scholarly journals Hormonal signaling factors produced by brown adipose tissue as regulators of metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids

Bionatura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 879-882
Author(s):  
Francisco Santacruz-Hidalgo ◽  
Eliana Viscarra-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue is one of the principal generators of heat in the body; due to the activation of many hormones and receptors, it takes a fundamental role in thermogenesis. However recent studies have proved that this is not its only function. Brown adipose tissue could also act as an endocrine organ, which means that it releases chemical substances to the blood and regulate some activities in the organism. This cell communication process is momentous, since allowing cells to exchange physicochemical information with the environment and other cells in the body could be a relevant field of study in treatments of obesity, diabetes and other diseases related with body weight. This paper offers an overview of different transcriptional factors, endocrine regulation and therapeutic applications of the brown fat tissue, and also the distinctions that it has with white adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue in control of metabolism

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. R77-R99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Luo ◽  
Meilian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Lipid Mobilization ◽  
Adipose Tissue Dysfunction ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of lipid and controls the lipid mobilization and distribution in the body. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors such as adipokines that communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways. Moreover, brown and beige adipose tissue burn lipid by dissipating energy in the form of heat to maintain euthermia, and have been considered as a new way to counteract obesity. Therefore, adipose tissue dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of adipose tissue in the control of metabolism, focusing on its endocrine and thermogenic function.

scholarly journals Characterization of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), a poikilothermic mammal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Oiwa ◽  
Kaori Oka ◽  
Hironobu Yasui ◽  
Kei Higashikawa ◽  
Hidemasa Bono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Naked Mole Rat

AbstractThe naked mole-rat (NMR) is a poikilothermic mammal that forms eusocial colonies consisting of one breeding queen, several breeding kings, and subordinates. Despite their poikilothermic feature, NMRs possess brown adipose tissue (BAT), which in homeothermic mammals induces thermogenesis in cold environments. However, NMR-BAT thermogenic potential is controversial, and its physiological roles are unknown. Here, we show that NMR-BAT has beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3)-dependent thermogenic potential, which contributes to thermogenesis in the isolated queen in non-cold environments. NMR-BAT expressed several brown adipocyte marker genes and showed noradrenaline-dependent thermogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Although our ADRB3 inhibition experiments revealed that NMR-BAT thermogenesis slightly delays the decrease in body temperature in a cold environment, it was insufficient to maintain the body temperatures of the NMRs. In a non-cold environment, NMRs are known to increase their body temperature by a heat-sharing behavior. Interestingly, we found that the body temperatures of NMRs isolated from the colony were also significantly higher than the ambient temperature. We also show that queens, but not subordinates, induce BAT thermogenesis in isolated, non-cold conditions. Our research provides novel insights into the role and mechanism of thermoregulation in this unique poikilothermic mammal.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Brown Adipose Tissue Function: Sex Hormones, Glucocorticoids, and Their Crosstalk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasiphak Kaikaew ◽  
Aldo Grefhorst ◽  
Jenny A. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Brown Adipose

Excessive fat accumulation in the body causes overweight and obesity. To date, research has confirmed that there are two types of adipose tissue with opposing functions: lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) and lipid-burning brown adipose tissue (BAT). After the rediscovery of the presence of metabolically active BAT in adults, BAT has received increasing attention especially since activation of BAT is considered a promising way to combat obesity and associated comorbidities. It has become clear that energy homeostasis differs between the sexes, which has a significant impact on the development of pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Sex differences in BAT activity may contribute to this and, therefore, it is important to address the underlying mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in BAT activity. In this review, we discuss the role of sex hormones in the regulation of BAT activity under physiological and some pathological conditions. Given the increasing number of studies suggesting a crosstalk between sex hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolism, we also discuss this crosstalk in relation to sex differences in BAT activity.

scholarly journals Effects of metformin on metabolism of white and brown adipose tissue in obese C57BL/6J mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Wei-Gang Zhao ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Shuai-Nan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Brown Adipose

