scholarly journals Beige Adipose Tissue Identification and Marker Specificity—Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Claire Pilkington ◽  
Henry A. Paz ◽  
Umesh D. Wankhade
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Tissue Identification ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Similar Appearance ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

Adipose tissue (AT) is classified based on its location, physiological and functional characteristics. Although there is a clear demarcation of anatomical and molecular features specific to white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), the factors that uniquely differentiate beige AT (BeAT) remain to be fully elaborated. The ubiquitous presence of different types of AT and the inability to differentiate brown and beige adipocytes because of similar appearance present a challenge when classifying them one way or another. Here we will provide an overview of the latest advances in BeAT, BAT, and WAT identification based on transcript markers described in the literature. The review paper will highlight some of the difficulties these markers pose and will offer new perspectives on possible transcript-specific identification of BeAT. We hope that this will advance the understanding of the biology of different ATs. In addition, concrete strategies to distinguish different types of AT may be relevant to track the efficacy and mechanisms around interventions aimed to improve metabolic health and thwart excessive weight gain.

scholarly journals Metabolic characteristics and therapeutic potential of brown and ?beige? adipose tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Olegovna Koksharova ◽  
Alexander Yur'evich Mayorov ◽  
Marina Vladimirovna Shestakova ◽  
Ivan Ivanovich Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

According to the International Diabetes Federation, 10.9 million people have diabetes mellitus (DM) in Russia; however, only up to 4 million are registered. In addition, 11.9 million people have impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose levels [1]. One of the significant risk factors for type 2 DM (T2DM) is obesity, which increases insulin resistance (IR). IR is the major pathogenetic link to T2DM. According to current concepts, there are three types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) and ?beige?, of which the last two types have a thermogenic function. Some research results have revealed the main stages in the development of adipocytes; however, there is no general consensus regarding the development of ?beige? adipocytes. Furthermore, the biology of BAT and ?beige? adipose tissue is currently being intensively investigated, and some key transcription factors, signalling pathways and hormones that promote the development and activation of these tissues have been identified. The most discussed hormones are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21, which have established positive effects on BAT and ?beige? adipose tissue with regard to carbohydrate, lipid and energy metabolism. The primary imaging techniques used to investigate BAT are PET-CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. With respect to the current obesity epidemic and associated diseases, including T2DM, there is a growing interest in investigating adipogenesis and the possibility of altering this process. BAT and ?beige? adipose tissue may be targets for developing drugs directed against obesity and T2DM.

scholarly journals Diphyllin Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice Through Brown and Beige Adipocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Nan Duan ◽  
Xiang Ge ◽  
Hao-Wen Jiang ◽  
Hong-Jie Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipose tissue dissipate metabolic energy and mediate nonshivering thermogenesis, thereby boosting energy expenditure. Increasing the browning of BAT and beige adipose tissue is expected to be a promising strategy for combatting obesity. Through phenotype screening of C3H10-T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells, diphyllin was identified as a promising molecule in promoting brown adipocyte differentiation. In vitro studies revealed that diphyllin promoted C3H10-T1/2 cell and primary brown/beige preadipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis, which resulted increased energy consumption. We synthesized the compound and evaluated its effect on metabolism in vivo. Chronic experiments revealed that mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 100 mg/kg diphyllin had ameliorated oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and decreased body weight and fat content ratio. Adaptive thermogenesis in HFD-fed mice under cold stimulation and whole-body energy expenditure were augmented after chronic diphyllin treatment. Diphyllin may be involved in regulating the development of brown and beige adipocytes by inhibiting V-ATPase and reducing intracellular autophagy. This study provides new clues for the discovery of anti-obesity molecules from natural products.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Development of Adipose Tissue in Foetal Sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Gemmell ◽  
G Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Perirenal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Similar Appearance ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Adipose Cells ◽  
Marked Proliferation ◽  
Perirenal Fat

The development of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue in foetal sheep of 40-150 days conceptual age was examined using electromicroscopy. Adipose tissue from both sites developed from pre-adipose cells of similar appearance, with few mitochondria, and commenced accumulating lipid on about day 70 of gestation. In the perirenal fat there was marked proliferation of mitochondria between days 80 and 90 and the tissue developed into-brown fat, cell profiles being characterized by many mitochondria with numerous distinct cristae, whereas in the subcutaneous cells which developed into white adipose tissue few mitochondria with fewer cristae were observed. Multilocular and unilocular cells occurred in both tissues near term. Nerves were first seen between brown adipose cells in a 130-day-old foetus and were frequently seen in older foetuses, but very few nerves were seen in the white adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Recent advances in our understanding of brown and beige adipose tissue: the good fat that keeps you healthy

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Peter Aldiss ◽  
Mark Pope ◽  
Helen Budge
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses a unique uncoupling protein (UCP1) which, when activated, enables the rapid generation of heat and the oxidation of lipids or glucose or both. It is present in small amounts (~15–350 mL) in adult humans. UCP1 is rapidly activated at birth and is essential in preventing hypothermia in newborns, who rapidly generate large amounts of heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. Since the “re-discovery” of BAT in adult humans about 10 years ago, there has been an exceptional amount of research interest. This has been accompanied by the establishment of beige fat, characterised as discrete areas of UCP1-containing cells dispersed within white adipocytes. Typically, the amount of UCP1 in these depots is around 10% of the amount found in classic BAT. The abundance of brown/beige fat is reduced with obesity, and the challenge is to prevent its loss with ageing or to reactivate existing depots or both. This is difficult, as the current gold standard for assessing BAT function in humans measures radio-labelled glucose uptake in the fasted state and is usually dependent on cold exposure and the same subject can be found to exhibit both positive and negative scans with repeated scanning. Rodent studies have identified multiple pathways that may modulate brown/beige fat function, but their direct relevance to humans is constrained, as these studies typically are undertaken in cool-adapted animals. BAT remains a challenging organ to study in humans and is able to swiftly adapt to changes in the thermal environment and thus enable rapid changes in heat production and glucose oxidation.

