scholarly journals Sex-Specific Hip Movement Is Correlated With Pelvis and Upper Body Rotation During Running

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Mohr ◽  
Robin Pieper ◽  
Sina Löffler ◽  
Andreas R. Schmidt ◽  
Peter A. Federolf
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Waveform Analysis ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Rotation ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
Hip Kinematics ◽  
Transverse Rotation ◽  
K 12

There is a sex bias for common overuse running injuries that are associated with sex-specific hip kinematics. Gait retraining programs aimed at altering hip kinematics may be more efficient if they incorporated an understanding of how hip kinematics are correlated with the movement of the remaining body segments. We applied a principal component analysis to structure the whole-body running kinematics of 23 runners (12 ♀) into k = 12 principal movements (PMk), describing correlated patterns of upper and lower body movements. We compared the time-dependent movement amplitudes with respect to each PMk between males and females using a waveform analysis and interpreted our findings according to stick figure animations. The movement amplitudes of two PMs (PM6 and PM8) showed statistically significant effects of “sex,” which were independent of running speed. According to PM8, females showed more hip adduction, which correlated with increased transverse rotation of the pelvis and upper body compared to men. We propose that increased hip adduction and upper body rotation in female runners may be a strategy to compensate for a less efficient arm and upper body swing compared to men. Gait interventions aimed at reducing hip adduction and running-related injuries in female runners should consider instructions for both upper and lower body to maximize training efficacy.

Recognition and prediction of driver’s whole body posture model

2022 ◽  
pp. 095440702110686
Author(s):  
Jun Wu ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Xiuyuan Li ◽  
Lingbo Yan ◽  
Libo Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Upper Body Posture ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Posture Prediction ◽  
Connection Length

The driver’s whole-body posture at the time of a collision is a key factor in determining the magnitude of injury to the driver. However, current researchs on driver posture models only consider the upper body posture of the driver, and the lower body area which is not perceived by sensors is not studied. This paper investigates the driver’s posture and establishes a 3D posture model of the driver’s whole body through the application of machine vision algorithms and regression model statistics. This study proposes an improved Kinect-OpenPose algorithm for identifying the 3D spatial coordinates of nine keypoints of the driver’s upper body. The posture prediction regression model of four keypoints of the lower body is established by conducting volunteer posture acquisition experiments on the developed simulated driving seat and analyzing the volunteer posture data through using the principal components of the upper body keypoints and the seat parameters. The experiments proved that the error of the regression model in this paper is minor than that of current studies, and the accuracy of the keypoint location and the keypoint connection length of the established driver whole body posture model is high, which provides implications for future studies.

Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Janssen ◽  
Steven B. Heymsfield ◽  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
Robert Ross
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Imaging Protocol ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol

We employed a whole body magnetic resonance imaging protocol to examine the influence of age, gender, body weight, and height on skeletal muscle (SM) mass and distribution in a large and heterogeneous sample of 468 men and women. Men had significantly ( P < 0.001) more SM in comparison to women in both absolute terms (33.0 vs. 21.0 kg) and relative to body mass (38.4 vs. 30.6%). The gender differences were greater in the upper (40%) than lower (33%) body ( P < 0.01). We observed a reduction in relative SM mass starting in the third decade; however, a noticeable decrease in absolute SM mass was not observed until the end of the fifth decade. This decrease was primarily attributed to a decrease in lower body SM. Weight and height explained ∼50% of the variance in SM mass in men and women. Although a linear relationship existed between SM and height, the relationship between SM and body weight was curvilinear because the contribution of SM to weight gain decreased with increasing body weight. These findings indicate that men have more SM than women and that these gender differences are greater in the upper body. Independent of gender, aging is associated with a decrease in SM mass that is explained, in large measure, by a decrease in lower body SM occurring after the fifth decade.

Biology of upper-body and lower-body adipose tissue—link to whole-body phenotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Karpe ◽  
Katherine E. Pinnick
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body

Reweighting Sensory Signals to Maintain Head Stability: Adaptive Properties of the Cervicocollic Reflex

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 3123-3135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Reynolds ◽  
D. Blum ◽  
G. T. Gdowski
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Rotation ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Head Stability ◽  
Static Level

