scholarly journals Role of Recent Therapeutic Applications and the Infection Strategies of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-bin Hwang ◽  
Ramachandran Chelliah ◽  
Ji Eun Kang ◽  
Momna Rubab ◽  
Eric Banan-MwineDaliri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Shiga Toxins

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a global foodborne bacterial pathogen that is often accountable for colon disorder or distress. STEC commonly induces severe diarrhea in hosts but can cause critical illnesses due to the Shiga toxin virulence factors. To date, there have been a significant number of STEC serotypes have been evolved. STECs vary from nausea and hemorrhoid (HC) to possible lethal hemolytic-based uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Inflammation-based STEC is usually a foodborne illness with Shiga toxins (Stx 1 and 2) thought to be pathogenesis. The STEC’s pathogenicity depends significantly on developing one or more Shiga toxins, which can constrain host cell protein synthesis leading to cytotoxicity. In managing STEC infections, antimicrobial agents are generally avoided, as bacterial damage and discharge of accumulated toxins are thought the body. It has also been documented that certain antibiotics improve toxin production and the development of these species. Many different groups have attempted various therapies, including toxin-focused antibodies, toxin-based polymers, synbiotic agents, and secondary metabolites remedies. Besides, in recent years, antibiotics’ efficacy in treating STEC infections has been reassessed with some encouraging methods. Nevertheless, the primary role of synbiotic effectiveness (probiotic and prebiotic) against pathogenic STEC and other enteropathogens is less recognized. Additional studies are required to understand the mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria and yeast against STEC infection. Because of the consensus contraindication of antimicrobials for these bacterial pathogens, the examination was focused on alternative remedy strategies for STEC infections. The rise of novel STEC serotypes and approaches employed in its treatment are highlighted.

scholarly journals A novel antimicrobial peptide significantly enhances acid-induced killing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 serotypes

Microbiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1768-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lino ◽  
J. V. Kus ◽  
S. L. Tran ◽  
Z. Naqvi ◽  
B. Binnington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Risk Of Progression

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) colonizes the human intestine, causing haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Treatment options are limited to intravenous fluids in part because sublethal doses of some antibiotics have been shown to stimulate increased toxin release and enhance the risk of progression to HUS. Preventative antimicrobial agents, especially those that build on the natural antimicrobial action of the host defence, may provide a better option. In order to survive the acid stress of gastric passage, STEC is equipped with numerous acid resistance and DNA repair mechanisms. Inhibition of acid-induced DNA repair may offer a strategy to target survival of ingested STEC. We report here that brief pretreatment with a novel antimicrobial peptide, which was previously shown to inhibit bacterial DNA repair, significantly and profoundly reduces survival of acid-stressed O157 : H7 and non-O157 : H7 STEC seropathotypes that are highly associated with HUS. Reduction in survival rates of STEC range from 3 to 5 log. We also show that peptide/acid treatment results in little or no increase in toxin production, thereby reducing the risk of progression to HUS. This study identifies the peptide wrwycr as a potential new candidate for a preventative antimicrobial for STEC infection.

scholarly journals Biological and molecular characterization of six Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains encoding the stx2 gene in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayan Stiven Arango-Gil ◽  
Sebastián Peña-Buitrago ◽  
Jhon Carlos Castaño-Osorio ◽  
Claudia Viviana Granobles-Velandia
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Late Genes ◽  
Late Region ◽  
Stx2 Gene

ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a bacterial pathogen that cause diarrhea and severe human diseases. Its principal virulence factor are the Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2 which have been identified diverse subtypes considered to be responsible for severe complications of STEC infection. These toxins are encoded in temperate bacteriophages and their expression is linked to phage lithic cycle, which is regulated by late genes and the Q anti-terminator protein. The aim of this study was to characterize biologically and molecularly STEC strains encoding stx2 gene isolated from cattle feces in Colombia. We selected six STEC strains, which were evaluated its Stx production, the Stx2 subtypes, induction of the lithic cycle of bacteriophages and its late region. The results evidenced two highlighted strains with high levels of Stx production and induction of the lithic cycle, compared with the others. Likewise, the strains evaluated showed three Stx2 subtypes: Stx2a, Stx2c, and Stx2d. Regarding the late region, most of the strains carried the qO111 allele and only one strain showed differences in the ninG gene. Although the sample was limited, variability was observed in the Stx production assay, induction of the lithic cycle, Stx2 subtypes and late region of the phages, which could indicate the diversity of the phages carrying STEC strains in Colombia.