Abstract Background To investigate effects of metformin on the regulation of proteins of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in obesity and explore the underlying mechanisms on energy metabolism. Methods C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal diet (ND, n = 6) or high-fat diet (HFD, n = 12) for 22 weeks. HFD-induced obese mice were treated with metformin (MET, n = 6). After treatment for 8 weeks, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp were performed to evaluate the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Protein expressions of WAT and BAT in mice among ND, HFD, and MET group were identified and quantified with isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with 2D LC–MS/MS. The results were analyzed by MASCOT, Scaffold and IPA. Results The glucose infusion rate in MET group was increased significantly compared with HFD group. We identified 4388 and 3486 proteins in WAT and BAT, respectively. As compared MET to HFD, differential expressed proteins in WAT and BAT were mainly assigned to the pathways of EIF2 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction, respectively. In the pathways, CPT1a in WAT, CPT1b and CPT2 in BAT were down-regulated by metformin significantly. Conclusions Metformin improved the body weight and insulin sensitivity of obese mice. Meanwhile, metformin might ameliorate endoplasmic reticulum stress in WAT, and affect fatty acid metabolism in WAT and BAT. CPT1 might be a potential target of metformin in WAT and BAT.

scholarly journals Characterization of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), a heterothermic mammal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Oiwa ◽  
Kaori Oka ◽  
Hironobu Yasui ◽  
Kei Higashikawa ◽  
Hidemasa Bono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Naked Mole Rat

Abstract The naked mole-rat (NMR) is a heterothermic mammal that forms eusocial colonies consisting of one reproductive female (queen), several reproductive males, and subordinates. Despite their heterothermy, NMRs possess brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generally induces thermogenesis in cold and some non-cold environments. Previous studies suggest that NMR-BAT induces thermogenesis by cold exposure. However, detailed NMR-BAT characteristics and whether NMR-BAT thermogenesis occurs in non-cold environments are unknown. Here, we show beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3)-dependent thermogenic potential of NMR-BAT, which contributes to thermogenesis in the isolated queen in non-cold environments (30 °C). NMR-BAT expressed several brown adipocyte marker genes and showed noradrenaline-dependent thermogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Although our ADRB3 inhibition experiments revealed that NMR-BAT thermogenesis slightly delays the decrease in body temperature in a cold environment (20 °C), it was insufficient to prevent the decrease in the body temperatures. Even at 30 °C, NMRs are known to prevent the decrease of and maintain their body temperature by heat-sharing behaviors within the colony. However, isolated NMRs maintained their body temperature at the same level as when they are in the colony. Interestingly, we found that queens, but not subordinates, induce BAT thermogenesis in this condition. Our research provides novel insights into NMR thermoregulation.

Glucocorticoids and regulation of brown adipose tissue in humans – physiological and pathophysiological considerations

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Aleksander Rajczewski ◽  
Magdalena Gibas-Dorna
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

This review discusses the effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) on brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the context of obesity prevention and therapy. Due to the unique expression of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), BAT is capable of non‑shivering thermogenesis, also defined as a metabolic heat production, related to increased metabolic rate. All processes that contribute to an increase in activity and/or quantity of BAT are able to upturn metabolism, and thus enable the above therapeutic goals to be achieved. GCs may stimulate BAT differentiation and proliferation. In the case of differentiation, the opposite effect of GCs has been also described. Within white adipose tissue (WAT) GCs inhibit the formation of so called beige adipocytes that are functionally and morphologically similar to the adipocytes from BAT. The activity of GCs with concomitant inhibition of WAT browning is mediated by the induction of microRNA-27b (MIR27B) expression. GCs are responsible for the decline in BAT activity as the body ages. Depriving the body of an enzyme responsible for local reduction of cortisone into an active GC‑cortisol in BAT (11β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1; 11β‑HSD1) prevents the reduction of BAT activity. The effects of high doses of GCs on BAT generally depend on the exposure time. Prolonged elevation in GCs level decreases BAT activity. During adrenergic stimulation the effect of GCs on BAT is ambiguous, because both decrease and increase in activity has been described. A full understanding of the GCs impact on brown remodeling in WAT may reveal a discovery of a novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for obesity and possibly other metabolic disorders.

Enlargement of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue in Growth Hormone Antagonist Transgenic and in Growth Hormone Receptor Gene-Disrupted Dwarf Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 228 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuesheng Li ◽  
Joanne R. Knapp ◽  
John J. Kopchick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Triglyceride Accumulation ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Dwarf Mice