A major goal of this study was to characterize the cervicocollic reflexes (CCRs) in awake squirrel monkeys and compare it to observations in cat. This was carried out by stabilizing the head in space while rotating the lower body. The magnitude and phase of the torque produced between the head and the restraint system was used as an indicator of the CCR. Many properties of the squirrel monkey's CCR were found to be similar to those of the cat. The torque decreased as a function of frequency and amplitude. In addition, the static level of torque increased with head eccentricity. One difference was that the torque was 90× smaller in squirrel monkeys. Biomechanical differences, such as differences in head inertia, could account for these differences. The second goal was to determine if the CCR was sensitive to increases in the head's inertia. To test this, we increased the head's inertia by a factor of 36 and allowed the reflexes to adapt by rotating the whole body while the head was free to move. The CCR was rapidly assessed by periodically stabilizing the head in space during whole-body rotations. The magnitude of the torque increased by nearly 60%, suggesting that the CCR may adapt when changes in the head's inertia are imposed. Changes in the torque were also consistent with changes in head-movement kinematics during whole-body rotation. This suggests that the collic reflexes may dynamically adapt to maintain the performance and kinematics of reflexive head movement.

The Neuromuscular Qualities of Higher- and Lower-Level Mixed-Martial-Arts Competitors

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lachlan P. James ◽  
Emma M. Beckman ◽  
Vincent G. Kelly ◽  
G. Gregory Haff
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Mixed Martial Arts ◽  
Body Dynamic

Purpose:To determine whether the maximal strength, impulse, and power characteristics of competitive mixed-martial-arts (MMA) athletes differ according to competition level.Methods:Twenty-nine male semiprofessional and amateur MMA competitors were stratified into either higher-level (HL) or lower-level (LL) performers on the basis of competition grade and success. The 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) squat was used to assess lower-body dynamic strength, and a spectrum of impulse, power, force, and velocity variables were evaluated during an incremental-load jump squat. In addition, participants performed an isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and 1RM bench press to determine whole-body isometric force and upper-body dynamic strength capabilities, respectively. All force and power variables were expressed relative to body mass (BM).Results:The HL competitors produced significantly superior values across a multitude of measures. These included 1RM squat strength (1.84 ± 0.23 vs 1.56 ± 0.24 kg BM; P = .003), in addition to performance in the incremental-load jump squat that revealed greater peak power (P = .005–.002), force (P = .002–.004), and velocity (P = .002–.03) at each load. Higher measures of impulse (P = .01–.04) were noted in a number of conditions. Average power (P = .002–.02) and velocity (P = .01–.04) at all loads in addition to a series of rate-dependent measures were also superior in the HL group (P = .005–.02). The HL competitors’ 1RM bench-press values approached significantly greater levels (P = .056) than the LL group’s, but IMTP performance did not differ between groups.Conclusions:Maximal lower-body neuromuscular capabilities are key attributes distinguishing HL from LL MMA competitors. This information can be used to inform evidenced-based training and performance-monitoring practices.

The Relationship between Children's Perceived and Actual Motor Competence

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 895-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Rudisill ◽  
Matthew T. Mahar ◽  
Karen S. Meaney
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Motor Test ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

To examine the relationship between children's perceived and actual motor competence, 218 children between the ages of 9 and 11 years individually completed the Motor Skill Perceived Competence Scale. After completing the scale, the subject's actual motor competence was measured on a series of gross motor tests. Incomplete principal component analysis identified two actual motor competence dimensions from the motor test battery. The two factors included a lower-body and an upper-body factor of actual motor competence. A two-factor analysis of variance indicated that the boys and girls differed in perceived competence and actual competence. The boys showed higher perceived competence and actual motor competence. In addition, the 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old age groups differed from each other on the lower-body factor of actual motor competence. As age increased, lower-body competence increased. Regression analysis indicated that actual and perceived motor competence was moderately correlated. Adding age to the multiple regression model significantly increased the multiple correlation. Adding gender to the model did not increase the correlation, showing that perceived competence was a function of actual motor competence and age, and this finding held for boys and girls. These findings showed that 9-, 10-, and 11-yr.-old children can assess personal motor competence. However, practitioners should attempt to understand children's perceived competence given that their assessments are not extremely accurate.

Effects of Sitting and Standing Work Postures on Short-Term Typing Performance and Discomfort

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 460-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gourab Kar ◽  
Alan Hedge
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Work Posture ◽  
Body Discomfort ◽  
Typing Task

The study evaluated effects of sitting and standing work postures on objective short-term computer typing performance and perceived discomfort. A randomized, repeated measures, study design was used to assess typing performance and perceived discomfort for 12 participants on a 15-minute computer-typing task. Typing performance was measured by number of characters typed and number of errors. Perceived discomfort was measured for the whole body, as well as for upper body and lower body, using a visual analog scale. Results suggest that for a short-term computer typing task, compared to a sitting work posture a standing work posture leads to fewer typing errors without impacting typing speed. Overall levels of perceived discomfort for the whole body are similar for sitting and standing work postures. However, for perceived discomfort there is an interaction of work posture and body region - upper body discomfort is higher in the sitting work posture while lower body discomfort is higher in the standing work posture.