scholarly journals Human Neutrophils and Their Products Induce Shiga Toxin Production by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934-1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick L. Wagner ◽  
David W. K. Acheson ◽  
Matthew K. Waldor
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Prophage Induction ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT The Shiga toxins (Stx) are critical virulence factors forEscherichia coli O157:H7 and other serotypes of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). These potent toxins are encoded in the genomes of temperate lambdoid bacteriophages. We recently demonstrated that induction of the resident Stx2-encoding prophage in an O157:H7 clinical isolate is required for toxin production by this strain. Since several factors produced by human cells, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are capable of inducing lambdoid prophages, we hypothesized that such molecules might also induce toxin production by EHEC. Here, we studied whether H2O2 and also human neutrophils, an important endogenous source of H2O2, induced Stx2 expression by an EHEC clinical isolate. Both H2O2 and neutrophils were found to augment Stx2 production, raising the possibility that these agents may lead to prophage induction in vivo and thereby contribute to EHEC pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Shiga Toxin Production by EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Licznerska ◽  
Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk ◽  
Sylwia Bloch ◽  
Aleksandra Dydecka ◽  
Gracja Topka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Prophage Induction ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Efficient Expression

Virulence of enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) strains depends on production of Shiga toxins. These toxins are encoded in genomes of lambdoid bacteriophages (Shiga toxin-converting phages), present in EHEC cells as prophages. The genes coding for Shiga toxins are silent in lysogenic bacteria, and prophage induction is necessary for their efficient expression and toxin production. Under laboratory conditions, treatment with UV light or antibiotics interfering with DNA replication are commonly used to induce lambdoid prophages. Since such conditions are unlikely to occur in human intestine, various research groups searched for other factors or agents that might induce Shiga toxin-converting prophages. Among other conditions, it was reported that treatment with H2O2caused induction of these prophages, though with efficiency significantly lower relative to UV-irradiation or mitomycin C treatment. A molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has been proposed. It appears that the oxidative stress represents natural conditions provoking induction of Shiga toxin-converting prophages as a consequence of H2O2excretion by either neutrophils in infected humans or protist predators outside human body. Finally, the recently proposed biological role of Shiga toxin production is described in this paper, and the “bacterial altruism” and “Trojan Horse” hypotheses, which are connected to the oxidative stress, are discussed.

Virulence properties and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy cattle from Paraná State, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 588-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline P. Pigatto ◽  
Ruben P. Schocken-Iturrino ◽  
Emanuel M. Souza ◽  
Fábio O. Pedrosa ◽  
Larissa Comarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Virulence Markers

The presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in feces samples of cattle was determined using the cytotoxicity assay on Vero cells and a screening PCR system to detect stx genes. The STEC isolates were serotyped, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and analyzed for virulence genes using multiplex PCR. The verocytotoxin-producing E. coli – reverse passive latex agglutination (VTEC–RPLA) assay was also used to detect Shiga toxin production. The frequency of cattle shedding STEC was 36%. The isolates belonged to 33 different serotypes, of which O10:H42, O98:H41, and O159:H21 had not previously been associated with STEC. The most frequent serotypes were ONT:H7 (10%), O22:H8 (7%), O22:H16 (7%), and ONT:H21 (7%). Most of the strains (96%) were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. Shiga toxin was detected by the VTEC–RPLA assay in most (89%) of the STEC strains. The frequency of virulence markers was as follows: stx1, 10%; stx2, 43%; stx1 plus stx2, 47%; ehxA, 44%; eae, 1%; and saa, 38%. Several strains belong to serotypes associated with human disease, and most of them carried a stx2-type gene, suggesting that they represent a risk to human health. The screening PCR assay showed fewer false-negative results for STEC than the Vero-cell assay and is suitable for laboratory routine.