Growth hormone (GH) acts on adipose tissue by accelerating fat expenditure, preventing triglyceride accumulation, and facilitating lipid mobilization. To investigate whether GH is involved in the development and metabolism of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), a site of nonshivering thermogenesis, we employed three lines of transgenic mice. Two of the lines are dwarf due to expression of a GH antagonist (GHA) or disruption of the GH receptor/binding-protein gene. A third mouse line is giant due to overexpression of a bovine GH (bGH) transgene. We have found that the body weights of those animals are proportional to their body lengths at 10 weeks of age. However, GHA dwarf mice tend to catch up with the nontransgenic (NT) littermates in body weight but not in body length at 52 weeks of age. The increase of body mass index (BMI) for GHA mice accelerates rapidly relative to controls as a function of age. We have also observed that BAT in both dwarf mouse lines but not in giant mice is enlarged in contrast to nontransgenic littermates. This enlargement occurs as a function of age. Northern analysis suggests that BAT can be a GH-responsive tissue because GHR/BP mRNAs were found there. Finally, the level of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) RNA was found to be higher in dwarf mice and lower in giant animals relative to controls, suggesting that GH-mediated signaling may negatively regulate UCP1 gene expression in BAT.

scholarly journals Detraining of exercise-trained rats: effects on energetic efficiency and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Arnold ◽  
Denis Richard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis

1. Complete energy balance measurements were made in exercise-trained (treadmill running) rats subjected to 27 d of exercise detraining.2. The 20% difference in body-weight that existed at the end of the training period between sedentary and trained rats was negated by detraining. Detrained rats had twice the body-weight gain of their untrained controls.3. An elevation (12%) in metabolizable energy (ME) intake (relative to body-weight) was observed in detrained rats while their gross energetic efficiency was augmented by 60%.4. Energy expenditure, excluding the estimated costs of fat and protein storage, was similar for detrained and untrained rats. Complementing the latter was the finding that thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, a known energy buffering process, was also similar.5. Elevated ME intake (relative to body-weight) largely contributed to the increased energetic efficiency of detrained rats.

scholarly journals White, beige and brown adipose tissue: structure, function, specific features and possibility formation and divergence in pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Irina Chernukha ◽  
Liliya Fedulova ◽  
Elena Kotenkova
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
White Fat ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Traditionally, mammalian adipose tissue is divided into white (white adipose tissue – WAT) and brown (brown adipose tissue – BAT). While the functions of WAT are well known as the triglyceride depot, the role of BAT in mammalian physiology has been under close investigation. The first description of the role of BAT in maintaining thermogenesis dates back to 1961. This article offers a review of structural and functional specificity of white, beige and brown adipose tissue. Results and discussion. The differences and descriptions of adipocytes and their impact on the maintenance of the main functions of the mammalian body are described in this manuscript. In particular, thermogenesis, stress response, obesity, type II diabetes. In addition to WAT and BAT, an intermediate form was also detected in the body – beige fat (BeAT or Brite). The opposite opinions regarding the presence of three types of adipose tissue in the human and animal bodies are presented. Studies on the identification of uncoupling proteins 1 and 3 and their role in the transformation of white fat into beige/brown are considered. Basically, the data on the factors of endogenous and exogenous nature on their formation are given on the example of the human body. Conclusion. With an abundance of publications on the keywords: “white, brown fat”, these studies, in the overwhelming majority, are devoted to the role of these fats in the formation of human thermogenesis, the assessment of the impact on obesity. Pigs have also been suggested to lack functional BAT, which is a major cause of neonatal death in the swine industry, therefore the focus on investigating role of different types of adipose tissue in pigs seems very promising in order to understand whether there is a compensating mechanism of thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue development and function and its impact on reproduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. R53-R62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E Symonds ◽  
Peter Aldiss ◽  
Neele Dellschaft ◽  
James Law ◽  
Hernan P Fainberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Fat Depot

Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of the smallest organs in the body, it has the potential to have a substantial impact on both heat production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. This is most apparent at birth, which is characterised with the rapid appearance and activation of the BAT specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in many large mammals. The amount of brown fat then gradually declines with age, an adaptation that can be modulated by the thermal environment. Given the increased incidence of maternal obesity and its potential transmission to the mother’s offspring, increasing BAT activity in the mother could be one mechanism to prevent this cycle. To date, however, all rodent studies investigating maternal obesity have been conducted at standard laboratory temperature (21°C), which represents an appreciable cold challenge. This could also explain why offspring weight is rarely increased, suggesting that future studies would benefit from being conducted at thermoneutrality (~28°C). It is also becoming apparent that each fat depot has a unique transcriptome and show different developmental pattern, which is not readily apparent macroscopically. These differences could contribute to the retention of UCP1 within the supraclavicular fat depot, the most active depot in adult humans, increasing heat production following a meal. Despite the rapid increase in publications on BAT over the past decade, the extent to which modifications in diet and/or environment can be utilised to promote its activity in the mother and/or her offspring remains to be established.

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