scholarly journals Neuronal Modulation of Brown Adipose Activity Through Perturbation of White Adipocyte Lipogenesis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilson Guilherme ◽  
David J Pedersen ◽  
Felipe Henriques ◽  
Alexander H. Bedard ◽  
Elizabeth Henchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes

ABSTRACTWhite adipose tissue (WAT) secretes factors to communicate with other metabolic organs to maintain energy homeostasis. We previously reported that perturbation of adipocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by deletion of fatty acid synthase (FASN) causes expansion of sympathetic neurons within white adipose tissue (WAT) and the appearance of “beige” adipocytes. Here we report evidence that white adipocyte DNL activity is also coupled to neuronal regulation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Induced deletion of FASN in all adipocytes in mature mice (iAdFASNKO) enhanced sympathetic innervation and neuronal activity as well as UCP1 expression in both WAT and BAT. In contrast, selective ablation of FASN in brown adipocytes of mice (iUCP1FASNKO) failed to modulate sympathetic innervation and the thermogenic program in BAT. Surprisingly, DNL in brown adipocytes was also dispensable in maintaining euthermia when UCP1FASNKO mice were cold-exposed. These results indicate that DNL in white adipocytes influences long distance signaling to BAT, which can modify BAT sympathetic innervation and expression of genes involved in thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Protein Kinase SGK2 Is Induced by the β3 Adrenergic Receptor-cAMP-PKA-PGC-1α/NT-PGC-1α Axis but Dispensable for Brown/Beige Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chul-Hong Park ◽  
Jiyoung Moon ◽  
Minsung Park ◽  
Helia Cheng ◽  
Jisu Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Pka Pathway ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Brown and beige adipocytes are specialized to dissipate energy as heat. Sgk2, encoding a serine/threonine kinase, has been identified as a brown and beige adipocyte-specific gene in rodents and humans; however, its function in brown/beige adipocytes remains unraveled. Here, we examined the regulation and role of Sgk2 in brown/beige adipose tissue thermogenesis. We found that transcriptional coactivators PGC-1α and NT-PGC-1α activated by the β3 adrenergic receptor-cAMP-PKA pathway are recruited to the Sgk2 promoter, triggering Sgk2 transcription in response to cold. SGK2 elevation was closely associated with increased serine/threonine phosphorylation of proteins carrying the consensus RxRxxS/T phosphorylation site. However, despite cold-dependent activation of SGK2, mice lacking Sgk2 exhibited normal cold tolerance at 4°C. In addition, Sgk2+/+ and Sgk2−/− mice induced comparable increases in energy expenditure during pharmacological activation of brown and beige adipose tissue with a β3AR agonist. In vitro loss- and gain-of-function studies further demonstrated that Sgk2 ablation or activation does not alter thermogenic gene expression and mitochondrial respiration in brown adipocytes. Collectively, our results reveal a new signaling component SGK2, although dispensable for cold-induced thermogenesis that adds an additional layer of complexity to the β3AR signaling network in brown/beige adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Hormonal signaling factors produced by brown adipose tissue as regulators of metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids

Bionatura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 879-882
Author(s):  
Francisco Santacruz-Hidalgo ◽  
Eliana Viscarra-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue is one of the principal generators of heat in the body; due to the activation of many hormones and receptors, it takes a fundamental role in thermogenesis. However recent studies have proved that this is not its only function. Brown adipose tissue could also act as an endocrine organ, which means that it releases chemical substances to the blood and regulate some activities in the organism. This cell communication process is momentous, since allowing cells to exchange physicochemical information with the environment and other cells in the body could be a relevant field of study in treatments of obesity, diabetes and other diseases related with body weight. This paper offers an overview of different transcriptional factors, endocrine regulation and therapeutic applications of the brown fat tissue, and also the distinctions that it has with white adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Polyphenolic compounds in the loss of body fat

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
C. E. Abra ◽  
J. R. Assis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Obesity is a result of energy imbalance caused by excess caloric intake in relation to energy demand. Metabolic functions and fat behavior led to the classification of adipose tissue deposits into three types, white, brown and beige. White adipose tissue (BAT) and brown adipose tissue (WAT) have distinct functions, expending fat on heat production and storing fat as an energy source, respectively. However, brown adipocytes can appear in WAT by a process called WAT darkening, forming the beige adipose tissue. Research suggests that polyphenols play a vital role in preventing and managing obesity and its comorbidities. In this context, we aimed to perform a literature review on the use of the main antiobesity polyphenols as well as the mechanisms by which they perform effects. The main antiobesity polyphenols are catechins, resveratrol, quercetin, berberine, curcumin, thymol, chrysin, magnolol, honokiol, capsaicin and capsainoids. And the mechanisms of its effects are linked to gene transcription (PGC-1α, PRDM16 and UPC1) for the modification of WAT in beige adipose tissue that resembles morphophysiological with BAT, favoring fat burning by β-oxidation of fatty acids, translating into potential use for reduction and prevention of body fat accumulation. Therefore, the action of these polyphenols for the loss and reduction in body fat accumulation is strongly evidenced. Future studies should be directed to the use of polyphenols in humans, so that they can stipulate adequate doses for antiobesity use.

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