scholarly journals Polyphenolic compounds in the loss of body fat

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
C. E. Abra ◽  
J. R. Assis
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Obesity is a result of energy imbalance caused by excess caloric intake in relation to energy demand. Metabolic functions and fat behavior led to the classification of adipose tissue deposits into three types, white, brown and beige. White adipose tissue (BAT) and brown adipose tissue (WAT) have distinct functions, expending fat on heat production and storing fat as an energy source, respectively. However, brown adipocytes can appear in WAT by a process called WAT darkening, forming the beige adipose tissue. Research suggests that polyphenols play a vital role in preventing and managing obesity and its comorbidities. In this context, we aimed to perform a literature review on the use of the main antiobesity polyphenols as well as the mechanisms by which they perform effects. The main antiobesity polyphenols are catechins, resveratrol, quercetin, berberine, curcumin, thymol, chrysin, magnolol, honokiol, capsaicin and capsainoids. And the mechanisms of its effects are linked to gene transcription (PGC-1α, PRDM16 and UPC1) for the modification of WAT in beige adipose tissue that resembles morphophysiological with BAT, favoring fat burning by β-oxidation of fatty acids, translating into potential use for reduction and prevention of body fat accumulation. Therefore, the action of these polyphenols for the loss and reduction in body fat accumulation is strongly evidenced. Future studies should be directed to the use of polyphenols in humans, so that they can stipulate adequate doses for antiobesity use.

scholarly journals Adaptive facultative diet-induced thermogenesis in wild-type but not in UCP1-ablated mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (5) ◽  
pp. E515-E527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella von Essen ◽  
Erik Lindsund ◽  
Barbara Cannon ◽  
Jan Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Obesogenic Diet ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

The significance of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for metabolic control is still debated. Although obesogenic diets recruit UCP1 and adrenergically inducible thermogenesis, and although the absence of UCP1 may promote the development of obesity, no actual UCP1-related thermogenesis identifiable as diet-induced thermogenesis has to date been unambiguously demonstrated. Examining mice living at thermoneutrality, we have identified a process of facultative (directly elicited by acute eating), adaptive (magnitude develops over weeks on an obesogenic diet), and fully UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. We found no evidence for UCP1-independent diet-induced thermogenesis. The thermogenesis was proportional to the total amount of UCP1 protein in brown adipose tissue and was not dependent on any contribution of UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue, since no UCP1 protein was found there under these conditions. Total UCP1 protein amount developed proportionally to total body fat content. The physiological messenger linking obesity level and acute eating to increased thermogenesis is not known. Thus UCP1-dependent diet-induced thermogenesis limits obesity development during exposure to obesogenic diets but does not prevent obesity as such.

scholarly journals Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activities Are Associated with High Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2796
Author(s):  
Riki Tanaka ◽  
Sayuri Fuse ◽  
Miyuki Kuroiwa ◽  
Shiho Amagasa ◽  
Tasuki Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a role in adaptive thermogenesis in response to cold environments and dietary intake via sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. It is unclear whether physical activity increases BAT density (BAT-d). Two-hundred ninety-eight participants (age: 41.2 ± 12.1 (mean ± standard deviation), height: 163.6 ± 8.3 cm, weight: 60.2 ± 11.0 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.4 ± 3.0 kg/m2, body fat percentage: 25.4 ± 7.5%) without smoking habits were categorized based on their physical activity levels (a group performing physical activities including walking and moderate physical activity (WM) and a group performing WM + vigorous-intensity physical activities (VWM)). We measured the total hemoglobin concentration ([Total-Hb]) in the supraclavicular region, an index of BAT-d, and anthropometric parameters. [Total-Hb] was significantly higher in VWM than WM for all participant groups presumably owing to SNS activation during vigorous-intensity physical activities, and unrelated to the amount of total physical activity levels. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that BAT-d was related to visceral fat area and VWM in men and related to body fat percentage in women. We conclude that vigorous-intensity physical activities are associated with high BAT-d in humans, especially in men.

scholarly journals Recent advances in our understanding of brown and beige adipose tissue: the good fat that keeps you healthy

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Peter Aldiss ◽  
Mark Pope ◽  
Helen Budge
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses a unique uncoupling protein (UCP1) which, when activated, enables the rapid generation of heat and the oxidation of lipids or glucose or both. It is present in small amounts (~15–350 mL) in adult humans. UCP1 is rapidly activated at birth and is essential in preventing hypothermia in newborns, who rapidly generate large amounts of heat through non-shivering thermogenesis. Since the “re-discovery” of BAT in adult humans about 10 years ago, there has been an exceptional amount of research interest. This has been accompanied by the establishment of beige fat, characterised as discrete areas of UCP1-containing cells dispersed within white adipocytes. Typically, the amount of UCP1 in these depots is around 10% of the amount found in classic BAT. The abundance of brown/beige fat is reduced with obesity, and the challenge is to prevent its loss with ageing or to reactivate existing depots or both. This is difficult, as the current gold standard for assessing BAT function in humans measures radio-labelled glucose uptake in the fasted state and is usually dependent on cold exposure and the same subject can be found to exhibit both positive and negative scans with repeated scanning. Rodent studies have identified multiple pathways that may modulate brown/beige fat function, but their direct relevance to humans is constrained, as these studies typically are undertaken in cool-adapted animals. BAT remains a challenging organ to study in humans and is able to swiftly adapt to changes in the thermal environment and thus enable rapid changes in heat production and glucose oxidation.

