coillie ◽  
Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Lieve Herman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Transfer Ratio

Pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics are rapidly emerging, entailing important consequences for human health. This study investigated if the broad-host-range multiresistance plasmid pB10, isolated from a wastewater treatment plant, harbouring amoxicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline resistance genes, was transferable to the foodborne pathogensSalmonellaspp. orE. coliO157:H7 and how this transfer alters the phenotype of the recipients. The transfer ratio was determined by both plating and flow cytometry. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined for both recipients and transconjugants using the disk diffusion method. For 14 of the 15 recipient strains, transconjugants were detected. Based on plating, transfer ratios were between6.8×10−9and3.0×10−2while using flow cytometry, transfer ratios were between <1.0×10−5and1.9×10−2. With a few exceptions, the transconjugants showed phenotypically increased resistance, indicating that most of the transferred resistance genes were expressed. In summary, we showed that an environmental plasmid can be transferred into foodborne pathogenic bacteria at high transfer ratios. However, the transfer ratio seemed to be recipient strain dependent. Moreover, the newly acquired resistance genes could turn antibiotic susceptible strains into resistant ones, paving the way to compromise human health.

scholarly journals Economic Viability and Environmental Impact Assessment of Three Different Strawberry Production Systems in the Southeastern United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olya Rysin ◽  
Amanda McWhirt ◽  
Gina Fernandez ◽  
Frank J. Louws ◽  
Michelle Schroeder-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Production System ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Organic System

In this study, we investigate the economic viability and environmental impact of three different soil management systems used for strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) production in the southeastern United States: 1) a conventional production system that is based on the current production practices implemented by growers, 2) a nonfumigated compost system with summer cover crop rotations and beneficial soil inoculants, and 3) an organic production system that includes practices approved for use under the National Organic Program (NOP). Under our assumptions, all three systems resulted in positive net returns estimated at $14,979, $11,100, and $19,394 per acre, respectively. The nonfumigated compost system and organic system also both resulted in considerable reductions in negative environmental and human health impacts measured by a set of selected indicators. For example, the total number of lethal doses (LD50) applied per acre from all chemicals used in each system and measuring acute human risk associated with each system declined from 118,000 doses/acre in the conventional system to 6649 doses/acre in the compost system and to 0 doses/acre in the organic system. Chronic human health risk, groundwater pollution risk, and fertilizer use declined as well in the compost and organic systems as compared with the conventional system.

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