scholarly journals The onset time of balance control during walking is phase-independent, but the magnitude of the response is not

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Reimann ◽  
Tyler Fettrow ◽  
David Grenet ◽  
Elizabeth D. Thompson ◽  
John J. Jeka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractThe human body is mechanically unstable during walking. Maintaining upright stability requires constant regulation of muscle force by the central nervous system to push against the ground and move the body mass in the desired way. Activation of muscles in the lower body in response to sensory or mechanical perturbations during walking is usually highly phase-dependent, because the effect any specific muscle force has on the body movement depends upon the body configuration. Yet the resulting movement patterns of the upper body after the same perturbations are largely phase-independent. This is puzzling, because any change of upper-body movement must be generated by parts of the lower body pushing against the ground. How do phase-dependent muscle activation patterns along the lower body generate phase-independent movement patterns of the upper body? We hypothesize that in response to a perceived threat to balance, the nervous system generates a functional response by pushing against the ground in any way possible with the current body configuration. This predicts that the changes in the ground reaction force patterns following a balance perturbation should be phase-independent. Here we test this hypothesis by disturbing upright balance using Galvanic vestibular stimulation at three different points in the gait cycle. We measure the resulting changes in whole-body center of mass movement and the location of the center of pressure of the ground reaction force. We find that the whole-body balance response is not phase-independent as expected: balance responses are initiated faster and are smaller following a disturbance late in the gait cycle. Somewhat paradoxically, the initial center of pressure changes are larger for perturbations late in the gait cycle. The onset of the center of pressure changes however, does not depend on the phase of the perturbation. The results partially support our hypothesis of a phase-independent functional balance response underlying the phase-dependent recruitment of different balance mechanisms at different points of the gait cycle. We conclude that the central nervous system recruits any available mechanism to push against the ground to maintain balance as fast as possible in response to a perturbation, but the different mechanisms do not have equal strength.

Comparison of Whole and Split Weight Training Routines in Young Women

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron W. Calder ◽  
Phil D. Chilibeck ◽  
Colin E. Webber ◽  
Digby G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Weight Training ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Lean Tissue Mass ◽  
Key Words Resistance Training ◽  
And Control

Thirty young women comprised three groups (n = 10 in each): whole routine (W) training, split routine training (S), and control. The W group did four upper (five sets, 6-10 RM) and three lower body (five sets, 10-12 RM) weight training exercises together in single sessions twice a week for 20 weeks. The S group did the upper body exercises 2 days a week and the lower body exercises on 2 other days of the week. The single maximal weight lift (1-RM) increased (p < 0.05) (W/S) 54/69%, 33/32%, and 21/22% in arm curl, bench press, and leg press exercises, as did arm (10/9%), and trunk (3.4/2.7%) lean tissue mass, as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Leg lean mass increased significantly only in W (4.9% vs. 1.7% in S). Whole-body lean tissue mass increased (4.1/2.6%), and whole body % fat (−1.1/−1.3%) decreased with training. It is concluded that in healthy young women, whole and split weight training routines produce similar results over the first 5 months of training. Key words: resistance training, strength, muscle mass, body composition

scholarly journals Effects of Resistance Training and Whole-Body Electromyostimulation on Muscular Strength in Female Collegiate Softball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Nurul Jannat Raja Hussain ◽  
Maisarah Shari
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lower Body Strength

Strength and conditioning coaches frequently use traditional resistance training (TRT) to build strength. However, in recent years, whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) was used in elite athletes to increase muscle strength. This study aimed to assess the effect of two different types of training on muscular strength. Sixty female collegiate players (Age = 23.52±1.89 years, Height = 156.20±1.71cm; Mass = 53.21±3.17kg) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to three training groups. All groups trained as usual for eight weeks, except for the first group, which received additional TRT. The second group received additional electrical stimulation training, and the third group did not receive any additional training following the regular softball bat swing training. Muscular strength (upper and lower body) was assessed by a 3RM bench press and a 3RM squat test before and after the eight-week programme. The primary findings indicate that after eight weeks of training, upper body and lower body strength increased significantly in both the TRT and WB-EMS groups (p = 0.000 and p = 0.000, respectively) in comparison to the control group. However, the t value indicated that the TRT group improved both upper body strength (20.18) and lower body strength (29.18) more than the WB-EMS group (upper body = 6.18; lower body = 6.47). The findings demonstrate the efficacy of both training modalities for increasing muscular strength and suggest that TRT be prioritised over whole-body electrical stimulation training for increasing muscular strength in collegiate softball players.

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