Effect of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoid replacement on development of obesity

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (4) ◽  
pp. R595-R607 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Freedman ◽  
B. A. Horwitz ◽  
J. S. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Steroid Dose ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Obese Rats

Female obese and lean Zucker rats were adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham-operated at 4 wk of age. ADX animals were given daily injections of 0.01, 0.05, 0.50, 1.0, or 2.0 mg hydrocortisone/100 g body wt for 30 days. ADX rats gained less weight than sham-operated controls. Obese ADX rats at the lowest dose (0.01) had a net positive energy gain but lost body fat. As steroid dose increased, obese rats deposited more fat and less protein. Doses of 0.01 and 0.05 mg produced rats that were less fat than sham-operated controls, whereas doses of 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mg produced rats of comparable body fat composition. Obese rats were consistently fatter and had a significantly smaller percentage body protein than lean rats at each dose. Body fat elevation was reflected by heavier parametrial and retroperitoneal fat depots and larger fat cells at all doses except the lowest. Compared with sham-operated controls, lean and obese rats at the two lowest replacement doses (0.01, 0.05) exhibited significantly decreased plasma insulin and triglyceride levels and significantly elevated brown adipose tissue protein content and citrate synthase (CS) activity. Obese rats at these doses had significantly reduced adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in the retroperitoneal depot and lower food intake. Furthermore, these obese rats had adipose depot weights, cell sizes, LPL activity, and plasma insulin, glucose, and triglyceride comparable to that of lean sham-operated controls. As steroid dose increased (0.5, 1.0, 2.0), plasma insulin and triglyceride and food intake markedly increased only in obese rats. Adipose tissue LPL activity appeared unaffected by dose. Brown adipose tissue protein content and CS activity significantly decreased as dose increased in both lean and obese rats. At all doses of replacement obese rats were more responsive to steroid than were lean rats. Obese rats receiving 0.01 mg had comparable fat depot weights, cell sizes, and plasma insulin and triglyceride as lean rats receiving 50 times as much steroid per day (0.50 mg). These results suggest glucocorticoids play an important role in the early development of obesity in the Zucker rat and support the hypothesis that obese rats are more responsive to glucocorticoids than are lean rats.

scholarly journals Liver X receptor β controls thyroid hormone feedback in the brain and regulates browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (45) ◽  
pp. 14006-14011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Miao ◽  
Wanfu Wu ◽  
Yubing Dai ◽  
Laure Maneix ◽  
Bo Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose

The recent discovery of browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has raised great research interest because of its significant potential in counteracting obesity and type 2 diabetes. Browning is the result of the induction in WAT of a newly discovered type of adipocyte, the beige cell. When mice are exposed to cold or several kinds of hormones or treatments with chemicals, specific depots of WAT undergo a browning process, characterized by highly activated mitochondria and increased heat production and energy expenditure. However, the mechanisms underlying browning are still poorly understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are one class of nuclear receptors, which play a vital role in regulating cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose metabolism. Following our previous finding that LXRs serve as repressors of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in classic brown adipose tissue in female mice, we found that LXRs, especially LXRβ, also repress the browning process of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in male rodents fed a normal diet. Depletion of LXRs activated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-releasing hormone (TRH)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus area of the hypothalamus and thus stimulated secretion of TSH from the pituitary. Consequently, production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland and circulating thyroid hormone level were increased. Moreover, the activity of thyroid signaling in SAT was markedly increased. Together, our findings have uncovered the basis of increased energy expenditure in male LXR knockout mice and provided support for targeting LXRs in treatment of obesity.

scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue is involved in diet-induced thermogenesis and whole-body fat utilization in healthy humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1655-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hibi ◽  
S Oishi ◽  
M Matsushita ◽  
T Yoneshiro ◽  
T Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fat Utilization ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

scholarly journals Neurosecretory protein GL-induced fat accumulation is accompanied by repressing the immune-inflammatory response in the adipose tissue of mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Fukumura ◽  
Yuki Narimatsu ◽  
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽  
Megumi Furumitsu ◽  
Hidemasa Bono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Sequencing Technique ◽  
The Masses

AbstractWe have recently identified neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), a small secretory protein expressed in the vertebrate hypothalamus, as an orexigenic factor with remarkable fat accumulation by overexpression of the NPGL precursor gene (Npgl) for two months. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of short-term Npgl overexpression for 18 days as the early stage of obesity to address the mechanisms underlying obese-like phenotype. Similar to previous studies, short-term Npgl overexpression stimulated food intake and fat accumulation in the white adipose tissues (WAT), whereas the masses of the brown adipose tissue, testis, liver, heart, and muscle remained unchanged. In addition, we observed increased blood insulin and leptin levels due to Npgl overexpression, while little changes were induced in blood glucose, free fatty acids, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of the inguinal WAT using RNA-sequencing technique revealed that overexpression of Npgl upregulated the genes involved in cytoskeleton regulation, whereas it decreased those involved in immune-inflammatory responses. These results suggest that NPGL plays a crucial role in enlarging adipocytes and suppressing inflammation to avoid metabolic abnormalities, eventually contributing to accelerating energy storage.

scholarly journals Hormonal signaling factors produced by brown adipose tissue as regulators of metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids

Bionatura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 879-882
Author(s):  
Francisco Santacruz-Hidalgo ◽  
Eliana Viscarra-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue is one of the principal generators of heat in the body; due to the activation of many hormones and receptors, it takes a fundamental role in thermogenesis. However recent studies have proved that this is not its only function. Brown adipose tissue could also act as an endocrine organ, which means that it releases chemical substances to the blood and regulate some activities in the organism. This cell communication process is momentous, since allowing cells to exchange physicochemical information with the environment and other cells in the body could be a relevant field of study in treatments of obesity, diabetes and other diseases related with body weight. This paper offers an overview of different transcriptional factors, endocrine regulation and therapeutic applications of the brown fat tissue, and also the distinctions that it has with white adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document