scholarly journals Role of orf73 in the development of lambdoid bacteriophages during infection of the Escherichia coli host

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Zdrojewska ◽  
Aleksandra Dydecka ◽  
Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk ◽  
Gracja Topka ◽  
Agnieszka Necel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Burst Size ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Human Infections

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a group of pathogenic strains responsible for human infections that result in bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis, often with severe complications. The main virulence factors of STEC are Shiga toxins encoded by stx genes located in genomes of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages (Stx phages). These bacterial viruses are clustered in the lambdoid bacteriophages family represented by phage λ. Here, we report that expression of orf73 from the exo-xis region of the phage genome promotes the lysogenic pathway of development of λ and Φ24B phages. We demonstrated that the mutant phages with deletions of orf73 revealed higher burst size during the lytic cycle. Moreover, survival rates of E. coli infected with mutant bacteriophages were lower relative to wild-type viruses. Additionally, orf73 deletion negatively influenced the lysogenization process of E. coli host cells. We conclude that orf73 plays an important biological role in the development of lambdoid viruses, and probably it is involved in the network of molecular mechanism of the lysis-vs.-lysogenization decision.

scholarly journals Influence of socio-economic status on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection incidence, risk factors and clinical features

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Adams ◽  
L. Byrne ◽  
T. C. Rose ◽  
G. K. Adak ◽  
C. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Abstract Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection can cause serious illness including haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The role of socio-economic status (SES) in differential clinical presentation and exposure to potential risk factors amongst STEC cases has not previously been reported in England. We conducted an observational study using a dataset of all STEC cases identified in England, 2010–2015. Odds ratios for clinical characteristics of cases and foodborne, waterborne and environmental risk factors were estimated using logistic regression, stratified by SES, adjusting for baseline demographic factors. Incidence was higher in the highest SES group compared to the lowest (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.19–2.00). Odds of Accident and Emergency attendance (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10–1.75) and hospitalisation (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.36–2.15) because of illness were higher in the most disadvantaged compared to the least, suggesting potential lower ascertainment of milder cases or delayed care-seeking behaviour in disadvantaged groups. Advantaged individuals were significantly more likely to report salad/fruit/vegetable/herb consumption (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.16–2.17), non-UK or UK travel (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.40–2.27; OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.35–2.56) and environmental exposures (walking in a paddock, OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.22–2.70; soil contact, OR 1.52, 95% CI 2.13–1.09) suggesting other unmeasured risks, such as person-to-person transmission, could be more important in the most disadvantaged group.

Role of Shiga toxin versus H7 flagellin in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli signalling of human colon epithelium in vivo

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Miyamoto ◽  
Mitsutoshi Iimura ◽  
James B. Kaper ◽  
Alfredo G. Torres ◽  
Martin F. Kagnoff
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli

scholarly journals Shiga Toxins, and the Genes Encoding Them, in Fecal Samples from Native Idaho Ungulates

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 862-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Gilbreath ◽  
Malcolm S. Shields ◽  
Rebekah L. Smith ◽  
Larry D. Farrell ◽  
Peter P. Sheridan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Shiga Toxin Genes

ABSTRACT Cattle are a known reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. The prevalence and stability of Shiga toxin and/or Shiga toxin genes among native wild ungulates in Idaho were investigated. The frequency of both Shiga genes and toxin was similar to that reported for Idaho cattle (∼19%).

scholarly journals HUS and the case for complement

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (18) ◽  
pp. 2085-2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Thrombotic Microangiopathy ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Abstract Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy that is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. Excess complement activation underlies atypical HUS and is evident in Shiga toxin–induced HUS (STEC-HUS). This Spotlight focuses on new knowledge of the role of Escherichia coli–derived toxins and polyphosphate in modulating complement and coagulation, and how they affect disease progression and response to treatment. Such new insights may impact on current and future choices of therapies for STEC-HUS.

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